Study for the quiz!Study for the quiz!

1.1. What did Rutherford show with his What did Rutherford show with his Gold Foil Experiment? Gold Foil Experiment?

2.2. What is the name of Group 7/17? What is the name of Group 7/17?

3.3. What reacts with the Noble Gasses? What reacts with the Noble Gasses?

4.4. A member of Group 1 joins with a A member of Group 1 joins with a member of Group 7 to form a member of Group 7 to form a ________________

5.5. How many electrons are in the How many electrons are in the outer layer of Oxygen?outer layer of Oxygen?

Practical vs. Applied Practical vs. Applied ScienceScience Practical SciencePractical Science – research of – research of

atomsatoms Applied ScienceApplied Science – application of – application of

what was being learned. Was what was being learned. Was happening all along with the happening all along with the development of the Atomic development of the Atomic Theory. Theory.

The NucleusThe Nucleus

It’s where the protons and It’s where the protons and neutrons live.neutrons live.

Weight? (Weight? (Atomic Mass UnitAtomic Mass Unit)) Charge? Charge? How can we tell how many are in an atom? How can we tell how many are in an atom? What element’s nucleus is 1 proton? What element’s nucleus is 1 proton?

Weight?Weight? Charge?Charge? Where located? Where located?

Weight?Weight? Charge?Charge? Where located?Where located? How can we tell how many in an How can we tell how many in an

atom?atom? But when, Mr. Brady, will I But when, Mr. Brady, will I

encounter electrons? encounter electrons?

Positives & NegativesPositives & Negatives

What do unlike charges do? What do unlike charges do? AttractAttract

What do like charges do? Repel.What do like charges do? Repel.

What does this mean for protons What does this mean for protons and electrons? and electrons?

Add or subtract electrons – you have an ion.Add or subtract electrons – you have an ion. Definition: an atom where the total number Definition: an atom where the total number

of electrons is not equal to the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or of protons, giving it a net positive or negative chargenegative charge..

AnionAnion – more electrons than protons, – more electrons than protons, negative chargenegative charge

CationCation – more protons than electrons, – more protons than electrons, positive chargepositive charge

Add a neutron to a nucleus – do Add a neutron to a nucleus – do you still have the same element? you still have the same element?

You have an You have an isotopeisotope. . Isotope: the same element as Isotope: the same element as

before, but with a different number before, but with a different number of neutrons.of neutrons.

Usually named by their mass Usually named by their mass numbernumber

Isotopes – add neutronsIsotopes – add neutrons Ions – add or subtract electronsIons – add or subtract electrons ProtonProton NeutronNeutron ElectronElectron Atomic MassAtomic Mass Atomic NumberAtomic Number

They aren’t in specific “orbits” – They aren’t in specific “orbits” – they’re in a “cloud” – and electron they’re in a “cloud” – and electron cloud, which is better represented cloud, which is better represented like this: like this:

The probable location of the electrons

Still, we say that electrons spin Still, we say that electrons spin around the nucleus in certain energy around the nucleus in certain energy levels, or shells.levels, or shells.

The electrons around a nucleus can The electrons around a nucleus can be found in one of seven shells. Each be found in one of seven shells. Each shell can hold a set number of shell can hold a set number of electronselectrons..

Each shell can hold 2nEach shell can hold 2n22 electrons, electrons, where n is the shell numberwhere n is the shell number. .

Oxygen – 8 electrons. Where are Oxygen – 8 electrons. Where are they?they?

Shell 1 – 2(1)Shell 1 – 2(1)22 = 2 electrons = 2 electrons Shell 2 – (can hold 8) = 6 electronsShell 2 – (can hold 8) = 6 electrons

Electrons fill shellsElectrons fill shells before moving before moving on to the nexton to the next

How many electrons? 6How many electrons? 6 Where are the electrons located? Where are the electrons located?

2 in shell 1, 4 in shell 2.

Sodium11p

Carbon 6e

Hydrogen 1e

Argon 18e

Oxygen 8e

Helium 2e

Neon 10e

Chlorine 17e

Atoms want their shells Atoms want their shells fullfull. . Outermost shell is called the Outermost shell is called the

valence shellvalence shell Electrons in the outermost shell Electrons in the outermost shell

are calledare called valence electrons valence electrons TheseThese are where the action is at. are where the action is at.

The further out the shells are, the The further out the shells are, the higher the energy statehigher the energy state

There are seven shells – how There are seven shells – how many periods are there in the many periods are there in the Periodic Table?Periodic Table?

That is to say…That is to say…

Shells correspond to the Periods Shells correspond to the Periods of the Periodic Table.of the Periodic Table.

Atoms want their valence shells to Atoms want their valence shells to be full, WITH 8 ELECTRONSbe full, WITH 8 ELECTRONS. Full . Full shells = lower energy state. shells = lower energy state.

The closer they are to full, the The closer they are to full, the more reactive the atom is. more reactive the atom is.

Think about this in terms of the Think about this in terms of the Groups. Groups.

Those that have more, want more Those that have more, want more – the halogens & neighbors. – the halogens & neighbors.

Those that have the least, give Those that have the least, give the most – the alkalis and the most – the alkalis and neighbors.neighbors.

Halogens – just need oneHalogens – just need one Alkalis – just have one Alkalis – just have one

Valence electrons – where it’s at.Valence electrons – where it’s at. Periods – correspond to the shellsPeriods – correspond to the shells For Groups 1-8 (skipping Transition For Groups 1-8 (skipping Transition

Metals), the # of valence electrons Metals), the # of valence electrons = Group # in Periodic Table= Group # in Periodic Table

By Groups – see the same number By Groups – see the same number of valence electrons. Elements in of valence electrons. Elements in Groups share reactivityGroups share reactivity, remember? , remember?

Arts & Crafts - Arts & Crafts -

Build a Bohr Model.Build a Bohr Model. Select an elementSelect an element Pick out your partsPick out your parts Format it correctly, and place Format it correctly, and place

everything in the right spot. everything in the right spot.