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ST U D I E S IN PHIL IPPINE

L ANGUAGES & CU L T U R E S

Supplementary SeriesNo. 2 1987

Central Cagayan Agta texts

Roy Mayfield, comp.; Fe T. Otanes, Austin Hale, series eds.

Table of Contents, Acknowledgments, BiographicalInformation, Map, Introduction and Abbreviations and

Symbols

© LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES and SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS

ISSN 0116-0516 ISBN 971-1059-06-1

Sample Citation Format

Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. “The noun phrase in Tagalog—English code switching”. Studies inPhilippine Linguistics 1:1, 1–16. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Biographical Information

apIntroduction

Abbreviations and Symbols

Texts with Ethnographic and Linguistic Notes

1 The Day of the Wedding

2 Advice to One Who Seeks Marriage

3 My Dream Today

4 Who Is Guilty?

The Agtas Fire

6 The Agtas Poison

7 Mandaripan

A Story about Hunting

9 A Father s Advice to His Family

1 When We Rode an Airplane

11 Harvesting Honey from Bees

Appendix A: Agta Kinship and Social Organization

Appendix B: Agta Religion

Appendix C: A Tentative Grammatical Survey

References

iv

v

v i

vii

ix



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We w i sh t o e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e A g ta p e o p l e o f C a ga ya n

e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of G a t t a r a n and P e n ab l an c a f o r t h ewelcome a nd h o s p i t a l i t y e x t e nd e d t o u s t o s t u d y t h e i r l a ng u ag e and c u l t u r e

and f o r t h e i r e a ge r ne s s t o s h a r e t h e i r f o l k l o r e e x p e ri e n c e s and o t h e r

i n t e r e s t i n g c u l t u r a l t r a i t s some of which c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i s of t h i s

volume. We a r e in d eb t ed t o Mr. Dona to S a lb ino M r Buldo Tagayun M r

Andas S impl ic io M r Pedro Cababag and M r Edw ardo M o n d i ja r f o r t h e i r

v a l u ab l e a s s i s t a n c e i n pr o vi d in g th e o r a l d i s c o u r s e s f o r r e co r di n g a nd /o r

t h e i r e x p l an a t i on of v a r i o u s l i n g u i s t i c o r e t h n og r ap h ic f e a t u r e s n ot

o bv io us i n t h e w r i t t e n t e x t s . W a l s o owe a g r e a t d e b t t o D r and Mrs.

A l an H e a le y o f t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s who p r o v i d e d u s w i t h

t h e i r own i n v a l u a b l e r e s e a r c h m a t e r i a l s f ro m t h e same l a ng u ag e and c u l t u r e :

t e x t s a d i c t i o n a r y a p u b l i s h e d gram mar a nd u n p u b li s h e d e t h n o g r a p h i c

no te s a l l o f which we have on l y been ab le t o s upp lemen t . The r e s p ons i -b i l i t y h ow ev er f o r a ny e r r o r s o r o mi ss io ns i n t h e t e x t s a n a l y s i s n o t e s

o r a p p e n d i x e s s our own.



BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

The f o l l o w i n g p eo p l e h av e c o n t r i b u t e d t e x t s t o t h i s v ol um e:

Andas Simpl ic io i s a man i n h i s e a r l y fifti s w i t h no f o r m a l p u b l i c

ed uc at io n. He i s f l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l an g ua g e.

Do n a to Sa lb in o i s a man i n h i s e a r l y s e v e n t i e s , who, w i t h no f o r m a l p u b l i c

e d u c a t i o n , h a s s e r ve d a s t h e c o m p i l e r s ' main l a ng ua g e a s s i s t a n t f o r a

number of years. He i s f l u e n t i n I l o ca n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l an g u ag e .

Pedro Cababag i s a man i n h i s l a t e f i f t i e s o r e a r l y s i x t i e s . L ik e S a l bi no

h e h as had no fo rma l p u b l i c ed u ca t i o n an d i s f l u e n t i n I lo c an o a s w e l l a s

h i s own language .

Manggo Sapeda , now dece ased , was a man abou t sev en t y- f ive ye ar s o ld a t th e

t im e h i s t e x t , A S t o r y a b o u t H u n ti n g , was r e c o r d e d . F l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s

w e l l a s h i s own l an g u ag e , h e was known t o fu n c t i o n a s a p r i e s t and shaman

among h i s p e o p l e . He was t h e r e c o g n i z e d r e l i g i o u s a u t h o r i t y , n o t ed f o r

a b i l i t y t o h e a l p e op l e, and most v e r s a t i l e i n s i n g i n g p r a ye r s t o t h e

d e p a r t e d a n c e s t o r s .

T e x t s 3 , 4 and 7 were r eco rd ed b y th e Hea ley s ab o u t 1 9 55 and t h e n a r -

r a t o r s a r e n o t known. The r e c o r d i n g d a t e o f e a c h o f t h e o t h e r t e x t s , w he re

known, i s i n d i c a t e d b e ne a th t h e r e s p e c t i v e t i t l s f o l lo w i ng t h e n a r r a t o r ' sname.



, -

Location of the

Central Cagayan Agta

Language Group

htl Philippines



INTRODUCTION

The e l e v e n t e x t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e w er e c o mp i le d a nd a n a l y z e d f o r t h e p u rp o se

o f p r e se r v in g ev id en ces o f th e C e n t r a l C ag ay an Agca c u l tu r e and l an g u ag e .

The t e x t s w er e c o l l e c t e d o v er a t h i r t y - y e a r p e r i o d , by D r . and Mrs. Alan

Hea ley d u r in g 19 55 -5 7, an d th e p r e sen t co mp i le r s d u r in g 1 95 8-85 , u n d er th e

a u s p i c e s of t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s .

I n t h e f i r s t t e n t e x t s t h e morpheme b re a ks a r e i n d i c a t e d . ( I n t e x t 11 n o t

a l l morpheme b reak s a r e in d i ca te d . ) The n umbers o f th e e th n o g rap h ic and

l i n g u i s t i c n o t e s c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e numbers of t h e s e n te n c es i n t h e

i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g t e x t i n w hi ch t h e w or ds d i s c u s s e d a r e t o be f ou n d.

F ou r g e n r e s of t e x t s a r e i n c l ud e d : f o u r n a r r a t i v e , two h o r t a t o r y , two

f o l k l o r e , a nd t h r e e p r o c ed u r al . I t w i l l be o b se r v ed t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r a l

t e x t s a r e n o t s t r i c t l y p r oc e du r al i n t h e u s u a l s e ns e . R a th e r, t h e r e is a

f a i r amount o f n a r r a t i v e o r h i s t o r y mixed i n . We p e r c e i v e t h e r e as o n f o r

t h i s t o b e t h a t A g t a s, who a r e a n o r a l s o c i e t y , a r e n o t a cc us to me d t o

a b s t r a c t i n g p ro ce du re fro m r e a l - l i f e c o n t e x t s . R a t h er , t h e i r d e v i c e s f o r

memory a r e i n o r a l f e a t u r e s , s u c h a s r hy th m and d i a l o g ( s e e Ong 1 9 8 2 ).

The Agta l an g u ag e i s a member o f t he Malayo-Polynesian (A ust ron esi an) g roup

o f l a n g u a g e s s po ke n t h r ou g h ou t t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , i t i s

r e l a t e d t o t h e I b a n a g la n g ua g e s f o un d i n t h e C aga yan V a l l e y . I t i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t y p e r c e n t c og n a te w i t h t h e m ai n I b an a g l a ng u ag e a s w e l l

a s w i t h I l o c a n o ( H ea l ey 1 9 6 0: l ) .

The phonemes of Agta are : a , X b , d , e , f , g , h , i k , 1 m n , n g , o , p ,

r s t u , v , w y , z , a nd ( g l o t t a l s t o p ) . The v o we l s a a nd a r e mid

c e n t r a l an d l ow c e n t r a l r e s p e c t i v e l y i n t h e phoneme c ha rt , l her; i s a l s o a

c o n s i d e r a b l e d e gr e e of f r e e f l u c t u a t i o n b et we en h a nd r We h ave fo un d th a t

a l l fo rm s o c c u r r i n g w i t h r may a l s o be p ronounced i ns te ad wi th h ; however ,

t h e r e v e r s e i s more r e s t r i c t e d . G l o t t a l s t o p i s w r i t t e n o n l y i n onsonant

c l u s t e r s . T h er e a r e no v ow el c l u s t e r s i n t h e l a ng u ag e ; h en ce c o n ti g u ou s

v ow e ls i n t e x t m us t be p ro no un ce d w i t h a n i n t e r v o c a l i c g l o t t a l .

(Morphophonemic changes oc cu r between con tig uou s vow els , between vowel and

co n s o n an t , an d b e tween co n n ec t i n g co n s o n an t s ; t h e p a t t e rn s of morpho-

phonemic change a r e de sc r i be d i n Appendix C .)

The A gta a r e a P h i l i p p i n e N e g r i t o m i n o r i t y p e op l e l i v i n g i n t h e c e n t r a l

r e g i o n of C a ga ya n P r o v i n c e i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e i s l a n d o f Lu zo n,f ro m t h e C aga yan R i v e r on t h e w es t t o t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e S i e r r a Madre

m o u nt a i n s on t h e e a s t , a nd f ro m t h e n o r t h e r n b o un da ry o f L a l l o m u n i c i p a l i t y

t o c e n t r a l P en ab la nc a m u n i c i p a l i t y i n t h e s o ut h. M i g r at i o n i n t o P en ab la nc a

h a s b ee n o n l y v e r y r e c e n t , s i n c e e a r l y 19 84 . A n ot he r s m a l l group has been

l i v i n g i n t h e e x tr e me n o r t h e a s t c o a s t a l a r e a n e a r t h e towns o f Sa n ta Ana

a nd San V i c e n t e , a l t h o u g h N e g r i t o s i n t h i s a r e a p r i o r t o 1 98 1 b el on g t o a

d i f f e r e n t l an gu ag e g ro up r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a s E a s t er n Cagayan

Agta.

Th e re h as n ev e r b een a c o mp l et e d o f f i c i a l c e n s u s o f t h e C e n t r a l Cagayan

Agta. However , t e n t a t i v e surv ey s made i n 1957 by Alan Healey and Dick Roe

o f t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s ( u n p u b l i s he d d a t a i n S IL s u r v e yf i l e s ) r e s u l t e d i n a n e s t i m a t e of a b o ut s i x h un dr ed Ag ta s ( s e e a l s o H ea le y



v i i i I n tr o du c t i o n

1 9 6 0 : l ) . D u ri n g 1979-80 t h e p r e s e n t c o m p i l e r s h ad r e g u l a r c o n t a c t w i t h

a b o ut two h un dr ed A gt as l i v i n g i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y of G a t t a r a n on a t h r e e -

h u nd r ed -h e ct a re c i v i l r e s e r v a t i o n f o r m i n o r i t y g r o up s , p a r t i c u l a r l y A gt as .

I t s ee ms r e a s o n a b l e t o a ss um e t h a t i n t h e o t h e r m u n i c i p a l i t i e s w he re A gt as

t r a d i t i o n a l l y l i v e d t h e r e w er e more t h an a n o t h e r f o u r h un dr ed .

A gt as h av e t r a d i t i o n a l l y l i v e d a seminomadic l i f e s t y l e . M a r r ia g e a l l i a n c e s

g i v e them r e a s on t o t r a v e l e x t e n s i v e l y t hr ou gh ou t t h e i r l an gu ag e t e r r i t o r y

and sometimes even beyond i t They may remain f o r days or even months a t a

t i m e . E v er y f a m i l y , h ow ev er , h a s a t e r r i t o r y w hi ch t c o n s i d e r s l u g a r mo u r p l a c e ' w he re t h e y know e v e r y d e t a i l o f t h e f o r e s t , i t s s t r e a m s ,

s p e c i f i c t r e e s , h i l l s , e t c . , and where t he y have i n t i m a t e t ra d i n g

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h lo wla nd f ar m er s l i v i n g a r ou nd t h e f r i n g e s o f t h e

f o r e s t s . f a m i l i a r a r e a may b e a b o ut o ne h un dr ed s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s , a nd

v i r t u a l l y a n y s p o t n o t b e i ng l i v e d on o r u se d f o r f a r mi n g may b e s e l e c t e d

a s a b u i l d i n g s i t e f o r a s ma l l community of one t o s i x hous es . Community

s i t e s may c h an g e two o r t h r e et i m e s

a y e a r a nd e v en b e r e v i s i t e d d e p en d i ngupon t h e fo rm o f a c t i v i t y t h a t i s i n s e a s o n f o r m ak in g a l i v i n g . P l a n t i ng

an d h a r v e s t s e a s on s f o r t h e l ow la nd f a rm e rs w i l l f i n d t h e A gt as l i v i n g

n e a rb y i n o r d e r t o t a k e a d va n ta g e of work i n t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s . S l a c k t i me s

f o r l o wl an d f a r m e r s w i l l f i n d t h e Agtas l i v i n g c l o s e r t o o r i n t h e F o r e s t s ,

h u n t i n g o r g a t h e r i n g r a t t a n an d o t h e r s a l a b l e pr o d uc t s wh ic h t h e y t r a d e f o r

r i c e o r s e l l i n t h e m a rk e ts .

P r i o r t o 1 97 8 we knew of n o l i t e r a t e A gt as ( s e e a l s o He a le y 1 9 6 0 : l ) . T hr ee

s e p a r a t e l i t e r a c y c o ur s e s c on du ct ed d u r i n g 1978-84 r e s u l t e d i n t h i r t y - f i v e

p e rs o ns a c q u i r i n g v a ry i ng d e gr e es o f l i t e r a t e a b i l i t y i n t h e i r own la ng ua ge

a n d some a b i l i t y t o b r i d g e i n t o t h e I l o c a n o l a n gu a g e. Of t h i s number t w e l v e

became t u t o r s f o r b eg i n n e r s i n t h e l a t e s t c ou r s e ( 1 98 4 ). At p r e s e n t two oft h e s e t u t o r s o r l a y t e a c h e r s a r e em plo ye d by t h e D e pa rt m en t o f E d u c a t i o n .

C u l t u r e and S p o r t s t o a s s i s t i n a p i l o t pr og ram of m o bi l e s c h o o l s f o r Ag ta s

i n b a r r i o A gug gu da n, P e n a b l a n c a .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y , A gt as h av e b ee n c o n s i d e r e d n o n - C h ri s t ia n s a s a c u l t u r a l

mi no r i ty . However , s i n ce 1967 a number have embraced a P r o t e s t a n t Form of

C h r i s t i a n b e l i e f i n r es po ns e t o p o r t i o n s o f t h e C h r i s t i a n S c r i p t u r e s

t r a n s l a t e d i n t o t h e i r l an gu ag e. v i a b l e C h r i s t i a n community now e x i s t s

which i s c o m p le t e ly i n di g en o us i n n a t u r e , m a in ly i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of

P e n a b l a n c a a nd G a t t a r a n . O v e r a l l , a p p r o x i m a t e l y o ne h un d re d p e o p l e h av e

i n d i c a t e d i n o ne way o r a n o t h e r t h a t th e y no l o n ge r a d h e r e t o a n i m i s t i c

r e l i g i o u s p r a c t i c e s o r r i t u a l s d ue t o t h e i r co nv er si on t o f a i t h i n God andt h e t e a c h i n g s of t h e C h r i s t i a n S c r i p t u r e s .



BBREVI TIONS AND SYMBOLS

A

CF

CTG

GT

PT

S S

ST

U

BEN

C S

CERT

C J

M

CNCNF

CONC

D

D T

D I M

D I S T

E

EXPER

EXT

FR

G

GNI D

Ilk

I N C

I N J

I N S

I N T

RRQT

L F

LM

LO

MAN

MS

N

NEG

NP

NU

OF

OPT

OR

P

P

P S

abstract

accessory focus

active voiceaugmentative aspect

agent

aptative mode

associate

associative mode

authentic

benefactive

causative voice

certainty

conjunction

completed tense/completive particle

continuative aspectconfirmatory

concessive

demonstrative

dative

diminutive

distributive

emphatic

experiencer

existential

fortuitous aspect

genitive

general modeidentifier

Ilocano borrowing

incomplete tense

interjection

instrument

intensifier

irrealis

quotation

locative focus

limitative particles

locativizer

mannermeasurement

nominative case

negative

nonpersonal

neutral tense

oblique case

object focus

optative

origin

personal

personal associate

passive voice



x Abb rev ia t ion s and Symbols

PAT

PL

PLE

PLEX

PLG

PL IN

PLNPLO

PO

PR

PRY

PRB

PRS

PS

PUNC

QTRCM

REC

RECIP

RN

RP

RQRS

RSL

RSM

RSP

SE

SG

SIM

S I N

SN

soS P

ST

SURP

3

4

r

p a t i e n t

p l u r a l

p l u r a l e m p h a t i c

p l u r a l e x c l u s i ve

p l u r a l g e n i t i v e

p l u r a l i n c l u s i v e

p l u r a l n o m i n a t i v ep l u r a l o b l i q u e

p o s s e s s i v e

p r i o r t i m e

p r i o r i t y

p r o b a b i l i t y

p e r s i s t e n c e

p o s i t i o n a l a s p ec t

p u n c t i l i a r

q u e s t i o n

q u o t a t i o n

r e l a t i v e c l a u s e ma rk er

r e c i p r o c a l v o i ce

r e c i p i e n t

r h e t o r i c a l n e ga t iv e

r e p e t i t i v e a s p e c t

r e q u e s t

r e p o r t e d s p e e c h

r e s u l t a n t

resemblance

res pons e

s i n g u l a r e m p h a t i c

s i n g u l a r g e n i t i v e

s i m u l t a n e i t y

s i n g l e

s i n g u l a r n o m i n a t i v e

s i n g u l a r o b l i q u e

s pec ia l mode

s t a t i v e

s u r p r i s e

f i r s t pe r s on l n ea r s p ea k er

s e c o n d p e r s o n l n e a r h e a r e r

t h i r d p e r s o n / s e m i r e m o t e

remote

discontinuous morpheme

i n d e t e r m i n a t e morpheme bo un da ry i n g l o s s l i n e s )

s e m a n t i c , g r a mm a t i ca l c om po ne nt s i n g l o s s l i n e s )

d i sc on t i nu ou s morpheme

a l t e r n a t i v e r e l a t e d meaning

s e e n o t e

compound g l o s s

undetermined meaning

word o r words omit ted

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