studies on the fish marketing system in mawaghat ... · livestock).the domestic fish marketing...

STUDIES ON THE FISH MARKETING SYSTEM IN MAWAGHAT,

MUNSHIGANJ DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Master of Science (MS) in Fisheries

Submitted by:

Examination Roll: 803 MS session:2015-

2016Registration Number:2011-612-764 Registration session:2011-

2012

Department of Fisheries

University of Dhaka

Dhaka-1000

Bangladesh

February 2017

Dhaka University Institutional Repository

2

Dedicated

To

My parents

&

Honorable Supervisor


I

Declaration by Student

I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Studies on Fish Marketing System Mawaghat,

Munshiganj district”submitted to the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka for the

degree of Master of science(MS) is based on self investigation, carried out under the supervision

Dr. Md. Raknuzzaman,Department of Fisheries,University of Dhaka,Dhaka-1000,Bangladesh.

I also declare that this or any part of this work has not been submitted for any other degree

anywhere. All sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged.

Name: Md.Hasibur Rahaman

Examination Roll: 803

Registration Number:2011-612-764

Department of Fisheries,Faculty of Biological Sciences

University of Dhaka,Dhaka-1000,Bangladesh

MS session:2015-2016Registration session: 2011-2012


II

Certificate

I certify that the research work embodied in this entitled “Studies on Fish Marketing System

Mawaghat, Munshiganj district” submitted by Md.Hasibur Rahaman, roll number:803, session:

2015-2016, registration number:2011-612-746 has been carried out under my supervision.

This is further to certify that it is an original work and suitable for partial fulfillment for the

degree of Master of Science(MS)in Fisheries from the Department of Fisheries, University of

Dhaka.

I wish every success in his life.

Name of Supervisor

Dr. Md. Raknuzzaman

Associate Professor

Department of Fisheries,Faculty of Biological sciences

University of Dhaka,Dhaka-1000,Bangladesh


III

Acknowledgement

All praise to Almighty God, Who is the supreme authority of the Universe Who enables, me to

complete the research work and writing up this thesis for the degree of Master of Science (M.S)

in Fisheries.

Guidance, help and co-operation have been received from several persons or authority during the

tenure of the study. The author is immensely grateful to all of them. Although it is not possible to

mention every one by name, it will be an act of ungratefulness if some names are not mention

here.

I express my deepest respect, heartfelt gratitude and sincere indebtedness to my respected

supervisor, Dr. Md. Raknuzzaman, Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, University of

Dhaka,for his scholastic supervision, precious suggestions, constructive criticism, technical

dictation and continuous encouragement throughout the research work and preparing this thesis.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to Upazilla Fisheries Officer, Lohajang Upazilla, Munshigang,for

the cordial co-operation and necessary instruction for carrying out this research work. I also

grateful to other officials who helped me during data collection.

Deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness are due to my beloved parents who sacrificed their

happiness not only during the study period but also for the whole period of my life.

Author


IV

Abstract

The present study was carried out on fish marketing system of Mawaghat,Munshiganj district to

find out marketing channel,market infrastructure market,constraints of fish marketing,price of

fish species,market recommendation for future management and development.This research was

conducted from June 2016 to February 2017 in three selected fish markets in Mawaghat. The

study was based on existing marketing system and economic features of marketing activities.

Data were collected from three different markets. A total of 120 consumers, 30 from each market

were interviewed at the market centre. The market chain from fishermen to consumer passes

through a number of intermediaries: local traders, agents/ suppliers, retailers and consumers.

There are some fish species available in three different markets, such as Indian major carps i.e.

rohu, catla, mrigal and exotic carps silver carp, grass and common carp, tilapia, pangas etc. The

price of fish depends on market structure, species, quality, size, weight. All traders in three

markets made a considerable amount of profit. Traders have broadly improved their food

consumption facilities, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and ability as an economic

sector than previous time. However, concerns arise about the sustainable marketing system due

to higher transport costs, poor road and transport facilities, inadequate supply of ice, lack of

money for this business, poor institutional support. Basic infrastructure such as, clean water

supply, sanitary facilities, adequate drainage system, icing, flooring etc. should be ensured for

promotion of fish marketing system.In Mawaghat, almost all fish traded internally move through

the privet sector where a large number of people are dealing with fish distribution and marketing

system.On the basis of a sample of 30 traders from the market, the usual amount of the daily

turnover of fish in this market is between Tk 2.5 and 3 million and the volume varies relying on

the variation in catches during peak or off-season.Virtually most of the fish (near about 70%) is

locally supplied, near about 30% brings in from all over the country including Cox’s Bazar,

Teknaf, Chittagong, Mohangang, Chandpur, Barisal, Kuliarchar, Jessore and Satkhira, Khulna,

Bicrompur, Mymensingh.


V

The marine fish supply and freshwater fish supply amount is near about 30% and 70%

respectively. It is estimated that near about 16% of fish supplied in Mawaghat Market is Indian

major carps, 14% exotic carps, 6% other carps, 20% hilsa, 8% catfish, 4% snake-heads, 2%live-

fish, 6% small indigenous fish, 12% prawn,10 % tilapia and 2% others including small chingri

and marine fishes.Mawaghat Market is the highest fish percentage of Hilsha(20%),Holodia Fish

Market supplies of Indian major carp 12%,10% exotic carps, 14% other carps, 18% hilsa, 10%

cat fish, 4% snake-heads, 4%live-fish, 8% small indigenous fish, 10% prawn,8 % tilapia and 2%

others.Hilsha is the higest percentage (18%)of Holodia Fish Market.Kumaravog Fish Market

supplies of Indian major carp 15%,13% exotic carps, 11% other carps, 17% hilsa, 8% cat fish,

6% snake-heads, 2%live-fish, 10% small indigenous fish, 8% prawn,6 % tilapia and 4%

others.Hilsha is the highest percentage(17%) of Kumaravog Fish Market. Market structure,

species quality, size and weight have an influence on the price of fish and it was obtained from

the survey that the price of fish increases per kilogram with size and species wise.A great amount

of profit is made by all traders in the market in a successful manner.


VI

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................III

Abstract.......................................................................................................................IV

Table of Contents.......................................................................................................VI

List of Figure...............................................................................................................IX

Introduction.................................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................2

1.2 Background...................................................................................................3

1.3 Fish market and marketing............................................................................4

1.4 Objectives....................................................................................................4

Materials and Method.................................................................................................5

2.1 Selection of the study area............................................................................6

2.2 Target groups.................................................................................................8

2.2.1 Fish farmers (production).........................................................................9

2.2.2 Paikers.......................................................................................................9

2.2.3 Commission agents (middlemen/dalals)....................................................9

2.2.4 Wholesalers..............................................................................................10

2.2.5 Fish traders (retailers)..............................................................................10

2.2.6 Consumers...............................................................................................10


VII

2.3 Sample number...................................................................................................10

2.4 Design and Test of Questionnaire..................................................................11

2.5 Data collection................................................................................................11

2.5.1 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders..............................................12

2.5.2 Focus group discussion with intermediaries.............................................12

2.5.3 Crosscheck interviews with key informants.............................................12

2.5.4 Problems encountered during data collection............................................15

2.6 Data processing and Analysis...........................................................................15

Results........................................................................................................................16

3.1 Socio-economic of fish marketing system........................................................17

3.1.1 Age structure.............................................................................................17

3.1.2 Educational status......................................................................................18

3.1.3 Religious status...........................................................................................19

3.2 Marketing Infrastructure...................................................................................20.

3.2.1 Landing Facilities........................................................................................20

3.2.2 Ice Supply & Cold storage...........................................................................20

3.2.3 Handling & Transport of Fish.......................................................................21

3.2.4 Hygienic condition andSanitation.................................................................21

3.3 Fish Distribution Channel....................................................................................21


VIII

3.4 Constraints of fish marketing...............................................................................23

3.5 Price of Fish..........................................................................................................26

3.6 Consumers Behaviour.............................................................................................29

3.7 Species wise fish percentage in Mawaghat...........................................................30

Discussion........................................................................................................................34

Conclusion and Recommendations............................................................................... 39

References........................................................................................................................42

Appendices.......................................................................................................................50


IX

List of Figures

Figure no. Name of figure Pageno.

Fig. 2.1 Survey design for data collection 7

Fig. 2.2 A map of Mawaghat Lohajang upaila 8

Fig. 2.3 Steps of data collection method 11

Fig. 2.4 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Mawaghat Market 13

Fig. 2.5 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Holodia Fish Market 13

Fig. 2.6 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Kumaravog Fish Market 14

Fig. 2.7 Questionnaire interviews with fish consumers 14

Fig. 2.8 Activities of Fish Market 15

Fig. 3.1 Age structure of fish trader in the study area 18

Fig. 3.2 Educational status of traders of Mawaghat 19

Fig. 3.3 Religious status of fish trader of Mawaghat 20

Fig. 3.4 Fish Distribution channel from farmer to Retailer in Mawaghat 23

Fig. 3.5 Constraints of Mawaghat Market 25

Fig.3.6 Constraints of Holodia Fish Market 25

Fig.3.7 Constraints of Kumaravog Fish Market 26

Fig.3.8 Species wise fish percentage in Mawaghat Market 32

Fig.3.9 Species wise fish percentage in Holodia Fish Market 32

Fig.3.10 Species wise fish percentage in Kumaravaug Fish Market 33


X

List of Table

Table Title Page no.Table-1 Sample sizes in three different markets 10

Table-2 Age structure of fish trader in the study area 17

Table -3 Education status of fish traders of Mawaghat 18

Table-4 Religious status of fish traders of Mawaghat 19

Table -5 Constrains of Mawaghat fish market 24

Table -6 Price of fish of Mawaghat 28

Table -7 Weekly fish consumption rate of the people living in the vicinity

of different in Mawaghat

30

Table-8 Species wise fish percentage in Mawaghat 31


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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION


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Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The fisheries sector, in an agro-based country like Bangladesh, plays an important role in food

consumption, nutrition, employment and export. This sector contributes nearly about 58% of

animal protein to the daily diets of the consumers, about 3.74% to GDP, 4.04% in export

earnings and 20.87% to agriculture in 2007-08, (DOF, and Ministry of Fisheries &

Livestock).The domestic fish marketing system is almost entirely maintained by the privet

sector, which contribute to the employment section in Bangladesh; as a riverine country, large

number of people mainly living below the poverty line, get employed in the form of farmers,

processor, traders, intermediaries, day labours and transporters in the fish market chain (Alam et

al., 2010, Ahamed et al., 1993; Islam 1996 and DFID 2000). This sector provide full-time

employment of 1.4 million professional Fishers and Fish farmer, and 11 million part-time

Fishers, fish farmer and women, which is about 10% of total population (Alam et al.,2010).

Fish marketing is entirely maintained by the privet sector in Bangladesh where four different

tires viz. primary, secondary, higher secondary and consumer market of marketing systems are

observed in the process of distribution of fishes (Ahmed, 1983). Fish collectors commonly

known as Mahajans or Aratdars procure fish from the catchers with the help of local brokers who

get a profit margin or commission from the Mahajans. However, the most serious marketing

difficulties seem to occur in the remote communities owing to lack of transport, ice, poor road

facilities and where the farmers are in a particularly weak position in relation to intermediaries

(Rahman 1997).

The marketing system is one of the main indicators of socio economic condition of the local

people and production system of any area (Alam et al., 2010).Thus study on fish market system

of any particular area is an important dataset to understand the fish marketing and associated

problems in Bangladesh.The scientific information on the fish marketing system in Bangladesh

is inadequate. Few occasional studies on some selected areas are found conducted by different

researchers. Ahmed at el. (1993) studied different aspects and fish marketing in Kapasia and

Sreepurthana of Ghazipur District,Ahmed et al. (2005) in Gazipur District;Rahman et al. (2009)

in Khulna District;Alam et al, (2010) study on fish marketing system of Swarighat,

Dhaka;Rahman et al.(2012) in the northwestern Bangladesh; Ali et al.(2014) in the southern


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Bangladesh. Therefore, a significant gap is still remaining to unravel the fish marketing system

in Bangladesh to be studied in other parts of Bangladesh. Mawa, in Munshiganj District, is an

important fish market situated adjacent to the Padma River. A large amount of fresh fish has

been distributed through this market in different fish markets of Bangladesh, especially ilsha

fish. The proposed study is aimed to study marketing systemsto identify marketing inefficiencies

that having adverse impact on farmers, fishermen and poor traders involved of MawaGhat fish

market and how fish market contributed to the socio-economic development of the country.

Thus dataon fish marketing systemi.e. marketing channel, marketing cost andmarketing margin

and problems associated with fresh fish marketing, is important tounderstand the fisheries sector

and its contribution in the economic development in Bangladesh.

1.2 Background

Bangladesh is a riverine country andFish, is an integral part of the diet of the consumers in the

country (Ahmed et al., 1993).Fish is also amajor source of animal protein toits rural population,

which is presently contributed nearly 73% of the total protein intake in the rural areas(Ahmed et

al.,1993). Traditionally, capturefisheries in the rivers is animportant livelihood activity to fishers

and farmers community adjacent to river (Rahman et al., 2012). In view of the degradation

anddepletion of many natural stocks and in order to meet the growing demand for fish, a lotof

emphasis has been given on the development of aquaculture and fishing in the river in the

country'sdevelopment plans as an alternative as well to complement the natural supply of

fish(MOFL 1990). Since fishing in the river is the mainstay of the riverside people, information

on the fish marketing based on fishing in the river could be a major step toward sustainable

economic and social development.

1.3 Fish market and marketing system

Fish market may be defined as the place where people gather for selling and buying of fishes.

Fish marketing system is the system through which fishes reach to consumers from producers

(farmers). Fish consumers are to depend on an effective fish marketing system, through which

fishes will be available to them within a short period before decomposition of fishes. Once fish

and rice were the common food habit of Bangali people that gave rise to a local adage "Mache

Bhate Bangalee". However, once upon a time, it was true when fishes were very much available


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to people. Though total closed water fish production has been increased many times, still it is not

sufficient against the requirement of the people. High rate of population growth resulted in

growing gap between supply and demand of fish and fisheries product of Bangladesh.

Government of Bangladesh in collaboration with foreign donors and local NGOs are working in

the fisheries sector to increase fish production. But neither the government nor the development

partners have taken any pragmatic steps to improve the fish marketing system, which is an

important component of fisheries sector. Fish marketing in Bangladesh is almost exclusively a

function of the private sector where the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated

with fish production and marketing systems. However, the most serious marketing difficulties

seem to occur in remote communities with lack of transport, ice, andpoor road facilities and

where the farmers are in particularly weak position in relation to intermediaries (DFID, 1997).

The middlemen in the fisheries sector have established a new marketing chain, based on the

extreme exploitation of the fish farming communities, by setting up an artificial pricing chain

through intermediaries at different levels. As a result farmers have poor knowledge on pricing

policy. Therefore, it is important to know the existing fish marketingsystem.

1.4 Objectives

1. To understand the infrastructure e.g. marketing process, marketing channel etc. of fish

market.

2. To make an inventory of fish species sold in the market and respective fish price.

3. To identify associated constrains and recommendation for future management and

development


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CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND

METHODS


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Materials and Method

This chapter deals with the methodology, which was adopted to attain the objectives of the study.

It explains the selection of research tools, methods for data collection, selection of research area,

identify target groups and selection of analytical methods. The study is based on market survey,

obtaining information through a sample survey among fish traders, fish farmers, operators

(middlemen) and consumers (Fig.2.1). The method of collecting data depends on many

considerations, such as the nature of research problem, time, constraints, availability of funds etc.

Though there are various methods of collecting field level data, the survey method was chosen in

the present study because it was thought to be more advantageous. The word survey refers to a

method of study in which an overall picture is obtained by a systematic collection of all available

data on the subjects. The major advantages of this method are, it is less expensive and its

coverage is much wider. But the main limitation of this method is that investigator has to depend

upon the memory of the fishermen or traders. To overcome this shortcoming, several visits were

made to collect data in the study area and the questions were asked in such a manner that the

interviewers could answer from the memory. The design of the survey for the present study

involved some necessary steps which are outlined in this session. The survey was carried out for

6 month from June 2016 to February 2017.

2.1 Selection of the study area: Mawaghat, Lohajang UpazilaMawaghat is an important fish marketing place of Lohajang upazilla under Munshiganj district.

It is situated about 9 km west from Lohajang Upazila. There are ten Union in Lohajang upazilla.

Lohajang upazilla is advanced in the field of education, culture and many other ways. Now a

day, a significant numbers of fish farmers are engaged in culture and capture fish on the

commercial basis. For this reason a fish marketing network is developed among fish farmers,

commission agents, fish traders, consumers and other associated groups. This area is impotant

for culture and capture fish species. For the above reason, Mawaghat, Lohajang upazilla was

selected as the research area (Fig. 2.2).


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Figure: 2.1 Survey design for data collection


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Figure:2.2 A map of Mawaghat Lohajang Upazila

There are about 20 markeks, some of these are small and some are large. Among these three fish

markets (1. Mawaghat Market, 2.Holodia fish market, 3. Kumaravog fish market) were selected

for the study after discussion with the fishermen, fish traders, Upazila Fisheries Officer, and

NGO workers who are working with fisheries sector, based on market history, number of fish

traders, duration of marketing time, season etc.

2.2 Target groups

In order to get a representative picture of the fish marketing system of Mawaghat the following,

groups of the people were selected:


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2.2.1 Fish farmers (producers)

In Bangladesh, a large number of people earn their livelihoods from fish farming and its

associated activities. Farmers capture fish from River, Beel, Haor, Baor etc. A few farmers are

financially solvent who possesses own fishing gear and earn very little cash and almost all

“Small and marginal" farmers are poor. According to Kendrick (1994) small and marginal

farmers are those who have less than 1 (one) ha land including pond, while Rutherford (1994)

noted that small farmers are those who have less than 0.81 ha land. Most of the farmers live in

the rural areas and work as seasonal labours, part-time farmers or occasional wage earners in

order to supplement their family income. Fish farmers have traditionally been a socially

neglected class in both Muslim and Hindu society previously fish farming was considered as low

class profession. The standard of living of the fish farmers is commonly low and they have little

access to lack of basic needs such as, sanitary facilities, housing, electricity, drinking water

supply, education, health and medical facilities (DF1D, 1997). Most of the fish farmers are

highly dependent on middlemen or moneylenders who provide money and take the lion's share

of total earning from fish production (Hannan, 1994). They are in a chain of indebtedness to the

moneylenders who prevent the farmers entangled to approaching commercial banks for credit, as

the procedures to borrow money from the financial institute are too complex (Chandrasekera,

1994). Moneylenders have therefore, developed strong bonds with the fish fanners.

2.2.2 Paikers

Paikers are the professional fish traders. Usually most of the paikers run their business

independently. They purchase fishes from farmers or fishermen and sell in the wholesale market.

The beparies (paikers) earn profit though buying and selling fish.

2.2.3 Commission agents (middlemen/dalals)

Commission agents are also fish traders but without capital. They do not buy fish for their own

selling purpose, but they sell fishes to the retailers on behalf of the fish farmers and take a

percentage as commission from the farmers. The rate of commission varies with the variety and

quantity of fishes available in the market.


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2.2.4 Wholesalers

Wholesalers are those fish traders in the existing marketing channel who purchase the fish from

fish suppliers and paikers in bulk quantity. They invest a big amount of capital for purchase of

fish for short period of time. They sell the fish in massive quantity to the retailers. They are very

influential in the marketing network. Sometimes they act as moneylenders and give credit to the

paikers or fish supplier at a very high rate of interest.

2.2.5 Fish traders (retailers)

Retailers are those who buy fishes from commission agents (middleman) and sell them to

consumers ultimately. The function of retailers is to procure supplies and display them in front of

consumers at times convent for them. Usually retailer buy fishes from commission agents

through open auction. Very often retailers buy fishes of different type and categories depending

on the species and size of the fish.

2.2.6 Consumers

Almost all the people of Bangladesh like fish as delicious food and it contributes about 63% of

animal protein throughout the country (DoF, 2003). Generally the entire domestic production of

fish is consumed fresh or iced. Limited amount of fish are smoked and dried. Restaurants and

hotels also buy fresh and iced fish, but most of the fish is consumed directly by the households.

2.3 Sample Number

A total of 90 fish traders (retailers) were selected for questionnaire interviews I three different

markets (30 in each market). Among them 30 were selected for personal interviews though

simple random sampling method (Table 1). In addition, a total of 120 consumers (40 from each

market) were interviewed at the market center. A well-structured questionnaire was used for

interviewing with consumers.


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Table: 1 Sample sizes in three different markets

Study area No. of Fish traders No. of Consumer

Mawaghat fish market 30 40

Holodia fish market 30 40

Kumaravoug fish market 30 40

Total 90 120

2.4 Design and Test of Questionnaire

In survey, a questionnaire is very essential tool for the collection of necessary information. In

this study, questionnaires were prepared in consistent with the objectives for collecting relevant

information. Thequestionnaire was composed of both closed and open form of questions. Closed

formed questions are easier to fill up. However, some descriptive types of answers and open

forms of question arealso necessary to know facts. That is why both closed and open form of

questions was used in the questionnaire. The draft questionnaire was initially pretested with 10

traders by the researcher herself. In this pilot survey, much attention was given to any new

information, which was not designed to be asked but was important and informative towards the

objectives. Thus, some parts of draft schedule were improved, rearranged and modified

according to the actual experiences gathered from the pilot survey. Thus the final questionnaire

was prepared on the basis of pilot survey.

2.5 Data collection

The data collection method as well as field survey was under taken for eight months from June

2016 to February 2017.Collection methods were divided into 3 steps, these were i) questionnaire

interviews ii) focus group discussion with intermediaries and iii) crosscheck interviews with key

informants (Figure2.4-2.8).

Figure: 2.3 Steps of data collection methods


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2.5.1 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders (retailers)

For questionnaire survey, fish traders were selected through simple random sampling method.

Interviews were conducted at the market centre during marketing time. Traders took part in

interview together with their fish selling activities as a result there was a scope to observe the

marketing activities. The questionnaire was simple and focusing, only marketing information.

Time required for each interview was about an hour.

2.5.2 Focus group discussion with intermediaries

Information from intermediaries was collected through group discussion (FGD). FGD was

conducted with intermediaries in Mawaghat to get in overview of fish distribution and marketing

systems, constraints of fish distribution and marketing etc. A total of 30 FGD sessions (10 in

each area) wereconducted where each group size of FGD was 9 to 14 intermediaries.

2.5.3 Crosscheck interviews with key informants

Key informants are especially knowledgeable on particular topic and are expected to be able to

answer questions in relatively important way about the knowledge and behavior of others, and

especially about the operations of the system. Crosscheck interviews were conducted with key

informants such as school teachers, local leaders, Upazilla Fisheries Officers, MAEP staff and

Relevant NGO workers where information was contradictory or requested for further assessment.


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Figure: 2.4 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Mawaghat Market

Figure: 2.5 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Holodia Fish Market


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Figure 2.6 Questionnaire interviews with fish traders at Kumaravog Fish Market

Figure: 2.7Questionnaire interviews with fish consumers


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Figure: 2.8 Activities of Fish Market

2.5.4 Problems encountered during data collection

Some problems were faced during data collection such as traders were busy in trading and

unwilling to talk. Some traders thought that the researchers to be the government official of tax

or other department and feared to talk. In addition, language problems or use of local

terminologies, data in local units and some traders want something in cash or kind for giving

interviews. However, the problems were overcome by the researcher through given extra

attention and more discussion on rapport buildup. Clarifications of local terminologies and local

units were obtained from key informants and local units were converted later on.

2.6 Data Processing and Analysis

After collection of data from the field, these were verified to eliminate errors and inconsistencies.

Some of the collected data were in local units, due to respondent's familiarity with those units.

These data were converted into international units, before transferring to the computer.

Preliminary data sheets (in computer) were compared with the original questionnaire and result

sheets to ensure the accuracy of the data entry. The data were processed and finally analyzed

using Microsoft Excel software.


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Chapter 3

RESULTS


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ResultsA large number of people are associated with the fish production, distribution and marketing

systems in Mawaghat, Munshiganj district with conspicuous socio-economic conditions. The

presents report describes the existing fish marketing systems, problems and efficiencies of fish

marketing. Finally, it concludes with consumer's behavior regarding purchase of fish. The aim of

this study is to describe the present status of fish marketing systems. This description is based on

secondary data and results of primary data collected in three markets of Mawaghat, Munshiganj.

3.1 Socio-economic status of fish marketing system:

The aim of this study was to estimate the socio-economic condition of the fish marketing system.

More specially emphasis on such variables such as religions educational status, age status. The

outcome of this chapter was the comparison in the economic social and demographic profile of

the fish marketing system.

3.1.1 Age structure:

In estimating productive human resource the knowledge about age structure of fish marketing

system were important, in this study 33% of fish retailer 18 to 30 year of age, 28% of fish retailer

31 to 40 year of age, 23% of fish retailer 41 to 50 year of age, and 5% of fish retailer above 50

years of age .

Table:2 Age structure of fish trader in the study area

Age category No of Fish traders

Mawaghat Market Holodia Fish Market Kumaravog Fish

Market

No. % No. % No. %

18 to 30 years 10 33.33 13 43.33 10 33.33

31 to 40 years 13 43.33 8 26.66 7 23.33

41 to 50 years 6 20 7 23.33 10 33.33

51 to above years 1 3.3 2 6.66 2 6.22

Total 30 100 30 100 30 100


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Figure:3.1 Age structure of fish trader in the study area

3.1.2 Educational status:

Six categories were used to define education level; such as (i) no education (illiterate) (ii) only

can seen (iii) Primary (iv) Secondary < .From The survey, it was found that 20%fish traders were

illiterate, 22% only can sign,35 % primary level, 13% secondary level (Table 6). It was observed

that the higher numbers of traders with primary level of education was in Mawaghat fish market

(50%) than Holodia fish market (33.33%) and Kumaravog fish market (33.33%).

Table:3 Educational status of fish traders of Mawaghat

Level of

education

No of Fish traders


Market

No. % No. % No. %

No education 4 13.33 6 20 10 33.33

Only can sign 6 20 10 33.33 6 20

Primary 15 50 10 33.33 10 33.33

Secondary< 5 16.16 4 13.33 4 13.33

Total 30 100 30 100 30 100

02468

101214

18-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51<

Nom

ber

of F

ish

trad

er

Mawa Fish MarketHolodia Fish MarketKumaravog Fish Market


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Figure:3.2 Educational status of fish traders of Mawaghat

3.1.3 Religious status:

Religion can play an important role in the socio- cultural environmental life of people of a given

area, and can act as notable constraints or modifies in social changes. In the study area, 86.66%

of interviewed traders were Muslims and the remainders (13.33%) were Hindus, with no

Christian or Buddhist. As Table 7 shows that Muslim traders predominated in three markets, the

higher percentage being in Mawaghat Market (53.33%) than that in Holodia fish market (60%)

and kumaravog fish market (66.66%).

Table:4 Religious status of fish trader of mawaghat

Religion No of Fish traders

Mawaghat Market Holodia Fish Market Kumaravog Fish Market

No. % No. % No. %

Muslims 12 40 18 60 20 66.66

Hindu 16 53.33 12 40 10 33.33

Other 2 6 0 0 0 0

Total 30 100 30 100 30 100

0

5

10

15

20

25

Muslims Hindu Other

No.

of f

ish

trad

ers

Level of education

Mawa Fish MarketHolodia Fish MarketKumaravog Fish Market


20 | P a g e

Figure:3.3 Religious status of fish trader of mawaghat

3.2 Marketing Infrastructure:

For marketing fisheries product domestically and for the physical development of markets,

infrastructure facilities are most important. Market infrastructure frequently behaves to become

different from place to place according to different parts of Bangladesh. It is not well developed

throughout the country and Mawaghat is not out of this.

3.2.1 Landing Facilities:

In Mawaghat, Landing facilities belong to municipal authorities. There is no landing centre,

proper auction sheds, packing shades, landing terminal and proper drainage or hygienic facilities.

3.2.2 Ice Supply & Cold Storage:

In Mawaghat, there are 4 ice plants in the market and ice storage facilities exist. Mostly block ice

is used with manual methods being used to change the form of blocks to crushed ice. Especially

at peak season, there is clearly a deficiency of ice and this is reflected in the prices charged for

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mawa Fish Market Holodia Fish Market Kumaravog FishMarket

No.

of f

ish

trad

ers

Religion Status

MuslimsHinduOther


21 | P a g e

the same. Only river water is used for making ice which is of very uneven quality and is often

not chlorinated. It looks so muddy and translucent.

3.2.3 Handling & Transport of Fish:

The transportation system of fish determines the demand and purity or hygienic condition of it,

because with the change of time, fish will perish rapidly. Also its value decreases, if it requires

too much time to transport this fish from the collection point to the market. Mawaghat gets a

very good facility from the topography, as this market is situated at the side of the Padma River

and also at the side of the highway. To carry fish over larger distances from the collection point

to the market, mainly river transport is used but fishes from local area are transported by road or

river. Two types of fishes are found here as dead fish and live fish. Normally Shol, Taki, Pangus,

Koi, Shing, Magur are transported here as live form. Dead fish carried to the market in box or

cages but live fish by drum or tray. Mainly small Pangus are carried by tray. Each drum contains

40-45 kg of fish with water. Mainly this type of fish is transported by truck. On the other hand,

dead fishes are carried at a rate of 10 ton per truck. Fishes from other districts like Barisal,

Khulna, Chittagong, Vola, Feni, Bagerhat, comes by steamer, launch and or by boats or trawler.

Because of its easy transportation system and availability river is more suitable then road. Fish

has carried into and out of the market by head-load; baskets involve unnecessary handling as

there is no access of vehicles.

3.2.4 Hygienic Condition and Sanitation:

Hygienic condition of Mawaghat market is so poor. At the market time these place become so

muddy and walking become very difficult. There is no source of hygienic water for ice making

and cleaning of fish. River water is used for this purpose. There is no drainage system and

Sanitation receives a low priority at all stages of marketing. For example, cleaning and washing

of fish and containers to carry fish are not common practice and fails to use chemicals (bleaching

powder, chlorine etc) to sterilize surfaces which are used to hold fishes.

3.3 Fish Distribution Channel:

Marketing distribution channels are sets of organization which depends on each other involved in

a series of action to make a product or service available for use or consumption. By the means of

the channel members (Local traders, Fishers or fish farmer, Aratdars, Mahajans, Whole seller,


22 | P a g e

Distributor etc) the harvested fisheries transfer from producers to consumers (Fig. 1). Depending

on kind and quality of fish market, ability to use marketing services and the prevailing social and

physical environment this may be short or long. Fish marketing channel in Mawaghat is almost

entirely managed, supported, financed and controlled with rules by traditional, diligent and

skillful middlemen. The demand for fish is high in the market in relation to supply and a stable

network has developed with brokers and traders between farmers and consumer. Tradition and

the strength held by separate channel members are affecting the action of distribution system and

the fish farmers/ fishers are Mawaghat occupies the higher secondary market level because

collectors, distributors, Mahajans, local agent, local fish traders etc are collected fishes from the

farmers/ fishers of remote villages and sell these to the wholesalers of this market where prices

are determined in a competitive market situation and they sell this fish to the Aratdar. Here some

Aratdar also works as wholesaler. Finally, Aratdar sells their fishes to the retailer. Here also

agents or suppliers carry fish to the wholesalers and Aratdar of Mawaghat and typically earns 1

to 4% commission for their services. Suppliers commonly use boats, trawler, steamer, launch,

truck to transport the fish from farmers/ fishers to Mawaghat depending on market distance and

transport facilities. Sometimes suppliers receive small amounts of credit known as dadon from

wholesalers and Aratdars to make certain that he bound to deliver his collection of a good and

desirable quality of fish to the same. The Aratdars have arranged themselves into a powerful

association which has a far-reaching influence as they are the middle point of the entire

marketing system and including financing of suppliers and buyers, and often associated with

their own account, their function goes Mawaghat occupies the higher secondary market level

because collectors, distributors, Mahajans, local agent, local fish traders etc are collected fishes

from the farmers/ fishers of remote villages and sell these to the wholesalers of this market where

prices are determined in a competitive market situation and they sell this fish to the Aratdar.

Here some Aratdar also works as wholesaler. Finally, Aratdar sells their fishes to the retailer.

Here also agents or suppliers carry fish to the wholesalers and Aratdar of Mawaghat and

typically earns 1 to 4% commission for their services. Suppliers commonly use boats, trawler,

steamer, launch, truck to transport the fish from farmers/ fishers to Mawaghat depending on

market distance and transport facilities. Sometimes suppliers receive small amounts of credit

known as dadon from wholesalers and Aratdars to make certain that he bound to deliver his

collection of a good and desirable quality of fish to the same. The Aratdars have arranged


23 | P a g e

themselves into a powerful association which has a far-reaching influence as they are the middle

point of the entire marketing system and including financing of suppliers and buyers, and often

associated with their own account, their function goes far beyond what one would usually regard

as likely to a commission agent. Separate values in every channel levels are added by the channel

members and as a result a value network system is caused to happen. The channel members

behave like more individualistic rather than work together. Despite they are directed to establish

their own financial goal but they add value in marketing chain. Thus, the middleman plays an

essential role in this market.

Figure:3.4 Fish Distribution Channel from Farmer to Retailer in Mawaghat

3.4 Constraints of fish marketing

A number of constraints for fish marketing were stated by fish farmers and traders during the

survey. It included higher production costs, higher harvesting and transport costs, poor road

communication facilities, poor supply of ice, higher demand of labours, exploitation by

middlemen, lack of capital, inadequate drainage system, poor water supply, poor sanitary

facilities, unhygienic condition. According to them, political disturbances sometimes also affect

fish transport, as well as marketing. As a result, the perishable fishes get damage and the farmers

and traders are to sell these at a cheaper price; sometimes they even fail to get any return, due to

70% fishsupply fromlocal

Distributor

Collector

Mahajan

Wild

Collection/Farmer

Broker

Agent/Suppliers

Local fish

traders

Whole

salerAratdar

(Mawaghat)

Restaurant,

Retailer,

Hotel,

Institution.

30% fishsupply foroutside


24 | P a g e

decomposition of fishes. Traders were asked to mention the top most constraints as they fell

regarding fish marketing. The views of respondents are presented in Table 4. where, 15.66 % of

the respondents identified unhygienic market place, 10% lack of sanitary facilities in the

markets, 5.6% higher transport costs, 5.7% of respondents higher production costs, 11%

informed lack of capital, 18% explained exploitation by middlemen, 10% mentioned poor ice

supply and 20% political hand were the most important Constraints for fish marketing.

Mawaghat fish market the highest political hand is 23%, Holodia fish market the highest market

constrains of exploitation by middlemen 23% and Kumaravog fish market the highest marketing

constrains of lack of sanitary facilities 20%.

Table: 5 Constraints of Mawaghat fish market

Constraints No of Fish traders


Market

No. % No. % No. %

Unhygienic market

place

5 17 5 17 4 13

Lack of sanitary

facilities

3 10 3 10 6 20

Higher transport cost 2 7 1 3 2 7

Higher production cost 1 3 2 7 2 7

Lack of capital 2 7 4 13 4 13

Poor ice supply 4 13 2 7 3 10

Exploitation by

middlemen

6 20 7 23 4 13

Political hand 7 23 6 20 5 17

Total 30 100 30 100 30 100


25 | P a g e

Figure:3.5 Constraints of Mawaghat Market

Figure:3.6 Constraints of Holodia fish market

17%

7%

13%

20%

23%

Mawa fish market

13%

7%

23%

20%

Holodia fish market


25 | P a g e



17%

10%

7%3%

Mawa fish marketUnhygienic market place

Lack of sanitaryfacilitiesHigher transport cost

Higher production cost

Lack of capital

Poor ice supply

Exploitation bymiddlemen

17%

10%

3%7%

Holodia fish market

Unhygienic market place

Lack of sanitary facilities

Higher transport cost


Lack of capital

Poor ice supply



25 | P a g e




Lack of sanitaryfacilitiesHigher transport cost


Lack of capital

Poor ice supply



Lack of sanitary facilities

Higher transport cost


Lack of capital

Poor ice supply



26 | P a g e

Figure:3.7 Constraints of Kumaravog fish market

3.5 Price of Fish:

In Mawaghat, Price of fish is fixed neither by the government nor by the fisheries co-operatives,

not even by the trade associations but price of fish influenced by two major factor- the price at

which the wholesaler buy their fish and the amount of profit they intend to gain and it is fixed

through supply and demand interaction. Generally, in proportion to other commodities, fish price

have been raising faster. According to the species and size of fish, price of fish become different

with season of the year and freshness of the fish. The price of fish varies irregularly and more

13%

10%

13%

17%

Kumaravog fish market


26 | P a g e


3.5 Price of Fish:







13%

20%

7%

7%

Kumaravog fish market

Unhygienic market placeLack of sanitary facilitiesHigher transport costHigher production costLack of capitalPoor ice supplyExploitation by middlemenPolitical hand


26 | P a g e


3.5 Price of Fish:







Unhygienic market placeLack of sanitary facilitiesHigher transport costHigher production costLack of capitalPoor ice supplyExploitation by middlemenPolitical hand


27 | P a g e

widely than other agricultural commodities.In this market, the main buyers are retailer. The price

of fish is usually set through open auction by the Aratdars and wholesalers. According to rules of

auction system, the price for an allotment of fish is settled securely through open, competitive

bidding. The heist bidder then receives the delivery of the fish in exchange of payment to the

seller. Generally the payment is made in full and in cash. This auction method is conducted

through an Aratdar. Aratdars usually charges about 2-3% of the sale price from wholesalers and

also sometimes retains a small quantity of fish as commission. The price is also fixed by direct

bargaining between seller and expected buyers. The sellers try to obtain a price that is generally

higher than his least attainable selling price. The potential buyer begins with a price which is

lower than that of their minimum buying capability. Through several rounds of adjustments, the

price is reached at a satisfactory destination to both parties. Production area of the fish tends to

influence the price of the fish. There is a variation of price between fishes produced in

Bangladesh and India or Myanmar, as Bangladeshi fishes are liked better and sold at a higher

price than fishes from other countries. Because Bangladeshi fish is believed to be fresher than

India and Myanmar and have packed in ice for several days. For example, among the carp

species, Indian major carps (rui, catla and mrigal) fetch higher prices than the exotic carps

(silver carp, grass carp and common carp) a result very much similar to that the consumers are

not willing to pay high prices, but an important factor is lower production costs to allow

supplying fish at this price. Naturally, the price of carp depends on market structure, location,

species, quality, size and weight. The price is also influenced by supply and demand and there

are generally seasonal variations in prices with the highest in summer (March to May) and the

lowest in winter (November to January), during the fish harvesting season (Rahman et al, 2009).

From the survey of this fish market it is found that the price per kilogram of carp increases with

size for both native and exotic species (Table 6).


28 | P a g e

Table:6 Price of fish of Mawaghat

Fish species Size of fish Price(Tk/Kg) Demand

Indian major cap

Rui Small /large 120/180 High

Katla Small/Large 140/200 High

Mrigel Small /Large 100/130 Medium

Exotic fish

Silver carp - 100-110 High

Common carp - 105-115 Low

Grass carp - 95-105 Medium

Other carps

Bata - 125 Medium

Sharpunti - 95 Low

Cat fish

Shing - 390 Low

Magur - 400 Low

Pungas - 90-100 High

Ayr - 300 Medium

Tengra - 150 Low

Boal - 250 Medium

Live fish

Koi - 300 Low

Taki - 110 Medium

Shol - 120 Low

Small fish

Mola Small 130 High

Kachi Small 85 High

Chanda Small 95 Medium

Punti Small 100 Low


29 | P a g e

Hilsha - 450 High

Prawn Small/Large 400/700 Medium

Tilapia - 110-120 High

Others

Kakhle - 130 Medium

Bele - 230 High

Baim - 180 Low

Poa - 300 Medium

Chela - 150 Low

Veda - 200 Medium

3.6 Consumers Behavior

During the market survey it was found that almost all consumers between 14 to 55 years of ages

liked major carps than exotic carps. Although higher prices of major carps, consumers like this

for its taste even poor consumers also like Indian major carps for its better taste than exotic

carps. Sometimes it is noted that the price of Indian major carps are more expensive than beef

(Tk.230- 250/kg) but much cheaper than mutton (Tk. 400-450/kg). According to consumers,

price of fish has increased less than meat in general during last 10 years. From the survey, it was

also found that the average price of carps significantly varied from producer's level to consumer's

level. Of the total 120 consumers interviewed, 30 (80%) mentioned that they spent more money

for buying fish than meat, while the remainder (20%) spent more money for meat. It was found

that young group of people (below 30 years) like meat than fish. Whereas, the older people

(above 50) like fish. Almost all traders mentioned that fish consumption has increased over the

last 10 years. Survey results showed that an average 570g, 470 g and 450g fish was consumed

per person per week in Mawaghat Market, Holodia fish market and Kumaravog fish market areas

respectively (Table 7).


30 | P a g e

Table:7 Weekly fish consumption rate of the people living in the vicinity of different in

Mawaghat

Region Range of fish consumption (g)

Average

Standard

deviation

Mawaghat Market 320-820 570 150.54

Holodia Fish Market 270-715 480 90.70

Kumaravog Fish

market

220-620 460 120.36

3.7 Species wise fish percentage (%) in Mawaghat

Usually, all religious and social groups in Bangladesh like fresh fish (without ice) better than

iced or preserved fish. Mainly large fishes are bought by the income groups and medium and

small sized fishes are consumed by the poorer people. Hotel and restaurant and hostel of many

educational institutes also buy fish but maximum fish is eaten by households. According to

market survey, the daily supply of fish in Mawaghat market varies depending on the variation in

catches during peak or off-season. Virtually most of the fish (near about 70%) is locally supplied

and near about 30% is imported from outside.Delivery of fish is operated by the intermediaries in

the market and when required, fishes are iced, sorted, stored, packed and transported. In general

fishes are arrived from Cox’s Bazar, Teknaf, Chittagong, Mohangang, Chandpur,

Barisal,Kuliarchar, Jessor, Satkhira, khulna, Bikrompur, Mymensingh, Kalindi, Jinjira,

keranigong and Gazipur etc where there are major landing and marketing centers exists for the

greater quality and quantity of fish supply.According to survey,we found that different type of

fish species is exist in Mawaghat.Mawaghat includes different type of fish market such as

Mawaghat Market,Holodia Fish Market,Kumaravog Fish Market is one of them.

Virtually most of the fish (Near about 70%) is locally supplied, near about 30% brings in from

all over the country including Cox’s Bazar, Teknaf, Chittagong, Mohangang, Chandpur, Barisal,

Kuliarchar, Jessor and Satkhira, Khulna, Bicrompur, Mymensingh. The marine fish supply and

freshwater fish supply amount is near about 30% and 70% respectively. It is estimated that near

about 16% of fish supplied in Mawaghat Market is Indian major carps, 14% exotic carps, 6%

other carps, 20% hilsa, 8% catfish, 4% snake-heads, 2%live-fish, 6% small indigenous fish, 12%


31 | P a g e

prawn,10 % tilapia and 2% others including small chingri and marine fishes.Mawaghat Market is

the highest fish percentage of Hilsha(20%),Holodia Fish Market supplies of Indian major carp

12%,10% exotic carps, 14% other carps, 18% hilsa, 10% cat fish, 4% snake-heads, 4%live-fish,

8% small indigenous fish, 10% prawn,8 % tilapia and 2% others.Hilsha is the higest percentage

(18%)of Holodia Fish Market.Kumaravog Fish Market supplies of Indian major carp 15%,13%

exotic carps, 11% other carps, 17% hilsa, 8% cat fish, 6% snake-heads, 2%live-fish, 10% small

indigenous fish, 8% prawn,6 % tilapia and 4% others.Hilsha is the higest percentage(17%) of

Kumaravog Fish Market.

Table:8 Species wise fish percentage in Mawaghat

Fish species No. of Fish tarders

Mawaghat Market Holodia Fish Market Kumaravog Fish Market

No. % No. % No. %

Indian major carp 8 16 6 12 7 15

Exotic carp 7 14 5 10 6 13

Other carp 3 6 7 14 5 11

Hilsha 10 20 9 18 8 17

Cat fish 4 8 5 10 4 8

Snakehead 2 4 2 4 3 6

Live fish 1 2 2 4 1 2

Small indegenous 3 6 4 8 5 10

Prawn 6 12 5 10 4 8

Talapia 5 10 4 8 3 6

Other 1 2 1 2 2 4

Total 50 100 50 100 50 100


32 | P a g e

Figure:3.8 species wise fish percentage(%) in Mawaghat Market

Figure: 3.9 Species fish percentage (%) in Holodia Fish Market

16%

14%

6%20%8%4%

2%6%

12%

10%

2%

Mawa Fish MarketIndian major carp Exotic carp Other carpHilsha Cat fish Snake headLive fish Small indegenous PrawnTilapia Other

Indianmajor carp

12%

Exotic carp10%

Other carp14%

Hilsha18%

Catfish10%

Snake head4%

Live fish4%

Smallindegenous

8%

Prawn10%

Tilapia6%

Other4%

Holodia Fish Market


33 | P a g e

Figure: 3.10 Species wise fish percentage (%) in Kumaravoug Fish Market

Indianmajor carp

15%

Exotic carp13%

Other carp11%Hilsha

17%Cat fish

8%

Snakehead6%

Live fish2%

Smallindegenous

10%

Prawn8%

Talapia6%

Other4% Kumaravog Fish Market


34 | P a g e

Chapter 4

DISCUSSION


35 | P a g e

DiscussionThe study was conducted to know the present situation of the fish marketing system in

Mawaghat. The investigation covered the three markets namely: Mawaghat Market, Holodia fish

market and Kumaravog fish market. Data were collected by interview technique were

supplemented by information received from arious sources and also personal observation. As

such, fish market chains from the producers to ultimate consumer are in operation. This chain

passes through a number of intermediaries such as, local fish trader, beparies, aratdar, whole

sellers and retailers. In our present study three types of marketing channels were observed. These

channels were: (a) fish farmers- paikers- whole sellers-retailers- consumer (b) fish farmers-

whole sellers- retailers- consumers and (c) fish farmersretailers- consumers. Rahman (2003)

reported that in Gazipur the market chain from farmers to consumers consisted of a number of

intermediaries such as, local fish traders, agents, whole sellers and retailers. Local fish traders

earned a profit of 1-5% of the sale proceed of fish at wholesale price. Quddus (I991) also

identified a similar market chain in Mymensingh district. The above observations are in

conformity with our findings. The price of fish varies with the types of species, sizes, freshness,

market demands and seasons. Usually the prices of the fishes are higher in April to July when the

fish are in short supply. On the contrary, prices remain lower during November to January which

seemed to be related with the increased availability of both captured and cultured fishes during

this period (Quddus, 1991). It has been found that the price of Indian major carps always

remained higher than the exotic carps. This difference in the prices of fishes might be related

with the flesh texture and taste of the local fishes. Rahman (2003) reported that major carps such

as, rohu, catla, and mrigal fetched higher price than exotic carps in Gazipur district. Quddus

(1991) concluded that fish price is influenced by seasonably, abundance, market structure and

origin of fish. Fish imported from India and Myanmar was sold at a much lower price than our

native fish. Ranadhir (1995) reported that rohu, catla and mrigal are the highly priced fish in

India. Hasan and Middendrop (1999) reported that rohu was the most expensive fish followed by

catla, mrigal, common carp and grass carp in the southwest Bangladesh. Our present finding is in

agreement with the above reports. The fish producers in the surveyed areas usually contact with

the local agent/fish supplier before harvesting of fish, and the local agents purchase the fish at

the pond side and carry them to the fish markets. Here they make a small profit in the tune of 5-

10% of the farm price. On the other hand, some of the local agents do not invest any capital


36 | P a g e

rather they act as a commission agent at 1- 4% commission for sending the fish to the market.

The role of local agents/suppliers in the present study are very much in line with the observation

of Rokeya et al. (1997) who reported that local agents collect and purchase fish from the farmers

on commission basis in Rajshahi fish market. The wholesalers invest more capital than the

retailers, and as such, they have greater control over the agent and retailers. Marketing was a

profitable business. People may earn a substantial amount of cash income all the year round by

which the incumbents may improve their economic condition. Therefore, an efficient production

and marketing of fish may be considered as a means of social and economic change for those

who are engaged in this business. Farmer's share of the consumer’s price was found reasonable.

Margins of traders were lower. There is scope for increasing the farmer's share by the reducing

the cost of marketing particularly transportation cost, cost of wastage, marketing tolls.

entertainment etc. through overall improvement of the marketing methods and transportation

system. The fish farmers, fish traders (Paikers) and other intermediaries have been benefited

from fish farming and fish marketing business. This has been reflected in their higher income,

improvement of housing conditions, increased consumption of food and better health and

clothing. In our study a large number of problems were found in the fish market and marketing

environment. These were higher transport cost, poor road communication, absence of icing

facilities, inadequate water supply, poor hygienic and sanitation condition etc. This is the

common scenario of fish markets in rural Bangladesh which need immediate improvement. The

above problems regarding fish marketing were also reported by Quddus (1991), Khan (1995),

Subasinghe (1995), Mia (1996) Parween et al. (1996) and Rokeya et al. (1997). Young people

particularly the Muslim are coming to the fish marketing business in increased number. Active

participation of the young educated people in fish marketing network was also observed by other

researchers. Siddique (2001) reported that Muslim fish traders were dominating the fish trader's

community in Mymensingh district. Rahman (2003) found increased number of Muslim fish

traders in Gazipur and Sreepur fish markets. Infrastructure facilities are important for marketing

fisheries products domestically and for the physical development of markets. Improvement of the

existing physical infra-structures in term of drainage, water supply, icing facilities etc. in fish

markets are required to ensure hygienic and good quality of fishes to be available to the

consumers at reasonable price. Most of the fish traders in all level of marketing chain have


37 | P a g e

educations at some level. Fish traders and market managers need to be educated in maintaining

sanitary and hygienic places for handling fish.

The improvement of an efficient fish marketing system from the present status depends upon the

overall level of national development. A vigorous attempt to improve the system should begin

from a very careful and detailed evaluation of the problem. For example, dismantling the market

power used by traders will not be operative if there actually any problem exists in transport,

storage or handling. It is a common indicator of marketing efficiency is the size of the marketing

margin which is the differences between the farm gate price and the next price level such as

retail. Margin could be high if the marketing costs and/or profits are high. Marketing costs are

high if marketing functions are not performed efficiently due to functional difficulties such as

poor roads, inadequate storage leading to losses, poor handling, etc. Profits may be high if there

are high risks of losses and huge capital investment (Rahman et al, 2009). Due to the increasing

demand of fishes go with low supply and manifold variety of channel members in between

harvesters and final consumers, a large price increase continue to grow in this fish marketing

chain which is mainly created and influenced by the channel intermediaries. The increased

amount of catches by the fisher and effective marketing of produces at appropriate price will

help them to fetch higher profit from the investment. Nevertheless, experience offers for the

essential role which is played by the government. For giving strength and confidence to the

community organizations and their networks in marketing management, long term solution

needed for these purpose. Short term solution may also provide fishers to get a better price for

their catch including greater market transparency by providing with market information and

better fish-care practice. The improvement of a series of modern facilities in this wholesale

market, where hygienic and less physical handling exists may lessen the losses due to qualitative

damages. Training and extension in improved handling processing addressed at all those

involved in the handling of fish, including fishermen, traders and municipal authorities. At the

national or policy level, an important role of government should be played to improve marketing

by the means of proper price policies, training and extension works in marketing and

management of relevant market research. Strengthening the bargaining power of the

farmers/Fishers by providing with the actual information about the present market status, pricing

policy, credit facilities and above all, the formation of association is a right supervision.


38 | P a g e

Specific suggestions which are needed to improve marketing system are as follows:

Establishment of more ice-plants, cold-storage and preservation facilities,

Introduction of insulated and refrigerated fish vans and fish carriers to maintain cold-

chain during transportation,

Improvement of existing fish market structure,

Improvement of fish transport, handling facilities,

Establishment of modern wholesaling facilities,

Improvement of sanitation, hygienic condition, drainage, washing facilities and sufficient

auction places,

Introduction of mechanical weighing equipment,

Proper electric supply,

Increasing fish supply through improved culture practice,

Proper attention should be paid to the personal hygiene,

A study on socio-economic development, credit system,

Financial and technical assistance,

Training of manpower,

An independent act or ordinance for fish landing and market


39 | P a g e

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS


40 | P a g e

ConclutionA total of 60 traders (retailers) were selected for answering the questionnaire in three different

markets (30 in each market). Among them 30 were selected for questionnaire interviews through

the random sampling method. A total of 90 questionnaires, 30 from each market were

interviewed at the market centre. Information from intermediaries was collected through focus

group discussion (FGD). FGD was conducted with intermediaries in Mawaghat Market, Holodia

fish market and Kumarivog fish market areas to get an overview of fish distribution and

marketing system, constraints of fish marketing etc. Collected data were processed and finally

analyzed using Microsoft Excel. In fish marketing systems, there are a number of middlemen

involved in Mawaghat. The market chain from farmer to consumers passes through a number of

intermediaries; local fish traders, agents, wholesaler and retailers. With a few exceptions, farmers

never directly communicated with consumers; market communication normally being made

through middleman. The middlemen usually buy the fish from the farmers but do not seem to

have formal agreements with particular producers. Fish traders live in the vicinity of the local

markets nearer to fish farming communities. They carry fish from remote villages to the

wholesalers in market centers and typically earns significant amount of money. Traders typically

operate with capital of around Tk. 10,000 to 25,000 per day. From the study it was observed that

most of the retailers used their own capital in fish trading. Statistics of fish supply according to

the retailers daily fish sell range from 160-180 kg. In Mawaghat Market, traders are engaged in

fish trading from morning (7.00 am to 5.00 pm), while in Holodia fish market traders are

engaged from early morning 11.00 am to 5.30 pm and Kumarivog fish market traders are

engaged from 7.30 am to 4.30 pm. According to the survey, it was observed that a fish trader of

Mawaghat Market sell an average 170 kg fish daily, compared with 95 kg in Holodia fish market

and 65 kg in Kumarivog fish market. Among the cultured species, rohu, catla, and mrigal fetched

higher prices that the exotic carps. The price of fish depends on market structure, species,

quality, size and weight. Survey of three fish markets showed that the price per kilogram of carp

increases with size for both Indian major carps i.e., rohu, catla, and mrigal and exotic carps

silver, grass and common carp. A number of constraints for fish marketing were reported by

traders including higher transport cost, poor road and transport facilities, lack of supply of ice

and exploitation by middlemen as a result of lower market prices, inadequate drainage system,

poor water supply, poor sanitary facilities, unhygienic condition etc. According to the traders,


41 | P a g e

political disturbances affect fish transportation as well as marketing. Basic infrastructures

including clean water supply, sanitary facilities, adequate drainage system, icing, flooring etc.

should be ensured for promotion of fish marketing system. Fish traders have very limited

knowledge of hygienic and sanitation. It is also indispensable that the fish markets are kept

clean. Proper management with regards to day-to-day maintenance of the market-premises from

a sanitary and hygienic point of view has to be ensured. The traders have little access to bank

credits due to too much official formalities and co-related activities. The local NGO's may come

forward to help the fish traders through providing credit on soft-terms basis. A positive policy at

government level should be adopted and implemented properly for sustainable marketing system.

RecommendationsThe following measures may be taken for improvement of the existing marketing system:

Insulated containers should be used for transport of fishes from the village to the market

place;

Improvement of rural roads, transports, handling and shipment facilities.

Efforts should be taken to develop suitable market infrastructure in the study area with

respect to quick transportation, proper storage and other physical facilities. Provision of

such facilities would diminish the cost of marketing.

Improvement of hygienic and sanitary facilities of fish trading centers and fish markets.

Modern wholesaling and retailing facilities with maintaining the quality of products

should be ensured.

Establishment of ice factories in every fish market area.

Training of fish market operators on fish preservation, handling, icing curing, and

hygiene.

Fish quality control measures should be maintained.

Sufficient water supply and drainage facilities should be ensured of government and

local authorities.

An efficient market information system should be introduced.

Governmental, institutional and banking assistance should be ensured.


42 | P a g e

Chapter 6

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APPENDICES


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Appendix

Questionnaire on fish marketing system and obstacles in Mawaghat

Munshigang district

Date:

Identification of the Respondent

1. Name of the Respondent :

2. Address : Village: Thana:

3. Age :18-30/ 31-40/ 41-50/ 50< years

4. Religion : Muslim/ Hindu/ Other

5. Educational status : Illiterate/ Only can sign/Primary level/ Secondary<

6. Main occupation :

7. Secondary occupation :

8. Total annual income :

Identification of Fish Marketing Information in Mawaghat Munshigang

Districts:

1) When did you Fish Trading?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2) What did you do before fish trading?

………………………………………………..................................................................

3) What is the Trading Season, marketing day per week, number of fish traders and selling time?

a) Selling time……………………………………………………………………….


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b) Marketing day per week

………………………………………………………………………………..……

c) Numbers of traders involved……………….

4) Source of fish:

………………………………………………………………………………

5) Where does fish come from?

..........................................................................................................................................

6) What species?

.....................................................................................................................

7) Who supply fish to you?

.......................................................................................................

8) What type of transport is used for fish carrying?

...........................................................................................................................

9) What is average selling price?.................................................Tk./kg or quintal?

Rui…………………. Tk./kg or quintal. Catla………………. Tk./kg or quintal

Mrigal…………. …..Tk./kg or quintal Silver……………….. Tk./kg or quintal

Grass carp…………. Tk./kg or quintal Mirror carp..………… Tk./kg or quintal

Pangus……………… Tk./kg or quintal Punti…………. ………Tk./kg or quintal

Magur……………… .Tk./kg or quintal Shing…………… .......Tk./kg or quintal

Koi…………….........Tk./kg or quintal Tengra………………....Tk./kg or quintal


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Chanda……………….Tk./kg or quintal Chapila……………….Tk./kg or quintal

Illish………………….Tk./kg or quintal Sarpunti………………Tk./kg or quintal

Veda………………… Tk./kg or quintal Baim………………….Tk./kg or quintal

10) How much is sold? ......................................................................

11) How much is your income?

................................................................................................

12) What is your comment of supply and demand in this season?

.........................................................................................................

Obstacles in relevant to fish marketing system in Mawaghat Munshigang

district

(13) Distance between market and the source of fish--

(a) 0-2 km

(b) 2-4 km

(c) 4-6 km

(d) 6-10 km

(14) Having any fish processing centre in this market?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(15) Do you face any comission problem?

(c) Yes

(d) No

(16) What is the primary market level problem?

(a) Lack of bargaining power

(b) Lack of market information

(c) Barriers to entry in the market

(17) Transport system--


54 | P a g e

(a) Highly modified

(b) Medium

(c) Low

(18) Laking of buyers?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(19) Having insurance schemes to cover the loss of selling fish?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(20) Having any unexpected syndicate?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(21) Physical facilities and infrastructure

Electricity Yes No

Water supply Yes No

Ice Yes No

Shelter Yes No

Parking Yes No

Sanitation Yes No

Institution Yes No

(22) Directly fisherman present here as seller?

(c) Yes


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(d) No

If yes which type of problem he creates?

(a) He meets buyers one at a time and at different times

(b) He cannot keep fish for a long time because the product is highly perishable

(c) He has no specific place to sit in the market to sell his fish.

(23) Availability of price tagging?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(24) Availability of sorting and grading?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(25) Drainage facilities--

(a) Yes

(b) No

If yes which type of preservation?

(a) Icing

(b) Salting

(c) Chilling

(26) Do you use gloves at the time of handling?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(27) Do you face instant price hiking in the market?

(a) Yes

(b) No

(28) Political problem

(a) Yes


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(b) Not

(29) Lake of management

(a) Yes

(b) Not

(30) Do you know about effective marketing system?

(a)Yes

(b) No

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