LITERATURE STUDY OF SHOPPING MALL

SUBMITTED BY:-ABHINITI GARG

ANURAG KAMALMANISHA JAIN

NAVDHA KABRASUCHAR SHARMA

DEFINITION

A shopping mall can be said to be a privately owned public space. It is designed and constructed to profit financially the investors concerned while at the same time it serves as a recreational and shopping destination for the public. As such, the design principles applied should enhance its success.

Success of a shopping mall can be described in two main aspects:- i) Business success - This is the success of the tenants occupying

the investors asset thus assuring the investor in profit making, and,

ii) Architectural success - This is the public acceptance of the space that has been created once constructed.

Combining the two words, a shopping mall can therefore be defined as a building or set of buildings that provide walkways for the public to walk from one unit to another within the same building/set of buildings as they go about their business of exchanging goods and services for money.

POPULATIONTotal population of Hisar: 256689 PTotal area of Hisar:984220.7 acresPercentage commercial area (developed):0.7Very small shopping center serve 250 to 300 families(i.e. 1125 P), maximum of 500 families(2250P) considered necessary to support a centre of from 10 to 12 shops in an area of 2-3 acres. source: tcpharyana.gov.in

Design Checklist Provide amenity through provision of: • quality facilities, materials and design excellence • vitality, color and interest • personable spaces, scale and comfort • comfortable street furniture and other facilities • landscape that relates well to the built environment and is accessible • legibility and ease for people to find their way around • easily identifiable facilities • design that facilitates effective maintenance of spaces and facilities • safe spaces and facilities • artwork providing vitality, colour and interest and providing cultural enhancement • valued heritage including natural, social and built heritage • a landscape design that is flexible to cater for changes in commercial and community uses. Ensure good access by provision of: • effective transport facilities, (particularly at town centres) safe, functional and attractive bus interchanges, taxi rank areas and set down and drop off areas. • improved pedestrian links with easy access from road and cycle networks and bus stops. • access to and throughout the centre(s) without barriers, for all people regardless of their disabilities (see Disability Discrimination Act 1992).

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT Pedestrian movement needs to be studied and a hierarchy of entry points or ‘doorways’ established to provide defined ease of access plus an identifiable character for the centre. Attention should be given to logical and well laid out integration and connection with the adjacent spaces and a continuous path of travel. For safety reasons avoid hidden doorways or alley type access points to collect people from the surrounding car parks.

PAVEMENTS Pavement may be used to direct people along pathways, to define or highlight areas, to unify spaces and to provide interest and amenity. Artwork may be incorporated into the paving. It is desirable to provide pavement materials and facilities that are easy to clean and maintain, designed to resist vandalism and that resist damage from skateboarding. Selection of the paving material should consider the porosity of the surface. Porous surfaces are difficult to clean if dirt such as spilt drinks and chewing gum imbeds in the surface.

SIGNAGE The aim of signage design for shopping centres and other public urban spaces is to improve name recognition and direction. It is necessary to provide materials that are easy to clean and maintain and resist vandalism. Tactile signs are preferred for people who have disabilities.

SignagesColour Meaning or Purpose Instruction &

Information Intrinsic Features Example

RED Prohibition/Danger alarmDangerous behaviour; stop; shutdown; emergency cut-out devices; evacuate

Round shape; black pictogram on white background; red edging and diagonal line; red part to be at least 35% of the area of the sign

YELLOWorAMBER Warning Be careful; take

precautions; examine

Triangular shape; black pictogram on yellow background with black edging; yellow part to be at least 50% of the area of the sign

BLUE MandatorySpecific behaviour or action e.g. wear personal protective equipment

Round shape; white pictogram on blue background; blue part to be at least 50% of the area of the sign

GREEN Emergency escape; first aid. No danger

Doors; exits; escape routes equipment and facilities Return to normal

Rectangular or square shape; white pictogram on green background; green part to be at least 50% of the area of the sign

RED(fire-fighting signs) Fire fighting equipment Identification & location

Rectangular or square shape; white pictogram on red background; red part to be at least 50% of the area of the sign

PUBLIC TOILETS Public toilet facilities in shopping centers need to be analyzed in terms of their adequacy in lighting, disabled person access, suitability of location, safety and security factors. The decision to replace or refurbish existing toilets at a shopping centre is generally dependent on the available budget, the condition of the existing toilets, community consultation outcomes and the availability of a suitable site. See Design Standard 18 Public Toilets. The reduction of public toilets and the inclusion of toilet facilities within a private development should be considered with Planning and Land Management playing an important role in the decision making process. Issues such as the viability of shopping centers and business diversity will provide the necessary background information in determining public toilet needs.

• Distance to exitsThe maximum distance of travel from any point to an

exit or entrance to the mall shall not exceed 200 feet.• Access to exitsWhen more than one exit is required, they shall be so

arranged that it is possible to travel in either direction from any point in a mall to separate exits. The minimum width of an exit passageway or corridor from a mall shall be 66 inches(1.2m)

RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENTa. Golf Course 5.0 spaces for every green. b. Movie Theater 0.3 spaces for every seat.c. Bowling Alley 5.0 spaces per lane.d. Theater, Auditorium, or Arena 1.0 space for every three seats. e. Tennis/Racquet Club 3.0 spaces per court.f. f. Sports Club/Health Spa 5.0 spaces for every 1,000 square feet of GFA.g. Roller or Ice Skating Rink 5.0 spaces for every 1,000 square feet of GFA.h. Swimming Club 9.0 spaces per employee.i. Park (5 - 10 acres) 1.0 space for the first two acres and 1.0 space for each

additional acre and additional parking must be provided for each additional facility or land use constructed in the park as herein provided.

j. Park (over 10 acres) 5.0 spaces for the first acre; and 1.0 space for each additional 10.0 acres; additional parking must be provided for each additional facility or land use constructed in the park as herein provided.

k. Park Pavilion 1.0 space for each picnic table.l. Sports Complex 1.0 space for every 40 square feet of seating.m. Miniature Golf 1.0 space for each hole.n. Driving Range (Golf) 1.0 space for each tee.o. Arcade or Game Room 1.0 space for every 200 square feet of GFA.p. Billiard Hall 2.0 spaces for every billiard table.

• Automatic sprinkler system The automatic sprinkler system shall be complete and

operative throughout occupied space in the covered mall. Sprinkler protection for the mall shall be independent from that provided for tenant spaces. An automatic sprinkler system shall not be required in spaces or areas of open parking garages.

• Standby power Mall buildings exceeding 50,000 sq ft shall be provided

with standby power systems that are capable of operating the emergency voice/ alarm communication system.

Children’s playground structures

Structures intended as children’s playgrounds that exceed 10 feet in height and 150 sq ft in area shall comply with the following:

• Materials- children’s playground structures shall be constructed of non combustible materials.

• Separation- children’s playground structures shall have a minimum horizontal separation from other structures within the mall of 20 feet.

• Area limits- children’s playground structures shall not exceed 300 sq feet.

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OBJECTIVES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN SHOPPING CENTRE

The general objectives are: • to ensure that community issues and expectations are interpreted and incorporated within the various proposals. • to create or enhance an identifiable character for a town centre, shopping centre or other public urban space precinct. • to provide increased amenity for users and enhanced opportunities for increased activity. • to ensure linkages with nearby areas and neighbourhoods are fully considered in the development of the works proposed. • to improve the safety, function access and appearance of the area over the expected life of the work and to provide an accessible environment. • to provide best practice in environmental sustainability and balance needs of culture, society, environment and the economy. • to provide an accessible environment

RAMPS

• FOR CARS Slope 1:10 • FOR PEOPLE Slope 1:12-14• FOR HANDICAPPED Slope 1:16-18

Cinema Hall• Parking i. Normally 1 per 5 to 10 spectators. ii.The size will depend on the location and the number of seats in the cinema hall, the

number of venues.• An aisle should be of a maximum width of 1.2 m.• Cafeteria/Waiting Area i.The foyers are subdivided into actual foyer, cafeteria and a smoking area. An area of foyer

should be 0.8-2.0 m²/ spectator.• Restrooms i. Bathrooms should have a minimum of one fixture for every 25 people; these should be

allocated 65% for women and 35% for men. ii.Rest rooms should be distributed in proportion to the seats at each level of the cinema

and also must provide accessible fixtures compliance with applicable codes and regulations iii.People should not have to travel more than one level up or down to get to the restroom. iv.Minimum width of 120cm for handicapped fixture inside the restrooms plus handrails

located on each wall.

• Seating arrangement i.Seating must be designed such that all audience have a clear and

unobstructed view of the screen. ii.The spacing between the end of the chair and the front of the other

should not be less than 45 cm. this spacing would provide a clear space between the person’s knees and the back of the chair in the next forward row. Also it will not require that a seated person stand to permit passage of another person. Measurement from seat’s back to the next seat’s back should be at least 90 cm.

iii.Spectators should sit within the outside edge of the screen. iv.The floor gradient is achieved by an inclination of up to 10 % or by the

use of steps with maximum step height of 16 cm v. Minimum Width of a seat – 23-24 cm.

• Screen i.The height/side ratio should be 1:2.34. Screens should

be sound permeable to allow the sound to be transferred to the audience (the main speakers are located behind the cinemascope screen). The lower edge of the projection screen should be at least 1.20 cm above the floor. The screen should be curved with a radius centered on the last row of seats.

ii.The viewing angle from the first row of seats to the centre of the screen should not exceed 30 degrees.

iii.The viewing angle from the last row of seats to the centre of the screen should not exceed 38 degrees.

iv.The angle from the last row of seat to the outer edge of the picture should be at most 38 degrees.

• Sound i.Walls and ceilings are made of non reflective materials

and not in too bright colors. The back wall of the cinema should be sound absorbent to prevent echo

ii.The loudspeakers should be distributed around the auditorium so that the volume differs between the first and the last row of seats does not exceed 4dB.

iii.Sound dampers are provided in air ducts to reduce noise from installed machinery into the air conditioning rooms. The length of these in the direction of air flow is1.5 to 3 m depending on the air damping to be achieved.

• Lights i.The cinema should have no outside light• Staff / Storage Rooms i. There should be a changing and rest room

for ushers and technical personnel with a minimum width of 3 m.