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Studies on the decay of surface charges on dielectrics
Citation for published version (APA):Naidu, M. S. (1979). Studies on the decay of surface charges on dielectrics. (EUT report. E, Fac. of ElectricalEngineering; Vol. 79-E-100). Eindhoven: Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.
Document status and date:Published: 01/01/1979
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Studies on the decay of surface charges on
dielectrics
by
M.S. Naidu
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering
Eindhoven The Netherlands
STUDIES ON THE DECAY OF SURFACE
CHARGES ON DIELECTRICS
by
M.S. Naidu
TH-Report 79-E-100
ISBN 90-6144-100-5
Eindhoven
September 1979
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abstract
Introduction
Theory of the experiment
Experimental technique
Results and discussion
References
Figures 1 - 13
Page
1
2
2
3
5
7
-1-
STUDIES ON THE DECAY OF SURFACE CHARGES ON DIELECTRICS
ABSTRACT
Results of the measurements of the decay of charges on the surface
of different dielectric materials are presented. A conducting ring
around the investigated area was used in tests to ascertain that the
conduction over the surface was always much smaller than the conduction
through the volume. A power law dependence of current and voltage,
I = K.Vn
describes many of the results; exponents (n) as high as 13
and extending over many decades of current have been observed.
The measurements were carried out in the High Voltage Laboratory of
the Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands,
under the supervision of its head, Professor dr.ir. P.C.T. van der Laan
and with the technical help of Ing. H. Antonides.
Naidu, M.S. STUDIES ON THE DECAY OF SURFACE CHARGES.ON DIELECTRICS. Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 1979. TH-Report 79-E-100
Present address of the author:
Dr. M.S. Naidu, Department of High Voltage Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
- 2 -
1. Introduction.
Electrostatic charges playa very important role in the production,
working and storage of dielectric materials. This role played by the
electrostatic charges if often unexpected and may cause explosions
or other dangerous effects. When used for electrical insulation
purpose, the surface charging of these dielectrics often causes
flashovers, aid the growth processes of breakdown and reduce the
insulation performance of the system. Therefore, it is of great
importance to study and understand the phenomena of charge decay
over the surface and into the bulk of the material. Also, there has
been a recent improvement in the quality of the instrumentation
used in measuring surface charges (ref. 1-3) and consequently
detailed experiments to study charge decay over surfaces have become
possible.
The electrostatic probe is the instrument most commonly used to
measure electrostatic charge because of its negligible interference
on the distribution of charges to be measured. with such a probe
(Keithly 2503) electrostatic charge decay was measured for pyrex
glass, cellulose triacetate (melinex), polyether, polystyrene,
perspex and soft polyethylene. From these measurements, values were
derived for the exponent of the power law relation between the
current and the voltage and the resistivity of the dielectric
material.
2. Theory of the experiment.
In the experiments conducted, the decay of the charge was mostly
caused by conduction through the volume of the material. This was
checked by means of a conducting ring on the top surface of the
dielectric (around the surface area to be investigated) as shown
in fig. 1. To suppress the surface conduction entirely, one should
apply a voltage to the ring, which at all times equals the decaying
potential on the insulator surface. In practice however, the voltage
on the ring did not influence the charge decay noticeably, provided
the surface of the insulator was well cleaned (pure alcohol) and
the sample was protected against air draughts. To minimise the
remaining small surface currents even more, the ring was usually
kept at an intermediate, but constant voltage. Under these
conditions, the current through the dielectric turns out to depend
- 3 -
on the voltage as given by the following relationship (ref. 4-6)
(1)
Where K is a constant which depends upon
distribution of the traps. The measured
the density and energy dV
value at ' the rate of
decay of surface charge (potential) equals
dV = dt
Le. dV = dt
where K'
l/C (2)
A.~ _ K' . € .€ ~/ J-I- J orA
(3 )
d € • € o r
is a constant for a given sample.
The current density through the bulk of the dielectric j can be
evaluated from equation (3).
The electric field E can be found from the voltage on the surface of
the dielectric
E = V/d (4)
where the assumption is made that no large space charge distortion
of the voltage distribution occurs.
From j and E the exponent of the power law dependence (n) can be
found from a graph of the logarithms of j and E.
The resistivity of the bulk of the material can also be evaluated
from E and j7 for n ~ 1 this value will vary with value of E.
3. Experimental technique.
The experimental set up used has already been dscribed in earlier
papers (ref. 1,3). The dielectric surface, which was flat, was
charged during 100 sec. by a spraying discharge from a sharp needle
1 em. above the surface (see figures 1 and lA).
- 4 -
The surface charge was measured using an electrostatic probe, which
functions as a potential divider. This probe (Keithly 2503) is
connected via a coaxial electrometer cable to a Keithly electrometer
(type 610C) which drives the
The dielectric samples (size
y-deflection of an x-y recorder. 2 15x12 em ) were fastened to a mobile
table, which moves under and past the probe for each measurement
as shown in fig. 1A. The probe-dielectric distance was always
maintained at 1 em. to obtain maximum spatial resolution, to avoid
flashover and to minimise the influence of the probe on the measurement.
A control unit was used to monitor the decay times, the opening of the
probe shutter, the start and end of the car motion and the operation
of the x-y recorder. The dielectric materials tested were as follows:
Sample
Pyrex glass
Cellulose triacetate (Melinex)
polyether
Polystyrene
perspex
PO lythene (soft)
Thickness (mm)
1.8
0.1
1.02
1.00
1.02
3.31
€ r
8.2
3.0
3.0
2.5
3.7
2.8
In all the samples, the conducting ring (fig. 1) had the same dimensions
(an octagonal shape with a side of 4 cm. and a diameter of approximately
10 cm; thickness of the silver paint 6 to 10 mm.). Examples of decay
characteristics for pyrex-glass, cellulose triacetate and polyether are
shown in figures 2 to 7. In figures 2, 4 and 6 the ring was maintained
at 2.5 kV while in figures 3, 5 and 7 the ring was at ground potential.
In all cases the charging voltage applied to the pin (kept at a distance
of 1 cm. from the dielectric surface) was 5 kV for 100 sec. Decay
characteristics obtained for other materials were also similar and are
not shown here. From the decay characteristics V (the voltage on the dV dielectric surface) and at (rate of decay) were calculated using the
voltage on the ring i.e. 2.5 kV as a reference in calibration. From V
and ~, j and E were evaluated using equations (3) and (4) and graphs
were drawn. The relationship between j and E for the various materials
studied are shown in figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
- 5 -
4. Results and discussion.
From figures 8 to 13 it is possible to evaluate the exponent (n) of
the power-law dependence of the current through the dielectric on the
voltage on the surface. The following table summarises the values of
n for different dielectric materials investigated. Also shown are the
values of the volume resistivity (p) of the materials at a voltage
across the dielectric of 3 kV.
F at V = 3 kV Thickness Material n
(nro) (nun)
Pyrex glass 2.2 2.193 x 10 12 1.80
12 Cellulose triacetate 2.4 2.500 x 10 0.10 (Melinex)
Polyether 8.3 7.262 x 10 14 1.02
Polystyrene 13.0 3.666 x 10 14 1.00
Perspex 6.1 2.280 x 10 15 1.02
Polyethene (soft) 7.4 6.969 x 10 14 3.31
As can be seen from the above table, the values of n are always greater
than 2 for the materials investigated. In dielectric materials the flow
of charges are normally controlled by space charges. If the dielectric
is an ideal one and is free of traps, the value of n should equal two.
Higher values of n have been observed and were interpreted in terms of
the influence of traps on conduction processes and of the effect of
non-uniform patterns of current flow (ref. 4-6). Higher exponents (n)
and extending over many decades of current have been observed in
amosphous and glassy materials (ref. 5). Sixth power laws were found in
zirconium oxide and titanium oxide (ref. 5). Exponents varying between
6-8 have been reported in germanium and silicon (ref. 7). However, there
appears to be no data available on these values for the dielectrics
inve&tigated.
Lampert's (ref. 4) model for the study of single-crystal CdS cannot be
applied to the sudy of the behaviour of dielectrics because it has
limitation& even in materials such as crystalline insulators and semi
conductor& in which it was expected to apply. It is extremely difficult
to obtain relaibale estimates of the density and depth of traps from
- 6 -
the current-voltage relationship.
There appears to be no satisfactory explanation of this power law and
it would be interesting to investigate specific aspects of this
complicated problem. It should be interesting to test the space-charge
limited model by studying the current-voltage relationship at
different thicknesses of the sample, which eor a simple space-charge
limited regime should follow a definite power-law relationship. Also,
the traps may not respond to a short pulse and so transient response
characteristics may help to distinguish between the trap-filled limit
high power law and other mechanisms.
From figures 8 and 9 (in case of glass and melinex) values of n were
evaluated for (a) when the ring potential was 2.5 kV and (b) when the
ring was at ground potential, and were found to be nearly the same in
both cases. Only values obtained when the ring was maintained at
2.5 kV were shown in the table because only in this case the conduction
was mainly through the volume and the surface conduction was absent.
Resistivity values calculated are in good agreement with those obtained
by Haenen (ref. 1) for glass and perspex and with the values available
in literature for other materials.
- 7 -
REFERENCES.
1. H.T.M. Haenen, J. of Electrostatics, vol. 1, 173 (1975).
2. T.R. Foord, J. Phys. E. (sci.Instr.), vol. 2, 411 (1969).
3. H.T.M. Haenen, J. of Electrostatics, vol. 2, 203 (1976/1977).
4. M.A. Lampert, A. Many and P. Mark, Phys. Rev., vol. 135, A1444 (1964).
5. A.K. Jenscher, Thin solid films, vol. 1,213 (1967).
6. M.A. Lampert, Rep. on Progress in Physics, vol. 27, 329 (1967).
7. C. Feldman, Nature, vol. 203, 964 (1964).
Ring ,
Pin connected to High Voltage.
W~J~0h;iW~Q I I 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I
I I I Dielectric I I I
r---1...- j - ----- -- - - - -- - --- -- -----1---+ ----1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I
I I I I
1 1 I; 1
I I I I : I I I I I
I : I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
to High Voltage. I I I :.. ____________________ ...c~l~e!:..~~nte~ ~t!h.!"-!.I~!!:~d!;_J
lig:1 Dielectric and High Voltage electrode arrangement.
Charging pin Probe
Dielectric test sample. ~
fig: 101. The test sample stays below the pin for 100 sec. during charging. Afterwards, it moves back and forth under the probe at pre -determined intervals when the potential corresponding to the charge on the dielectric surface was recorded.
2.5kV
! 1 5 kV/100 sec
1500
fig:2 Decay characteristics of pyrex glass, thickness 1.8 mm.
Distances: probe -glass = IOmm; pin glass = 10mm.
4000 6000
2.5 kV
1
5 kV/l00 sec
J
10
fig: 3 Decay characteristics of pyrex glass; thickness 1.8 mm.
Ring at ground potential. Distances: probe- glass .10 mm; pin- glass .10 mm.
~ S kVlIOO sec t 2.SkV
fig: 4 Decay characteristics of cellulose triacetate; thickness 0.1 mm.
Distances: probe - dielectric = 10 mm; pin-dielectric aID mm.
15 kV /100 sec
10
fig: 5 Decay charactenstlCs of cellulose triacetate; thickness and distances as in fig: 4. Ring was maintained at ground potential.
A
~ 5 kV 1100 sec
2.5 kV 2.5 kV
1 J
fig: 6 Decay characteristics of polyether; thickness 1.02 mm.
Distances: probe- dielectric =10 mm; pin -dielectric = 10 mm.
~ 5kV 1100 sec
fig:7 Decay characteristics of polyether; thickness 1.02 mm.
Distances as shown in fig: 6.
--;------ -----1---- -- ------- - ------I---- --- ----- ----- --------
1 j<Am"' - _._- ---- - -.-~- --- ~--1---- ------------
! 'I
/
II 1
/ --[l
f------ -:; 8
oV /
10
A / /
V 1------ - 1---- - - .- .• J
v
-10
9 II /
v / -- --t------ ." - - •..... ----- I-- -- - ----------
E(Vlml 0 ~ -1
10 4 10
fig;8 Current density as a function of electric field for pyrex glass.
1.8 mm thick. er = 8.2
----.. --~-- 1---- ----- ------
II / -- -- -- - f------- 1------ - - - -
ill
rl - -2
l ](Am _) __ --
/ ° I f ----
V ; r- 1------ °1 - ----- - . __ .. _--. -- ... - _. -- -- ~-.- -" .. f------ ------ -- -
I 01 I
5 ; 10 I ,
I I
I
f ,0 I. I
/ I /c
-- -, ... -- -- -- - .. '- - -- 1---- __ 1._ - ---I
I /
1---
I/° I
-10
II f 6 II
x .I !I
II I I
I
I. - - -- ~- .. _. r-'I;
---- --~---- - ---- --- ... - I 1------ - - --_.--. - - -' . --.• ---
Il '/
I -
7 ECMV/m)
1 10 10 0 101 10 2
fig: 9 Current density as a function of electric field for cellulose triacetate, 0.1 mm thick. Er ~3.o - ring at 2.5 kV; - - - ring at ground potential.
-8 10
-9 10
-10 10
1 j(Am-2
)
x
0 I , I
I : i
x , , ,
I I ~I , I
i ;
1 de , ! ; ,
/0 I /0
I ,0 I
)(/0 , - I ,
X ,
; /0
II .11 I , ; , I I
, , ~
E (Mll/m)
lig:10 Current density as a function of electric field for polyether, 1.02 mm thick. Er "3.0 -_ring at ground potental; ---ring at 2.5 kll.
-10 10
-1 10
1
-1 10
2
I j(Am-2
) o I
0
0 0
v
0
, E(MVlm)
•
fig:ll Current density as a function of electric field
for perspex, 1.02 mm thick. Er =3.7
-9 10
-10 10
-1 10
1
1 j(Am-2
)
r---.~----
I
i i i ,
I I I I
0
t---
0
0
E(MV/m) •
fig: 12 Current density as a function of electric field
for polystyrene. 1.0 mm thick. tr =2.5
-8 10
-9
f j(Am-2)
,-----
f---.
-.
-10 10 1 . fig: 13 Current density as a
polyethylene, 3.31 mm
0
0
0 E(MV/m)
100 function of electric field for
thick. cr =2.8
..
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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1) Dijk, J., M. Jeuken and E.J. Maanders AN ANTENNA FOR A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION GROUND STATION (PROV ISIONAL ELECTRICAL DESIGN). TH-Report 68-E-01. 1968. ISBN 90-6144-001-7
2) Veefkind, A .• J.H. Blom and L.H.Th. Rietjens THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMA IN A MHO CHANNEL. Submitted to the Symposium on Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical Power Generation, Warsaw, Poland, 24-30 July, 1968. TH-Report 68-E-02. 1968. ISBN 90-6144-002-5
3) Boom, A.J.W. van den and J.H.A.M. MeIis A COMPARISON OF SOME PROCESS PARAMETER ESTIMATING SCHEMES. TH-Rcport 68-E-03. 1968. ISBN 90-6144-003-3
4) Eykhoff, P .• P.J.M. Ophey, J. Severs and J.O.M. Oome AN ELECTROLYTIC TANK FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES REPRESENTING THE COMPLEX-FREQUENCY PLANE. TH-Report 68-E-02. 1968. ISBN 90-6144-004-1
5) Vermij, L. and J.E. Daalder ENERGY BALANCE OF FUSING SILVER WIRES SURROUNDED BY AIR. TH-Report 68-E-05. 1968. ISBN 90-6 I 44-005-X
6) Houben, J.W.M.A. and P. Mussee MHO POWER CONVERSION EMPLOYING LIQUID METALS. TH-Report 69-E-06. 1969. ISBN 90-6144-006-8
7) Heuvel, W.M.C. van den and W.F.J. Kersten VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT IN CURRENT ZERO INVESTIGATIONS. TH-Report 69-E-07. 1909. ISBN 90-6144-007-6
X) Vermij, L. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FUSES. TH- Report 69-E-08. 1909. ISBN 90-6144-008-4
l)) Westenoorg. J .Z_ SOME IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES FOR NON-LINEAR NOISY PROCESSES. TH-Report 69-E-09. 1909. ISBN 90-6144-009-2
10) Koop. H.E.M., J. Dijk and E.J. Maanders ON CONICAL HORN ANTENNAS. TH-Report 70-E-10. 1970. ISBN 90-6144-010-6
I I) Veefkind. A. NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA IN A DISC-SHAPED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC GENERATOR. TH-Report 70-E-I1. 1970. ISBN 90-6144-011-4
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EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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16) White. Jr., R.C. A SURVEY OF RANDOM METHODS FOR PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION. TH-Report 7Q..E-16. 1971. ISBN 90-6144-016-5
17) Ta1mon, J.L. APPROXIMATED GAUSS-MARKOV ESTIMATORS AND RELATED SCHEMES. TH- Report 71-E-17. 1971. ISBN 9Q..6 I 44-0 17-3
18) Kahlkk, V. MEASUREMENT OF TIME CONSTANTS ON CASCADE D.C. ARC IN NITROGEN. TH-Report 71-E-18. 1971. ISBN 90-6144-018-1
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20) Arts, M.G.J. ON THE INSTANTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF BLOODFLOW BY ULTRASONIC MEANS. TH-Report 71-E-20. 1971. ISBN 90-6 I 44"()2Q..3
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23) Dijk, J., J. M. Berends and E.J. Maanoers APERTURE BLOCKAGE IN DUAL REFLECTOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS - A REVIEW. TH-Report 71-E-23. 1971. ISBN 9Q..6 I 44-023-8
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27) Bokhoven, W.M.G. vun METHODS AND ASPECTS OF ACTIVE RC-FILTERS SYNTHESIS. TH-Report 71-E-27. 1970. ISBN 9Q..6144-027-0
28) Boeschoten, F. TWO FLUIDS MODEL REEXAMINED FOR ACOLLISIONLESS PLASMA IN THE STATION~IW .sTATE. .' TH-RqlO!t 72-E-28. !97Z. ISBN 90-6144-028-9
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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29) REPORT ON THE CLOSED CYCLE MHO SPECIALIST MEETING. Working group of tbe joint ENEA/IAEA International MHO Liaison Group. Eindhoven, TIle Netherlands, September 20-22, 1971. Edited. by L.H.Th. Rietjens. TH-Report 72-E-29. 1972. ISBN 90-6144-029-7
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3 J) Veefkind, A. CONDUCTION GRIDS TO STABILIZE MHO GENERATOR PLASMAS AGAINST IONIZATION INSTABILITIES. TH Report 72-1'.-31. 1972. ISBN 90-6144-031-9
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33) Daalder, J.E. JOULE HEATING AND DIAMETER OF THE CATHODE SPOT IN A VACUUM ARC. TH-Report 73-E-33. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-033-5
34) HUUer, C. BEHAVIOUR OF THE SPINNING GYRO ROTOR. TH-Report 73-E-34. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-034-3
35) Bastian, C. et al. THE VACUUM ARC AS A FACILITY FOR RELEVANT EXPERIMENTS IN FUSION RESEARCH. Annual Report 1972. EURATOM-T.H.E. Group 'Rotating Plasma'. TH-Report 73-E-35. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-035-1
3M Blol11, J.A. ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY PARAMETER ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES. TH-Report 73-E-36. 1973. ISBN 90-6 I 44-036-X
37) Cancelled
38) Alldriessen, F.J., W. Boerman and I.F.E.M. Holtz CALCULATION OF RADIATION LOSSES IN CYLINDER SYMMETRIC HIGH PRESSURE DISCHARGES BY MEANS OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER. TH-Report 73-E-38. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-038-6
39) Dijk, J., C.T.W. van DiepenUeek, E.J. Maanders and L.F.G. Tburlings THE POLARIZATION LOSSES OF OFFSET ANTENNAS. TH-Report 73-E-39. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-039-4
40) Goes, W.P. SEPARATION OF SIGNALS DUE TO ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD FLOW IN THE DOPPLER SYSTEM THAT USES CONTINUOUS ULTRASOUND. TH-Report 73-E-40. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-040-8
41) Darnen, A.A.H. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL MODELS OF THE VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION; INTRODUCTION OF A STRING-MODEL. TH-Report 73-E-41. 1973. ISBN 90-6144-041-6
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47) lelive1d, W.H. THE DESIGN OF A MOCK CIRCULATION SYSTEM. TH·Report 74-E-47. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-047-5
48) Damen, A.A.H. SOME NOTES ON THE INVERSE PROBLEM IN ELECTRO CARDIOGRAPHY. TH·Report 74-E-48. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-048-3
49) Meeoerg, L. van de A VITERBI DECODER. TlI·Report 74-E-49. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-049-1
50) Puel, A.P.M. van der A COMPUTER SEARCH FOR GOOD CONVOLUTIONAL CODES. TH·Report 74-E-50. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-050-5
51) Sampie, G. THE BIT ERROR PROBABILITY AS A FUNCTION PATH REGISTER LENGTH IN THE VITERBI DECODER. TH·Report 74-E-51. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-051-3
52) Schalkwijk, J.P.M. CODING FOR A COMPUTER NETWORK. TH·Report 74-E-52. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-052-1
53) Stapper, M. MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF PROGRESSIVE ULTRASONIC WAVES BY MEANS OF RAMAN·NA TH DIFRACTION. TH·Report 74-E-53. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-053-X
54) Sehalkwijk, J.P.M. and A.J. Vinck SYNDROME DECODING OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES. TH·Report 74-E-54. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-054-8
55) Yakimov, A. FLUCTUATIONS IN IMPATT·D10DE OSCILLATORS WITH LOW Q-FACTORS. TH·Report 74-E-55. 1974. ISBN 90-6144-055-6
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reports:
56) Plaats, J. van der ANAL YSIS OF THREE CONDUCTOR COAXIAL SYSTEMS. Computer-aided determination of the frequ~ncy characteristics and the impulse and step resl?onse of a two-port consisting of a system of three coaxial conductors terminating in lumped impedances. TH-Report 75-E-56. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-056-4
57) Kalken, P.J.H. ami C. Kooy RAY-OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF A TWO DIMENSIONAL APERTURE RADIATION PROBLEM. Til-Report 75-E-57. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-057-2
58) Schalkwijk, J.P.M., A.J. Vinck and L.J.A.E. Rust ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF A SYNDROME DECODER FOR A CONSTRAINT LENGTH k = 5, RATE R = % BINARY CONVOLUTIONAL CODE. TH-Report 75-E-58. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-058-0.
59) Boeschoten, F. et al. EXPERIMENTS WITH A LARGE SIZED HOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE FED WITH ARGON,II. Annual Report 1974. EURATOM-T.H.E. Group 'Rotating Plasma'. TH-Report 75-E-59. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-059-9
60) Maanders, E.J. SOME ASPECTS OF GROUND STATION ANTENNAS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION. TH-Report 75-E-60. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-060-2
61) Mawira, A. and J. Dijk DEPOLARIZATION BY RAIN: Some Related Thermal Emission Considerations. TH-Report 75-E-61. 1975. ISBN 90-6144-061-0
62) Safak, M. CALCULATION OF RADIATION PATTERNS OF REFLECTOR ANTENNAS BY HIGH-FREQUENCY ASYMPTOTIC TECHNIQUES. TH-Report 76-E-62. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-062-9
(3) Schalkwijk, J.P.M. and A.J. Vinck SOFT DECISION SYNDROME DECODING. TH-Report 76-E-63. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-063-7
<>4) Damen, A.A.H. EPICARDIAL POTENTIALS DERIVED FROM SKIN POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS. Til-Report 76-E-64. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-064-5
65) Bakhuizen, A.J.C. and R. de Boer ON THE CALCULATION OF PERMEANCES AND FORCES BETWEEN DOUBLY SLOTTED STRUCTURES. TH-Report 76-E-65. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-065-3
66) Geutjes, A.J. A NUMERICAL MODEL TO EVALUATE THE BEHAVIOUR OF A REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER AT HIGH TEMPERATURE. TH-Report 76-E-66. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-066-1
67) Boeschoten, F. et aI. EXPERIMENTS WITH A LARGE SIZED HOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE, III; concluding work Jan. 1975 to June 1976 of the EURATOM-THE Group 'Rotating Plasma'. TH-Report 76-E-67. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-067-X
68) CanceUed.
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECfRICAL ENGINEERING
Reports:
69) Merck, W.F.H. and A.F.e. Sens THOMSON SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS ON A HOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE. TH-Report 76-E-69. 1976. ISBN 90-6144-069-6
70) Jongbloed, A.A. STATISTICAL REGRESSION AND DISPERSION RATIOS IN NONLINEAR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION. TH-Report 77-E-70. 1977. ISBN 90-6 I 44-070-X
71) Barrett, J .F. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON VOLTERRA SERIES HERMITE FUNCTIONAL EXPANSIONS AND RELATED SUBJ ECTS. TH-Report 77-E-71. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-071-8
72) Boeschoten, F. and R. Komen ON THE POSSIBILITY TO SEPARATE ISOTOPES BY MEANS OF A ROT A TING PLASMA COLUMN: Isotope separation with a hollow cathode discharge. TH-Report 77-E-72. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-072-6
73) Schalkwijk, -'.P.M., A.J. Vinck and K.A. Post SYNDROME DECODING OF BINARY RATE-kin CONVOLUTIONAL CODES. TH-Report 77-E-73. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-073-4
74) Dijk, J., E.J. Maanders and J .M.J. Oostvogels AN ANTENNA MOUNT FOR TRACKING GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES. TH-Report 77-E-74. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-074-2
75) Vinck, A.J., J.G. van Wijk and A.J.P. de Paepe A NOTE ON THE FREE DISTANCE FOR CONVOLUTIONAL CODES. TH-Report 77-E-75. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-075-0
7<» Daalder, J.E. RADIAL HEAT FLOW IN TWO COAXIAL CYLINDRICAL DISKS. 'I'll-Report 77-E-76. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-076-9
77) Barrett, J.F. ON SYSTEMS DEFINED BY IMPLICIT ANALYTIC NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS. TH-Report 77-E-77. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-077-7
78) Jansen, J. and J.F. Barret! ON THE THEORY OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. Part 1: One dimensional case. TH-Report 78-E-78. 1977. ISBN 90-6144-078-5
79) Borghi, C.A., A.F.C. Sens, A. Veefkind and L.H.Th. Rietjens EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE DISCHARGE STRUCTURE IN A NOBLE GAS MHD GENERATOR. TH-Report 78-E-79. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-079-3
80) Bergmans, T. EQUALIZATION OF A COAXIAL CABLE FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION: Computeroptimized location of poles and zeros of a constant-resistance network to equalize a coaxial cable 1.2/4.4 for high-speed digital transmission (J 40 Mb/s). TH-Report 78-E-80. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-080-7
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE NETHERLAND~ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reports:
81 \ Kam. J.1. van der and A.A.H. Damen OBSERVABILITY OF ELECTRICAL HEART ACTIVITY STUDIES WITH THE SINGULAR VALUE OECOMPOSlTION TH-Report 78-E-81. 1978. IS13N 90-6144-081-5
82) Jansen. J. and J.F. Barrett ON THE THEORY OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. Part 2: Multi-dimensional case. TH-Report 78-E-82. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-082-3
83) Etten. W. van and E. de J ong OPTIMUM TAPPED DELAY LINES FOR THE EQUALIZATION OF MULTIPLE CHANNEL SYSTEMS. TH-Report 78-E-83. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-083-1
83) Vinck, A.J. MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD SYNDROME DECODING OF LINEAR 13LOCK CODES. TH-Report 78-E-84. 1978. ISBN 90-6 I 44-084-X
85) Spruit, W.P. A DIGITAL LOW FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ANALYZER, USING A PROGRAMMABLE POCKET CALCULATOR. TH-Report 78-E-85. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-085-8
86) Beneken, J. E. W. et al TREND PREDICTION AS A 13ASIS FOR OPTIMAL THERAPY. TH-Report 78-E-86. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-086-6
87) Geus. C.A.M. and J. Dijk CALCULATION OF APERTURE AND FAR-FIELD DISTRIBUTION FROM MEASUREMENTS IN THE FRESNEL ZONE OF LARGE REFLECTOR ANTENNAS. TH-Report 78-E-87. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-0874
88) Hajdasinski, A. K. THE GAUSS-MARKOV APPROXIMATED SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIVARIABELE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS VIA THE REALIZATION THEORY. An Explicit Approach. TH-Report 78-E-88. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-088-2
89) Niederlinski. A. THE GLOBAL ERROR APPROACH TO THE CONVERGENDE OF CLOSED-LOOP IDENTIFICATION, SELF-TUNING REGULATORS AND SELF-TUNING PREDICTORS. TH-Report 78-E-89. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-089-0
90) Vinck, A.J. and A.J.P. de Paepe REDUCING THE NUMBER OF COMPUTATIONS IN STACK DECODING OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES BY EXPLOITING SYMMETRIES OF THE ENCODER. TH-Report 78-E-90. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-0904
91) Geutjes, A.J. and D.J. Kleyn A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF 1000 MWe COMBINED CLOSED CYCLE MHD/STEAM ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING PLANTS. TH-Report 78-E-91. 1978. ISBN 90-6144-091-2
92) Massee, P. THE DISPERSION RELATION OF ELECTROTHERMAL WAVES IN A NONEQUILIBRIUM MHDPLASMA. TH-Rcport ·}8-E-92. \978. ISBN 90-6144-092-0
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY' . THE NETHERLANDS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reports:
93} Duin, C.A. van DIPOLE SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PROPAGATION THROUGH A RAIN MEDIUM. TH-Report 79-E-93. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-093-9
94) Kuijper, A.H. de and L.K.J. Vandamme CHARTS OF SPATIAL NOISE DISTRIBUTION IN PLANAR RESISTORS WITH FINITE CONTACTS. TH-Report 79-E-94. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-094-7
95) Hajdasinski, A.K. and A.A.H. Damen REALIZATION OF THE MARKOV PARAMETER SEQUENCES USING THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION OF THE HANKEL MATRIX. TH-Report 79-E-95. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-095-5
96) Stefanov, B. ELECTRON MOMENTUM TRANSFER CROSS-SECTION IN CESIUM AND RELATED CALCULATIONS OF THE LOCAL PARAMETERS OF Cs + Ar MHD PLASMAS. TH-Report 79-E-96. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-096-3
97) Worm, S.C.J. RADIATION PATTERNS OF CIRCULAR APERTURES WITH PRESCRIBED SIDELOBE LEVELS. TH-Report 79-E-97. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-097-1
98) Kroezen, P.H.C. A SERIES REPRESENTATION METHOD FOn THE FAR FIELD OF AN OFFSET REFLECTOR ANTENNA. TH-Report 79-E-98. 1979. ISBN 90:"6144-098-X
~)9) Koonen, A.M.J.
ERROR PROBABILITY IN DIGITAL FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. TH-Report 79-E-99. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-099-8
100) Naidu, M.S. STUDIES ON THE DECAY OF SURFACE CHARGES ON DIELECTIUCS. TH-Report 79-E-100. 1979. ISBN 90-6144-100-5