studies in constantinian chronology / by patrick bruun
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gy
R U U N
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
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E S R V E D Y
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R MAN
N .G U C ST AD T
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
eatiseson sub ectsrelating
y medalsanddecorations.
N CO M M T T E
E L L I NG R Ch ai rma n
.B U TTRE Y R .
O TT
STA F
S S R d it or
D E L S O N A s so ci at e d it or
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. . . . .. . . . .. . - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - --
O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
T O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E O F T H E M L V I A NB R I D G . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
L L U M C B A E N S . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
N M N TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E S S A O N C A . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
N A N M N T S . . . . . . . .. . . . - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - -
R Y O F T H E T R A V E L L I NG M N T .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
F T H E T H E O D O S A NC O D E . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .
N O L O G O F TH E G O L D C O I N S. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
R TO C B A A . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
A T O C H R Y S O P O L I S . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . -- -
S O P O L I S TO T H E NA U GU R A T O N O F
. . . . . - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -
N AU G U R A T O N O F C O N ST AN T N O P L E T O T H E
N ST AN T N - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - -
S O N S .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . -- -
H O A R D O F CO N ST ANT N A NB R O N Z E R O M D E L O S
S T O N O F T H E H O A R D . . .. . .. . .. - -- -- -- -- -
A B A C G R O U N D . . . . . . . .. . - -- - -- - -- - -- - --
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S MA T C C H R O N O L O G
. . . . . . . . . . 8 9
O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 9 8
M E R I A C O NS T T U T O N s. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .- -- -- - O O
AR Y O F CO NSTANT N ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. O 2
V E R S E G ND S .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. O 5
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A H Y
C S
n Am m ia n us M a rc e ll i nu s I I I e c l. J . C . R o l f e L o e b
ed . G ol d ba c he r C S L 3 4 2 V i e nn a 1 88 8 .
.Mommsen MonumentaGermaniaehistorica
B e r l i n 18 9 2.
c r ip t io n um L a t in a ru m .
st in ia nu s ed . P . K r g er .
. C u s t .
CTh.
olitanacf.Chronicaminora.
sianused.Mommsen-Meyer.
oneslatinaese lectaeed. H. D essau B erlin1892 1916.
antini Werk e I ed. Heik e l. DiegriechischenSchrif t-
ahrhunderte L e ip ig1902.
hesisI ed. Kro ll-Sk utsch I I ed. Kro ll-Sk utsch-
mentaV aticanaed. Mommsen. C o llectio librorumiuris
erlin1884.
ed.B urckhardt.
o s P a r i s 19 2 6 3 7 .
buspersecutorumed. B randt C S L 27 2.
eck B erlin1876.
atinied. Galle tier.
rcanaed. Haury .
tP a p yr u s de T h a d el p hi e P a r i s 1 9 11 .
l Papy ro logicaLugduno-B atava2 E inigeWiener
k e l L eyden1948.
clesiastica ed.P armentier-Scheidweiler.D iegrie-
ftstellerdererstendrei J ahrhunderte.Berlin 1954.
A R CH
r e l i gi s e H a l t un g K a i s er K o n st a nt i ns . S t ud i a P a t r is t ic a
othesecondinternationalconferenceonP atristicStudies
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ieD onaubr ck eKonstantinsdesGro enundverw andte
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nd a ti o n of C on s ta n ti n op l e. A F e w N ot e s. J R S 1 9 4 7 p p. 1 0 1 6 .
C onstantinew iththeC hrist ianMonogram. J R S 19 2
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TheI nit ialso fC hristontheHelmetofC onstantine .
nC hesterJ ohnson1951 pp. 30 - 11.
MariaR . A lf ldi: D ieconstantinischeGoldpr gung
N um . u. G e ld g es c hi c ht e I X , 1 9 58 p p . 99 1 9 .
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arlyC hrist ianWorldbyF . vanderMeerC hr. Mohrman
w ley L ondon1958.
v. A c ha i a.
e late= TheC onstantinianC o inageofA re late . Diss.
heMilv ianB ridge: TheDateR econsidered. H ermes
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anceofSolf romtheC oinsofC onstantine . A rctos1958
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a reC o insof theLateR omanEmpire . B rit ishMuseum
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r g er i es . N C 1 95 8 p p . 47 5 8 .
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iptionhistori uedesmonnaiesf rapp essousl E mpire
I . P a r is 1 88 0- 92 .
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a v ie p ri v e d es D l ie ns . T ra va u e t m m o ir es c o l eF r a n .
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i n F u nd r m is ch er G ol dm n e na us B o r a . N Z 1 9 0 p p. 9 4 6.
r m i sc h er M n m t e r i n I V J a h rh . . n. C . M i t t . d. n u m.
p . 1 6 .
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u pp l . X I I e 1 9 58 p p . 12 1 2 7 1.
nA nniversary I ssues. C ambridge1949.
' a u th e nt i ci t e t l h i st o ri c it d e l a V i t a C on s ta n ti n i at t ri b u e
e . B u l l . A ca d . B e l gi u e 1 95 p p . 46 2 -4 7 9.
d e C on s ta n ti n . R e v . de l U n i v . d e B r u e l le s 3 6 2 1 9 1
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menvonA cha ia . Diss. Pannonicae I 14 B udapest1946.
u r G es c hi c ht e d es K a i se r s K o n s ta n ti n . H e r m e s 86 3 1 9 58
h e D a t e a n d V a l ue o f t he V e r o n a L i s t . J R S 1 9 5 4 p p. 2 1 2 9 .
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u s e bi u s s L i f e of C on s ta n ti n e. J E H V , 1 9 54
nc . = E . H . K a s e: A P a p yr u s R o l l i n th e P r i n c et o n Co l le c ti o n.
G o ld C oi n ag e i n th e L a t e r R o m a n E m p ir e . E s s ay s i n R o m an
aroldMattingly1956 pp.190204.
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. . C. K e n t: T h e P a t t er n o f B r o n e C o in a ge u n de r C on s ta n -
1 6 7 7 .
T h e Co n st a nt i ni a n Mi n ts 3 0 6 3 1 . A N S Mu s eu m N ot e s I X ,
n Mi n ts . N C 1 95 9 p p. 4 7 7 8 .
n R E V s . v. D i o e c es i s.
onstantinsre ligi seE ntw ick lung. B e itr gez urhistorischen
en1955.
i n M n s ch at a uf D e l os . N Z 1 9 10 p p. 5 0 5 .
announcementinB ull. Soc. F ran . Num. 1954pp. 292f .
' u s ur p a i o ne d i D o m i ti o A le s sa n dr o . N u m is m at i ca X I I I ,
o imperatoriodiC ostantinoMagno. A tt ide llaP ont. A ccad.
21pp. 415-426.
m is ch e St aa ts ve rw al tu ng I I I I . ( H a nd bu ch d er r m .
a rd t -M o mm s en I V - V I ) . L e i p i g 1 88 1 5 .
manC oins . L ondon1951.
sm a ti u e Co n st a nt i ni e nn e I I I I . P a r i s 1 90 8 1 2 .
melteSchrif tenI I 2 B erlin1905.
eGoldpr gungdesD iocletianusundse inerMitregenten. NZ
mperia lC o inageed. Mattingly -Sydenham.
F o o tn o te t o t he C i vi l W a r o f A .D . 3 2 4 . J E A 3 1 1 9 4 5 p. 1 1 .
nagecf . R I C .
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ringderk ennisvandeantiek ebeschavingX X I X ,
74.
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nt194 ( intypescriptonly .
htedesUntergangsderantikenWelt . B erlin1921.
C ur s us p u bl i cu s .
ttoSeeck : R egestenderKa iserundP pste . Stuttgart1919.
onf rencedeCarnuntumetle diesimperiideLicinius.
de r s t er r ei c h I I I , 1 9 5 6 pp . 1 75 1 8 6.
lachronologiedur gnedeC onstantinleGrand. R E A
2 18 .
A s u rv e y of t h e Co n st a nt i ni a n pr o bl e ms . R e l a i o ni d i X
a lediscien estoriche1955 V I pp. 785ff .
chtedessp tr mischenR eichesI . V ienna1928.
m p ir e I e d . J . - R . P a l an u e P a r is 1 9 59 .
: T h e F o l l e s of T i ci n um A . D . 3 0 5 - 0 7 . N C 1 95 4 p p. 6 8 7 5 .
a u p g P o u \ x w N ou t au t o v. J o u rn a l in t er n at i on a l d a r ch o l og i e
, 1 9 10 p p. 1 5 1 9 .
hor sP urposeintheV itaConstantini. StudiaP atristica
5 7 1 6 7.
heL oheH oard.AContributiontotheMethodologyof
8pp. 188 2O4.
omaandConstantinopolisinL ateAnti ueArtfrom
S 1 94 7p p. 1 5 - 4 4 .
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nMedallions.( ANSNumismaticStudies5 , NewY ork1944.
usebiusa lsV erfasserderV itaC onstantini. R he in. Mus.
7 .
ieNumismati ueC onstantiniennevonJ ulesMaurice . NZ
4 2.
stantinderGrof fe . Munich1949.
tstufenk lassischerJ uristen. G ttingen1960.
O NS
maticSociety
c r ip t io n um L a t in a ru m
ptorumEcclesiasticorumL atinorum
g y pt i an A r ch a eo l og y
of E c c le s ia s ti c al H i s t o r y
o m a n S tu d ie s
cle
e itschrif t
k lop diederk lassischenA ltertumsw issenschaf tened.
t u de s A nc i en n es
m p er i al C o in a ge
rNumismatik
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R S D E SCR I P T O NS
wning
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T O N 1
wayswrittenbythevictors bythe
teritytreadsthelaboriouspathto truthin
eseigentlichgewesen toq uotethe
greatdifficultieslieahead.Thewritten
ywhenconceived leadsusastray.The
ginativelistsofsundryevents andofficials
erksandcivil servants hadalongway
he presentdayeditions.Therecordwhich
tofmanyroundsofmechanicalcopying
eretheeyeofa monkalltooeasilymissed
hronologicalconfusion.
o fC onstantinetheGreat oneof thegreat
outofwhichwasto emergeWesternChristian
sestudies werepresentedintwolecturesat the1960
mericanNumismaticSocietyofNewY ork.I am
iety andparticularlytoitsformerpresident
to itsE x ecutiveDirector Mr. SawyerMcA. Mosser
epreparationof thesestudiesforpublication
nge perience I ga inedattheSeminar. P ro f . A . R .
o f theA NSP ublications C ommittee hasreadthrough
ncewith keeneyedcriticism.I ammuchobliged
stionsarisingout ofhisfamiliaritywiththesub ect
rlucidity inpresentation.Mr.GeorgeK ustasof
k indly readthemanuscriptandcorrecteditsE nglish.
pressmysinceregratitude. How ever itgoesw ithout
olelyresponsiblefortheviewse pressedandthe
ume.Mythanksare alsoduetothestaff ofthe
onduringtheprocess offinishingthetypescript
Mr.R .A.G.Carsonof theB ritishMuseumhas
searchworkbutalso assistedinprovidingcasts
erencestotheactua lco inshavebeenmadethrough
of the itemslistedinthe I nde o fR everseL egends
o insonly . I l lustrationshavebeenindicatedby inserting
ogetherw iththenumberof therev . leg. e . g. P L A T I V ,
nthebron eco insil lustratedhavebeenaccorded
.Thecorrespondingreferencewillaccordingly
I a . A ll t h e br o n e c o in s i ll u st r at e d ar e f ro m t he A N S
o m it i us A l e a n de r c oi n ( R a t t o D e c e m be r 1 9 2 7 2 2 .
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acedw iththeseverydif f icult ies. Y etthere is
sandine haustiblewhentreatedproperly
futethe eulogiesofthepanegyrists
e-rulershipcovereda periodofeighteen
rday in306w henhisfather sfa ithful
gustusinY ork totheSeptemberday
atC hrysopolis defeatedhislastopponent
erandrivalduringthirteenof theseyears.
eindubitablywasthetriumphof
heq uestionwhethertheChurchwould
paganismchampionedbyavictorious
hfullyanswered.Theschool oftheB elgian
eniouslycla imingL iciniusasthetruedefender
disputingtheauthenticityofEusebius V ita
mainsources forthehistoryofthe Con-
bynow suf fereddefeat. Neverthe less it
t theirfacevalueallthe accusations
sbythesupportersof Constantine.During
cinianruletherupturebetw eenE astand
periodintheE asthasbeennamedthe
thoughonfeeblegrounds. A dmittedly the
ascurta iled C hrist iancourtiers civ ilser-
ed and possiblyow ingtoover- ea lous
omeadherentsoftheChurchkilled.B utthis
iciniusapersecutor. Thereligiouspolicy
recedingthefinalclash wasanintrinsic
o f theE mperors L icinius indifferentin
twellhaveappearedasasponsorand sup-
thewheeloffortuneturned theotherway.
de l U n i v. d e B r u e l l es X X X V I , p p. 2 1 -2 72 l at el y in
e 19 5 p p. 4 66 4 8 .
J E H V , p p . 19 6 ff . f u r t he r A la n d St u d. P a t r. I , p . 5 6 4
R h e i n . Mu s . 19 5 , p . 3 7 a n d Te l fe r S t ud . P a t r . I
tti se haustivestudy inR uggiero sD i ionarioE pigraf ico
3 , p p. I o 8f f.
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E O F T H E M L V I A NB R I D G
ntine sprogresstosupremepower the
eandC hrysopo lis. Thef irstgavehimI ta ly
thethirdtheentireE ast. Now letusfo llow
fromabarelyacceptedCaesarshipwithin
chicsystemtoacknowledgedsovereignty
endor inthewholeR omanempire.
e mayassumethatConstantinefromthe
methingmorethanasubordinaterankin
heprecariouspositionofConstantineand
ersofGaulandI ta ly together andthe
oughtheagencyofthe oldH erculiuswhen
marriedtoF austaandencouragedtoassume
earlaterMa imian ambitiousofpow er
entius w ase pelledf romR omeand
Constantine. Therelationsbetween
oken butaboutthesametimeMa entius
omtheGallicscene bytheusurpationof
A f rica .
aybedescribedas atimeofgathering
rokenw hen asthestorygoes theo ld
asfoundresponsibleforanattempton
seeventsisnotundisputed.I havehereacceptedthe
ston( L aconf rencedeCarnuntumetlediesimperii
. F o r s ch . i n Ni e de r s t er r ei c h I I I , 1 9 56 p p . 17 8 ff . w h ic h
dit iona ladherencetoLactantius account more
andenablesustorestrictthenumberofMa imian s
rdingtoSestontheconferenceat Carnuntum a
ngwithD iocletianthanhasusuallybeenbelieved
enL iciniusw aschargedw iththerecon uesto f I ta ly
tuswasconferreduponhim onlyayearlater.
rgumentsinNC 1957 pp. 21f f . A ndreotti op. cit . p. 982
ston stheory butconcedesthatpreliminarydiscus-
cebeforeNovember3 08 thoughnotearlierthan
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Chronology
10hew ask il led ork il ledhimself inbesieged
esignalfor ama orchangeinthe
efilialdevotionofMa entiusflaredup
ngto literarysources hew asreso lvedto
ath. TheA f ricanusurper how ever pre-
tantaction.I nthesecircumstances
usAle andernaturallyformedanalliance
be foundontheAfricanmilestonemen-
only . A tthesametime possiblya litt le
earstohavebrokentheisolationofGaul in
usandDa aaredepictedonthecoinobverses
ntofL iciniuswasofparamountimportance
gedinawarfor supremacyinI taly.
7 de iuresince3 08 andspecif ically charged
ta ly " L iciniusmightinordinarycircum-
nttoacceptConstantine sinterference
n310Galeriusw astak enseriously il l and
sE astwerehigherthanthosein theW est.
aconcentratedonthefuturediv isionof the
ndtheWestw aslef ttosettle itsdisputeson
ethedeathofGaleriusD a acaptured
porusandw asha ltedonlyby thearriva lo f
showfar-sightedL iciniushadbeen.
entiusmadethefirstmoveandin
edR uf iusV o lusianustocopew iththerebell ion
u B a s - m p ir e I I , p p . 86 f . p a r t ic u la r ly I 2 p . 4 54 w i th
ces.
ntinew ereoverthrow ninI ta ly ( Seeck U ntergangI * ,
H i s t o ir e I I p . 8 7 w h o do e s no t e c l ud e t he p o ss i bi l it y
dw ithMa entiushadactedaga instC onstantine .
2 21 8 = D e ss au 89 76 .
tinthe iraccountof theMontbuoyhoard(Gall ia Suppl. X I I ,
w asiso latedf romtheresto f theEmpireatleastinthe
esnotshow thesubse uenttrend. Onew ouldhave
havebeenreflectedin thehoardsomeyearsearlier.
notaccepttheEasternconsulso f theyears3 09- 1o.
p. 985.
, 1 f f . a l so A n dr e ot t i o p .c i t. p . 9 85 .
. 2 .
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ridge5
timethattensiongrew intheEast Ga lerius
eriorating. I nthespringof3 I C onstantine
uin uennalia inTrierandstruck among
c ep ti on al t yp e S Q R O P T M O P R I N C P I i n go ld
, 2 01 2 .
canbeestablishedwitha highdegree
erangoldportraitsof Constantineare
aftertheveryfirst coinsnamingCon-
getaseriesofso lidio f smallmodule thick f lan
gof thiskindofsoliduscomes toanend
decisivev ictoryatPonsMilv ius Trierdis-
d Constantiniangoldmintingisconcentrated
meandOstia la teratT icinum. Goldco iningw as
ardstheendof3 1 possiblynotbefore
ithco insofdist inctly thinnerf lansandlargermodule .
onstantinianobversescanbe classified
esystematicarrangementshowsthecoins
C O N S TA N -T N V S P F A V G ( P L A T I , 2 0 1
eco insw iththeobverse legendC ONSTA NT -
L A T I , 2 02 t o be l at er . B y a st ro ke o fl uc k th e ch ro n-
eenthesetwokindsof obversebreaks
ine sq uin uennia lyear becauseapart
e V O T S v MV L T S X / V I C TO R I A A V G h as
T I , 3 1 2 , a no th er p ar t th e br ea k l- N ( P L A T I ,
th e ty pe S Q R O P T M O P R I N C P I c a n be g ro up ed
nt e nt i on ( A p r op o s de L ' u s ur p at e ur a f ri c ai n L . D o m it i us A l e -
nvandeV erenigingtotbevorderingderk ennisvandeantieke
nhageX X I X , 1954 pp. 72f . thattherebell ionofDomitius
sedverysoonaftertherupturewith theoldH erculius
onagrossmisinterpretationof theco inevidence. He f inds
s s t ud y of t h e A u i le i an b r on e s N u mi s ma t ic a X I I I ,
o r a c or r ec t e va l ua t io n o f th e c oi n s c f . Ca t hy E . K i n g T h e
NC 1959 C onspectusonp. 78.
i e c o n st a nt i ni s ch e G ol d pr g u ng i n T ri e r J h r b. f . Nu m is -
e I X , 1958 pp. 102f .
ow .
e o f th e M il v ia n B r i d ge H e r m e s 1 9 60 p p . 3 6 6 f. W h e n
y1960 anddiscussingtheproofsofthat paperwith
nt the latterinformedmethathehadarrivedatthe
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Chronology
whentheConstantinianq uin uen-
epointofdepartureforthe reckoningof
simperiiof theruler regardlessofthe
his ascenttothethrone.W ithregard
nisunusuallycomplicated.H isoriginal
ce lebratedinlateryears w asJ uly25th.
aknessofhis position the veryfactwhich
ya ll iancew ithMa imianandMa entius
tentdependentonhisallies.Thushe appears
ofAugustusfromMa imianontheoc-
austa a lthoughheseemstohavedelayed
March31 3 07w asthusconsideredhis
con uesto f I ta ly w hentheR omansenate
teofMa imusA ugustus hecanbe
dhisoriginalnatalisand diesimperii.H is
w ever w ouldhavebeence lebratedaccordingto
n M ar c h 3 1 3 I I a n d 3 1 2 .
en d S Q R O P T M O P R I N C P I . T he r ea d-
ithadscarcelybeen inusesincethe days
rev ivedaf ter200yearsisnotcommonplace but
onalfactsenableus toappreciatethetrue
hefirst isthatthesametype wasstruck
s A le a n de r ( P L A T I , a i n A fr i ca . T h is c a n
earlywehavehere anotherpieceofevi-
eenGauland Africa.B utletustake the
t he t yp e S Q R O P T M O P R I N C P I w as s tr uc k
thage outofreachofthe Senate.The
rdtothe chronologicalsignificanceoftheobserve
Marenowarrangedaccordingly.
9 p p . 56 f . a l so n o te 5 a n d AN S M us e um N o te s I X , 1 9 60
0 1 6maintainingthatC onstantinecouldnothaveassumed
oeJ uly25 3 07.
9 7 p p. 19 7f f. K e nt P a tt er n A pp en di I I , p p. 74 7 7.
n Co i ns p . 1 5 , G r an t R o m a n A nn i ve r sa r y I s s u e s p . 1 49 .
, I n d e p . 4 6 r e co r ds a l so S Q R c o i n s of S e pt i mi u s Se v er u s
u s ty p e ( R I C I V , p p . 82 1 1 , 1 4 7 a n d of G a ll i en u s
. C ohenV * nos. 998f f . recordsthemallasbe ingof thereverse
w reath. Thetypewith3 standards how ever w as
of T r a a n ( M a ri a A lf l d i T r ie r p . 1 07 .
r n n o . 5 8 9 c f . a ls o G ra n t l o c . c it .
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ridge7
hattheSenatepayshomagetoan E m-
le ander onthevergeofw aroractua lly
mastero f theSenate( Ma entius There-
ayofinterpretingtheevidenceofthecoins
and accordingly hisA f ricana lly had
withtheSenateorwith anopposition
nitse lf thisisnotsurprising forw e
orialdiscontentwiththetyrant of
nsof thetypeS Q R O P T MO P R I N-
stheramif icationsof the I ta liancampaignof
ed thedate: thespring3 I I insteadof the
12.W econcludethatthebattleof the
htoneyearearlierthan traditionallyhas
nalnumismaticevidencecanbebrought
ysources oftheeventsoftheseyears is
rt ibuspersecutorum. Lactantiusremarks I mmine-
usimperiumceperat quiesta . d. se tumKalendas
uennalia terminabantur. Now theq uin uennia l
dedin3 I I ; Mommsen how ever escaped
ngthatthestartingpointfor thereck-
egnalyearsmusthavebeenOctober3 07w hen
manscholar heassumedthetitleof
notthedayofhisusurpation shouldhave
simperii Mommsenmaintained.I nthe
oncerningtheMa entianco inages his
tsCarthagewasclosedbeforeConstantine
fAugustus butonthetwolast issuesof
V , c ol .2 45 4.
he literaryev idence inmyTheB attleof theMilv ian
s 19 60 p p. 3 6 1 - 6 5.
h i l oc a lu s C al e nd a r C L I , p . 4 05 .
e F o l le s o f Ti c in u m N C 1 95 4 p p . 68 f f. C a rs o n- e n t
pp . 1 06 1 1 7 K e n t P a t te r n p p . 1 9 f f. a n d K i n g o p .
6 1 6 7 6 9.
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Chronology
earsasA ugustus( onthe" : : f irst
. Sim ilarly theco-ordinatedissuesofT icinum
ow therulersasMa entiusA ugustusand
espectively . Thesubse uentissuesf rom
astbeforethebreakbetweenH erculius
nehandandMa entiusontheother and
ustus. ThemintofCarthagewasclosed
syetbeenreopenedinO stia . Wecansee
thageclosedinSpring3 07 Ma entius
stusforsometime( thedurationofalmost
a in thisproveshisnata lisimperiitohave
sMommsenbelieved.
plythatMa entiuswasdefeatedin3 I I .
coinssuggestthepresenceofConstantine
Ma rc h 3 1 2 n am el y t he V I C TO R I A L A T A
, c o in s o f th i ck f l an a n d sm a ll m o du l e wi t h e c l us i ve l y
T I , 2 74 in R ome V O T X ( 2 75 and V O TP R ( P L A T I ,
eV O TX co insmusthavebeenstruck inthe
q uin uennia lyearwhichendedinthe
nsthatthe votaweresuscepta.Toregard
accordingly theco insashav ingbeenstruck
b le b e c au s e co i ns v o t i s x ( s o lu t is m u l t i s x x
ydifferentmoduleandfabricwerestruck at
edecennialyear( P L AT I , 212 I I I , 214 ,
yprecededby coinsofsimilarlylarge
ni ne s f o ur t h co n su l sh i p in 3 1 5 ( P L A T I I I ,
e re f or e i nt e rp r et t h e ev i de n ce o f t he V I C T O R I A
N C P E R P s o li d i as f o ll o ws : T he t y pe w as c r ea t ed a t
onthevotashield i.e. priortotheinitial q uin-
6 1 C a rs o n- e n t p . 1 1 6.
. 69hesitatestoacceptthese issuesasco-ordinated. The
uiteclear.
p. 5 , 5 6f . 6 9f .
p . 61 .
f t he M i lv i an B r i d g e p . 3 6 6 .
S 1 9 2 p . 1 7 al s o re a li e d t hi s a l th o ug h h e di d n ot e v al u at e t he
ation cf . TheB attleof theMilvianB ridge p. 3 66.
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ridge9
asaparto f thebil lontriadce lebratingthe
betw eenDa a L icinius andC onstantine "
ancampaign. Shortlyaf terthew arinI ta ly
r.B ythattimethefirst Constantinian
atR ome.Theinterestingpointisthat
ototypeswereused( thesameappliestothe
nly inearly3 12w erethef irstsolidistruck at
heV I CTOR I A L A TA P R I NCP E R P , before
uin uennia lyearw ithV O TX , a f terC on-
w ithV O TP R . Whetherthego ldco insof
onstantine spresenceinNorthernI taly
ay butit isq uite like ly . Theothercon-
omererepetitionsofearlierR omanre-
gee tentnew creations. A ftertheconference
ssueswerediscontinued Constantine
oncemorebecamethemintresponsible
ofthe metalliccontentsofthesesocalled billon
edatthemomentofwriting suggeststhepossibility
sanormalbron eseries. TheI ov iconservatoriaug
eprincperpw ouldhavebeenstruck af terC iv ilWarI ,
nsof therev . So li inv ictocomitishouldberegarded
eMid- 1 . I tshouldbenotedthatthetw oformer
off icinae the latterinoneof f. only andthatthe
tobestruck intw oof f . A ndthen untilw ella f terC iv il
emark edA andB , w hereasthe I ov iconservatoriaugand
perpbothhavetheof f . mark P andS. I f thissuggestion
ictoriaelaetaeprincperpwouldhavebeena creation
dthisw ould infact strengthenmycontentionthat
inthecourseof thedecennialyear.I proposeto
ntheforthcomingvo lumeofR omanI mperia lC o inage
a l so n o te 1 p . 4 9 b e lo w .
dg e p . 3 6 6 a n d pp . 4 8 f. b e lo w .
Trier pp. 105 111mistak enlyassumesasteady f low of
intatthist ime a lthoughshe(p. 102 remark sfor
ntiniangoldcoiningthatD ieGoldpr gungerfolgte
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L L U M C B A E NS
N M N TS
theB ellumC iba lense. I ntheseventeenth
arwasestablishedbyGothofredusas3 14.
eco insofA relatesomeyearsago I f ound
datingbecauseoftheevidenceofthe
tobeamuchmore like ly timeforthef irstw ar
icinius.Astudyof theliterarysources
houghnotunanimously otherscho larshave
attheyear 3 16inactualfact istheonly
esources.
coinageI hadanopportunityofworking
othermints.Therefore I proposetodem-
nosinglemintspeakagainstthe redating
andinseveralinstancespermitno other
e . Wek now thatthemintw ascreatedasa
ndthatthepersonnelo f theO stianmintw as
w iththepossiblee ceptionofsomeskil led
. Thetimecanbeestablishedroughlyas
lationsbetweenConstantineandL icinius
aontheother i. e . any timeaf terthecon-
1 . Thee acttimewhenthemintofOstia
s 1 95 8 p . 3 6 0 .
onageofA re late pp. 17 22 themaindif f iculty
onsulariaC onstantinopo litana(C hron. I , p. 2 1 .
ch t H e r m e s 19 5 8 p p . 3 6 0 3 7 0 . An d re o tt i o p .c i t.
gtheva lidityof theassumptionofaconflict in316
brok eoutforthef irstt imein3 14. The j o intcon-
iciniuswouldthushavebeena signofatemporary
ear315.
nit ialso fC hristontheHelmetofC onstantine Studies
erJ ohnson1951 pp. 30 - 11obv iously iswrong
stof thedie-cuttersweretransferredtoR ome
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I
erta ined butDa a isade uately represented
Now myB rit ishco lleagueshavearguedthat
workinginmid- 14 immediatelybefore
dit ionally f i edtothesameyear. Thusthew ar
mpactonthe coinageofthismint.Their
bethatabout ayearwasre uiredforthe
thagetoO stiaandthatanopeningdate of
presupposesanoperationalce leritynotev incedinthe
how ever q uiteclearthatMessrs. Carsonand
edthedurationof thetransfero f theA f rican
yE . K inghaspointedoutinherclosely
entianmintsthattheclosureof Carthage
ntheB rit ishteamsupposed andthatthe
stia took placea lmostsi monthsearlier
AppliedtoArelatethis meansthatminting
eforetheNew Y ear sD ay in3 I 4 noteven
shouldbeconsideredimpossible .
n ecturebasedonanestimateofthe duration
tianmint.Thecoinsthemselvesaremuch
inlistspp. 58f f. Messrs. C arsonandK entaccordingly
thavebeenw ork inginMid-A pril( p. 117 . They
ustine( E p. 88 2 not82 2asgivenbyCarson-
how ever recordsa letterby theproconsulA f ricae
antine datedA pril15 3 1 , inC arthage(astothe
cf . H . K raf t K a iserK onstantinsre ligi seE ntw ick lung
p. 33 , note2 . B utthe letterisnotva lidev idence in
nly show sthatthenew sof the impendingw arhadnotreached
fthisweretheonly evidenceandtheargument
iamighthaveceasedco ininginMarch ifnotearlier.
versyregardingthe timeofthetransferofthe O stian
ofacademicinterestonly . ThefactthatDa a
llissuesprovesthatcoining easilycouldhavebeen
a sdisappearancef romtheobv . butnotla terthan
acanbeattestedasA ugustus ack now ledgedinthe
1 i n t he i n sc r ip t io n C L V I , 5 0 7 pr e se r ve d b y Cy r ia c us
ndrecordingthethirdconsulshipsof Constantineand
6f .
6 2.
cf . C onspectusonp. 78.
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anChronology
dlessofthefactthat oftheearlyseriescom-
e ty p es M A R T C O N S R V A T O R I a n d SO L
T t h e da t e of t w o co i ns o n ly c a n be d e fi n it e ly a s -
l y t w o co n su l ar c o in s m ar k ed P A R L a n d S F . 1
e uenceofmintmarksisestablishedbeyond
L T . T : f o ll o we d b y th e t hr e e is s ue s
A R L
he f i el d . A g ai n t h e th r ee ( ? ) i s su e s ma r ke d
singthef irstco insof theC aesarsaref irm lycon-
eries theveryseriesillustratingtheconf lict
usdisappearsfromtheobversesinthe course
sentfromthe twofollowing.Thisconflict
enominationoftheCaesars( officiallycon-
tSerdicaonMarch1 3 17 . Theabsenceof
riescannotbeduetopurechance asthe
sare fairlynumerous.O fthe#marka
sknownagainst27Constantinian forthe
y ma t er i al c o nt a in s 6 f o r th e M m a rk 3 1
TheratioofConstantiniantoL icinianob-
17marksis
5 /7 6 / 2 4
issuewehaveasubstantia lrepresentationof
mingforthesakeofargumentthat Arelate
14 andthatC iv ilWarI w asfoughtin3 14
6 4 6 6.
. C a rs o n- e n t p p . 1 1 7 f.
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3
ontend w earefacedw iththe ine plicable
ughoutthewarandthe preliminariesto
eredhisadversaryonthecoins buta
henpeaceruledtheE mpire ignoredhis
resofPA R co ins(w ithlargef lansandw ith
M C C O N S TA N T N V S F A V G u n do u bt e dl y
rco insof3 15markedP A R L , " actuallyhave
nobversesthanthesecondpartof thisissue
s( 15/ 7and6 / 24 respectively .
ateandcontinuetotheotherWesternmints.
yenough remainedcompletelyunaffectedby
lycoinedL icinianobversesuptothesettle-
mostasanaf terthoughttheLiciniidonot
thewaratall obviouslyanindicationof
eB rit ishI sles.
epolitical development.L iciniusdis-
the coinagewiththeCaesars toreappear
I C TO R I A L A T A P R I N C P E R P c o in ag e
ghlycomplicatedsystemofcoiningmakesit
actpo intatw hichLiciniusw ase lim inated
thedeathofDa aL iciniusisw ellrepresented
nd# ( thef irst2-o f ficinae issue . A n
eriesw ithT inthef ie ldandtheoff icinae
ealsahighlye laboratesystem andprovesthe
atelyprecededthenominationofthe
of issuesw as
s t pa r t co m pr i si n g
S o l s tg . l . ( P L A T I , c - d
a rs s t g. r . ( P L A T I I , e f
L A T I I , g h L i c in iu s
er n p p. 3 7 f.
beenoutlinedingenera ltermsinmy TheDisappearance
N . S . I I , p p . 1 7 f f.
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anChronology
t So lstg. l. globe low
i C on st an ti ne
atori Marsstg. r. look . l.
S o l ad v . l. ( P L A T I I , j ) S o ns o f C on s ta n ti n e
rystage f irstpartcomprising
blicae So ladv . l.
lcae So lstg. r. look . l.
f f. : A S o l st g . l. ( P L A T I I , k
. l. ( P L A T I I , 1
o f f. . A u n br o ke n r ev . l eg . ( P L A T I I , m
I - V )
o ff . A B S ol s tg . l. ( P L A T I I , n o
t L iciniusdisappearsfromthecoinage
heCaesars i. e . thesonsofC onstantine
nofthetheorythatConstantineelevatedhis
vanceofthesettlementatSerdica.
alsocontributestoourunderstandingof
hisanalysisof thepoliticaldevelopmentof
anscholarC hr. Habicht concludesthattheplot
ult imate ly ledtotheCiv ilWarI , w ascontrived
lce lebrationsonJ uly25 3 15. Now the
antine sdecennaliafollowtwodifferent
theraplura lityo fA ugusti( 28 -5 orsimply
. A lthough atthepresentstateofk now ledge
g definitelytheinternalorderofthesevota
oassumethat thedecennaliawerecelebrated
earslaterf irst inNicomedia theninR ome and
ra lA uggw erestruck in315 thosewiththe
hewarwasimminent.
c e of S o l p . 3 6 A r el a te p p . 25 f f. c f . al s o H a b ic h t H e r me s
p p . 3 7 4 f.
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5
sofLugdunum w ef indaminte tremely
icinius a ltogetherI haverecordedfourco ins
N O P O P R O M m ar k ed # w it h t he a i d of
coinsdateableto3 15. Thustheygiveno
ewar.
tutenoma orproblem.Ticinumstrikesa
withthetypesSoli invictocomitiandMarti
ecreasingmodule commencingwiththe
ndingwiththe longobverselegendI M
F A V G. The lastissuebeforethenominationof
andcomprisedno obverseofL icinius.
t durationand obviously beforethe
rsededbythemarkP T whichintroduces
P I A I V V E N TV T S and C A R I TA SR E I P V B L I CA f or
onstantine I I , respective ly ( early317 .
eof R omeislargelysimilar.Aftera
ol coinagedepictingbothConstantineand
dthe lastmark sbeforetheappearanceof theC aesars
erses:#withtheunusualreverselegend
C O M T D N ( a nd c u rt ai le d S O L I N V I C TC O M D N *
V I C T O C O M T , S o l w it h c ap t iv e . Th e f ac t t ha t
na fewcoinsonlyofthe firstandverysub-
sofCrispusand ConstantineI I oncemore
enominatedhissonsCaesarspriorto the
ontinuouslyduringtheyears3 1 3 17 one
withoutany bearingonourchronological
vebeen acontinuationoftheSoltype with
lywithobversesofallthe threeAugusti
er n p . 44 t he c on su la r co in s c f. M au ri ce I I , p p. 1 9 f . r ev . I V 1 7.
c e of S o l p p . 2 1 f . c f . K e n t P a t te r n p . 4 7 .
c e of S o l p . 2 1.
er n p p . 5o f.
c e of S o l p p . 20 f .
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anChronology
andL icinius. Theonlyunusualfeatureatthis
eofobversesofL icinius averysurprising
rlyinamintsituatedon theborderofthe
pire .
E S SA O N C A
tantinea lmosta lltheL icinianterritory in
mintcit ies SisciaandThessa lonica . The
htforward thelastL iciniangoldissues
antine theverylastactuallystressingthe
demonstratingthattheW esternrulerwas
s.
inagesimilarlyendswitha shortissuewith
ne. This how ever doesnotconclusive ly
enfoughtin316. I fw edatethew arto314
ntinuanceofcoining forthetwoyearsbe-
ementin Serdica asolutionsuggestedby
cannothavebeenthecase isshow nby themint
fortunesweredifferentfromSisciainthat it
iciniusthroughoutthewar.Afterthe out-
a aw ehavefourseriesofbron eco ins
er n p p . 58 f.
hlastL icinianprewarissuesingo ldis:
N S R V A TO R I , E m p. h ol di ng V i c t or y on g lo be m . m .S S C
N V S P F A V G ( 1 1 ) w it h ob v. o fC on st an ti ne a ls o.
N S R V A TO R I , a spr evi ou s m . " : obv .L I C N V S P F A V G
eofC onstantine .
N S R V A TO R A V G E m p . ho ld in g th un de rb ol t m . m. | X
N V S P F AV G ( 1 15
S AV G V STV S ( 1 16
c e of S o l p p . 24 f .
er n p p . 6o f.
r n p . 6 . D a a a c tu a ll y w as e l im i na t ed f r om t h e co i na g e in
I C O N S R V A TO R I A V G G is su e.
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7
N S R V A TO R I AV G GNN
NS R V A TO R I A V GG ( P L A T I I , p q )
NS R V ATO R I A V G( P L AT I I , r
NS R V ATO R I ( P L A T I I , s u
s q uiteclear ande uallyclearisthe fact
oriaugissuewasstruckduringthe hostilities
Licinius. Thepu z lingfeatureof these-
servatoriwiththeConstantinianobversesdom-
histypeto3 17andpresumesadiscontinuance
4and3 17.
eswerestruckinthe namesofbothCon-
thLiciniusdominating asisnatura l. The
icinianobverses w hereasthefourthhadboth
anobverses theformerbeingpredominant.
ethroughout J upiterstandingholding
eaglecarryingawreathathis feet.
roftheI oviconservatoriissuecallsforan
inthe lighto f theeventsinthetheatreofw ar
nbe interpretedinfourdifferentways:
n3 14 Thessa lonicacededtoC onstantine
1 4 T h es s al o ni c a ce d ed i n 3 1 7
16 Thessa lonicacapturedduringthewar
1 6 T h es s al o ni c a ce d ed i n 3 1 7
f irsthypothesisandremark sthatnobron e
hessa lonica intheyears3 14 3 17. This
ncorrectas isshownbythegold multiple
A TA A V G N/V O T X / MV L X X ( P L A T I V , 2 72 s t ru ck
nalia.TheimmediateprototypewastheTic-
T R I A L A T A A V G G N N/ V O T X / MV L X X o f
er y ( P L A T I I I 2 7 ) . N ow s up po si ng t ha t bo th
wereinthehandsof Constantineduring
15/ 16 , w hyshouldtheE mperorhavechosen
eAugustiatTicinumbut notinThessa-
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anChronology
alsobenotedthatscarce lyanyothergoldpiecesare
caatsoearlya j uncture. Nosatisfactory
traordinarycircumstancescanbefound.
beaccepted w ecanf indnoreasonforL icinius
rthewar inoneofhis chiefmints.Thefact
soonasitfell intothehandsofConstantine
t beenevacuated.Twoyearsofinactivity
ntsappearsimpractica landine plicable . The
shouldhavestrucktheI oviconservatoridom-
hessalonicaduringtheseyearsis negligible.
surmisetopoliticalreality hypothesis( ii
sible.I fmilitaryoperationshadceasedin
dthepeacetreatywassignedtw oyearsaf ter-
sthavewithdrawnhistroopsfromL icinian
ationsforpeace.I tshouldberemembered
eadvancedveryfar intoL icinianter-
ppopolis thuscuttingof fhisadversary w ho
hw estinthedirectionofB eroea f rom
a.Now canwereallybelievethatConstantine
sposition hissoleguaranteeofgainingany-
tlement Theansw erisanemphaticNo
singarmiesin thetheatreofwarshould
ussingthetworemainingpossibilities( iii
w hichimply thatthewarw asfoughtin3 16. I n
ouldhavebeenisolatedfromtheL icinian
whiletheConstantinianfleetthreatened
tssovereign. I nactualfactthe problem
isthecorrectso lutionbo ilsdow ntotheq uestion
avinggainedpossessionofThessalonica con-
anI oviconservatoriastheAugustancounter-
es ar s ( P R I N C P I A I V V E N T V T S C A R I T AS
C A , V I R T V SM L I T V MD D NN .
thebron eco insshow sthatthepatronof
yyearsearlierbrokeawayfromthetetrarchic
n dr e ot t i o p . ci t . p p . 10 0 5 1 o o8 .
I 4 p . 16 .
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9
arha iledJ upiterhistute larygod. F orC onstantine
ndswereusedinthe courseoftheI ovicon-
y I m p C o ns t an t in u s pf i n v au g ( P L A T I I , s a n d
g ( P L A T I I , u . O f t h e s e ob v er s e le g en d s th e
prewartimesConstantinehadbeendepicted
man( theportraitemployedwasprobably
theearlierpartof the I ov iconservatoriissuew e
rait ofayouthfulmanwithoutbeard in
portraitwithbeardis connectedwiththe
nstantinuspfinvaug.Thisportrait issub-
byanew narrow C onstantinianportra it the
eronthefirst Constantiniangoldcoinsof
T I V , 2 5 , ande ceptforafew instancesofthe
ge n d ( P L A T I I , s , a l l th e se p o rt r ai t s ar e c ou p le d
ge n d pf a u g ( P L A T I I , u .
ThessalonicaanewportraitofCon-
traditionalstyle andissuedtogetherwith
eobverselegendforthis partoftheissuewas
aug.B eforetheobverselegendwascurtailed
inianportraitwascreated thistimean
breakingawayfromthetetrarchictradition.
tthishappenedwhenConstantinetookpos-
esettlementatSerdica.Atthe sametime
sappeared. Ex pressedintermsofpo lit ica l
stantinedidnot captureThessalonica
atthemintcity itse lfduringthewartrieda
onstantine( namedinvictus anditslegiti-
averynatura lreactionforacity insuchan
onasThessalonica s.Afterthewarthe city
stantine thetetrarchicportraitwassuper-
o ldco iningstartedandL iciniusdisappeared
ge. Thushypothesis( iv provestobethecorrect
the I ov iconservatoriasstruck byC onstantineaf terthew ar
tythat theJ upitertypewascontinuedasan
nthesamewayas anachronisticgoldtypeswere
ntofficialhavetaken theresponsibilityforthisif
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anChronology
o inagethere isonemoredeta iltoe pla in
C TO R I A L A T A A V G N . I p ro po se h ow -
piece later.
thebron eissuesof theE asternmints it
egardsgo ld Siscia istheonlymintmirroring
iciniango ldissueI ov iconservatoriaugwas
Constantine whereastheprecedingissue
Thee actdateof thego ldissuesis how -
blish.
N AN M N TS
stmintsC y icusandA le andriaareof
seof thebron eco insofV a leriusV a lens
. I narecentstudyMr. C arsonhasshow n
forgeriesknown onecoinofeachmint
wnappearstobegenuine. Dr. K ent dating
andreali ingthediff icult iesinvo lvedif these
ne preferstodisregardthementirely.
nsideredChristianoranardentchampionofthe
ouldalsonotethatConstantinewasinThessalonica
mentatSerdica andthattheI oviconservatori
struck forsometime.Thematerialisabundant
obv . legg. ( pfaug appeartobetw iceascommon
.I fweassumethatthe pfinvaugwerecontem-
nianobv. allofthemstruckat Thessalonicaduring
east2 3 months thenumericalstrengthofmymateria l
a instabout70of theobv. leg. I mpC onstantinuspfaug ,
nservatori almostliterallystruckunderthevery
annothavelastedashortertime thantheprevious
weshouldnotethatthepresenceof theE mperor
tynaturallyincreasedthe localneedofcash
yofstrik ing. A ga in thetheory thatthe Iov icon-
ntinueasan emergencyfindslittlesupportin
menewtypeswereintroducedboth forgoldand
sthereforeveryunlik ely thatJ upiterappearedonthe
heintentionsof theE mperor.
g er i es N C 19 5 8 p p . 4 7 5 8 .
er n p p. 3 1 6 8 7 . S es to n R e l a i on i di X C o ng re ss o in te r-
oriche( 1955 V I , p. 782 note3 isinerrorw henassum-
o ldco inofV a leriusV a lens cf . a lsoHabicht op. cit .
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clusive lyprovethedateof thewartobe3 16.
rlyclearlyinAle andria wheretwoseries
themintmark K| A
riaugforL icinius
atoriauggforL iciniusandV alens
ggforC onstantine L icinius C rispus
cinius oncehavingbrokenhisre lationswith
arsa loneontheco ins( aug ) , thenappo ints
augg , and f ina lly a f terthepeacetreaty
dthetwooldestCaesars( coinsofCon-
tbefound otherw isetheabsenceof theyounger
eflectalate stageinthenegotiationsbe-
iciniuswhenthelatterhad deposedV alens
oneofthesonsof ConstantineasCaesar
eory threemembersof theHouseofC on-
ntheWestama ority inthe imperia l
e andrianissuecouldpossiblybeconnected
chshow sthatL icinius ready tocompromise
sulso f3 17beforeC onstantine . The
ftheeventsisprovenby theuseofa single
s.
sless e plicitalthoughtheissuewith
cedesthepostwarserieswithobversesof
ddthatwhereastheNicomedianand
nocluesas tothechronologyofCivilW ar
r n p . 7 p u bl i sh i ng b o th p a rt s o f ( i i a s o ne i s su e ( s i c .
p . 3 6 6.
ht sinterpretation( pp. 365f f . tak esnoaccountof
a faurie inB ull. Soc. F ran . Num. 1954 p. 29 .
s ti f o r F e b r ua r y 17 3 1 7 ( D e g r a ss i I F a s ti C o ns o la r i
L a faurie loc. cit.
er n p .6 8.
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nChronology
e uenceofmark sandobversesconformstothe
y icusandA le andria . A f terthefa llo f
riseof theC aesarsw ehavethreemark sand
_ A b o t h I o v i co n se r va t or i a ug g o b v . h ea d l au r . r.
atoriauggnn bustlaur. drap. r. withcurta iled
C N V S A V G a nd f in al ly ( d I o vi c on se rv at or i
obv. leg. andabustrad. drap. ho ld.
pa.Thisbustis latertobeused withthe
n eissuesof thismint a llo fw hichincluded
ianandL icinianH ouses andentit led
o ne ta .
erngoldcoinagesonlyNicomediasheds
se ofevents.Nicomediaappearstohave
fL icinius. I n3 15/ 16L iciniuscomme-
fC onstantineby issuingthetypeV I C TOR I A
M V L X X s h or t ly a f te r wa r ds o b vi o us l y be f or e
onservatoriw ithoutanyC onstantinianobverseswas
stoco incidew ithCiv ilWarI .
er n p p . 7o f.
I showsthem. m. tohavebeeninuseaf ter
re c ed i ng i s su e o f th e s am e m .m . wa s a I O V C O N S R -
anyobv. o fC onstantine .
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R Y O F TH E TR A V E L L I NG M N T
smatistGeorgE lmeroncemadethe
atthelateR omangoldmintwasatra-
natelythepaperinwhichhedevelopedthis
nfull ithasthereforebeenimpossible
etail. NeverthelessDr. K entof theB rit ish
samelineofthoughti nhisstudyof the
nage andinasurveyof thetetrarchic
inkhintedata similarphenomenonby
ravity withregardtothecoiningc hanged
tivityof theE mperor.
nstratethatthetravellingmintwas a
to il lustratehow theorgani ationwork edin
onotpretendtobe abletogivemorethan
fullyaw areof thefactthatfutureresearch
details.
int iscloselyconnectedwiththefact
rticularlybeforethefoundationofConstanti-
ead uartersandnof i edcapita lasanad-
m i sc h er M n m t er i m I V J a h rh . . n. C . M i t t .d . n um .
p . 1 6 . T he e p r es s io n t h e t r av e ll i ng m i nt t h ou g h no t
eusedinthese uelasamattero fconvenience. I n
ibleto ascertainatpresenttowhate tentthe
whate tentthemobilityofthe mintscoincided
mperor.Thoughthegeneralruleprobablywasthat
minting w erestationaryandthattheEmperor( or
employedtheservicesofthesemints therearecertain
alof mobilityamongthemintemployees signs
thDr. K ent stheoryof thefourthcenturybron e
butinspasmodicoutburstsofintense activity
.
heL aterR omanE mpire inEssaysinR omanC oinage
ttingly1956 p. 198.
ng d e s D i o cl e ti a nu s u nd s e in e r Mi t re g en t en N Z 6 4 1 9 1
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nChronology
tbecomesofprimaryimportanceto
againthishaspreviouslylargelybeendone
tion hisedicts rescriptsandsoon grouped
unanimouslyfi edgeographicallyandphysi-
s.Y etthemilestonesavailablearefew
mainedlarge lycon ectura l. I t ismy
ysisof thegoldcoinageenablesusto
heI mperialchronologywithanaccuracy
vedfroma studyofthelegislation.The
urse emergeoutofanefforttoreconsiderthe
ghtofnumismaticresearch. I nthisconte t
houghtitwisesttotouchuponthese lega lmatters
veaffectedthearrangementofthe gold
isionofthe datesoftheTheodosianCode
fora studyofConstantinianlegislation
thecompassof thispaper.
ussionofdetails afewwordsshouldbe
dcoinageasa whole.Astrikingcharac-
ftypesemployed particularlyinthe
Constantine contrarytothepractice
co inage. Whereasthebron eco inage at
trictedareas generallyspeaking was
geclearlywashighlydifferentiated.Certain
oldata ll( L ondinium L ugdunum , others
e A r el a te A u i le i a C y i c us H e r a c le a . O n l y
lyparallelsetsofgold typesinanytwo
ume clusivelystrikingthevotasuscepta
( 2 6 , P L A T V , 2 64 2 66 2 67 o f th e Ca es ar s
commemoratingthefifthconsulshipof
astrik ingvotisx ( i. e . soluta caessnn(3 15
votisx caesn( 3 14 o fe actly thesamere-
e lieve isanindicationthatmanyof thego ld
neousbutsuccessive.
shouldbestressedthatinmostcasesthe
henstrikinggold retaintheirparticular
ndicationthatthemintsremainedstationary
orcontrollersweremobile.
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gMint25
echrono logica lse uenceof thego ldissues
gthe travelsoftheE mperorandasfar
hereaboutsthroughouthisreign.O nthe
odothiswithoutthea idof thenumismaticma-
e sit inerary isw orkedout thene tstep
thegoldmintingcoincideswith thetem-
mperor.O ncethegeneralprincipleis
wemaybeentitledtoinfer thatcertain
resupposeavisit ofthecourtto the
yaimisto reconstructtheitineraryandto
arysources mainlytheI mperialcon-
ismaticmaterialcanbecorrelated.
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F T H E TH E O D O S A NCO D E
owledgeofthetravelsoftheE mperor
AgreatnumberofI mperialconstitutions
m andplaceof issue. Theyearisindicated
manyinstanceseitherthedate orthe
ssing.
ptionsoftheconstitutionsstatealso or
and/ ortheplacewheretheyw ererece ived
perlye hibitedorproposed( propositum . I fnothing
situmhas beenpreserved wegetater-
tutionsassuchbut o fcourse no indication
sue. If how ever w ek now f romother
constitutions theEmperor stemporary resi-
toca lculatetheappro imatetimebetw een
mor propositum.I ftheplaceof thedatum
theacceptumorpropositum avery
eelapsedbetweentheoneandtheother.
uncertainsources oftheTheodosian
tesaretoa highdegreeconflicting.Thisis
yMommsen sendeavourtow ork outthe
rsinhisintroductionof hiseditionofthe
anscholarwascompelledtoconfinehimself
chas( fortheyear3 19A . D. D ehoc
nobisutil ianonsuppeditat. C onstitutiones q uae
t ducuntadI l ly ricumpotissimum. Ne ueR o-
annoConstantinusadiit.
ontradictorystatementsaboutdates
ationoftheprinciplesunderlyingthecom-
peria lconstitutionshavebeenpreservedelsewhere in
ourcesandthe like.Apartof theconstitutions
odosianCodearenow preservedintheCode
eplacesco incide tw ow eek scouldpassf romdatum
rtherfortnighttopropositum(Seeck R egesten p. 10 .
monthsbetweendatumandpropositumseemsacceptable
ine traordinarycases.
emporaetloci.
I I .
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sianCode27
mmsen o fcourse la idaf irmfoundation
dOttoSeeck usinghisintimatek nowledge
mpireandthe legisla tiveproceduref ina lly
logical andconsistentarrangement. Any
arilyinvolvesagreatdealofemendation
ngprincipleis tomakecertaindates
yoftheconstitutions pointsofdeparture
titutionswhichby theirdatesand/or
ict withotherevidence.Thusweare
possiblesourcesoferrors occurringinthe
e150pagestoane cellentanalysisofall
isconte t.
ustoofartorecapitulateSeeck sargu-
ortanceforthesubse uentdiscussion
mentioned.
ortheinaccuracieswithregardto the
mperorTheodosius instructionsthatinany
tionsthechronologicallylatershould be
f theCodeshouldthereforebearrangedin
eachbookandtitle.I nadditioneach
din aneasilyrecognisableway according
howsconclusivelythatthesubscriptionsfre-
nsbasedontheF asti andmoreregularly
heperiodcoveredby theTheodosianCode
h e re s ul t i s t o q u o t e hi s w or d s: W i r h a be n h ie r du r ch
sat gew onnen daf fDatierungen dieden
en mindervertrauenswiirdigsindalssolche
mirgendwieabweichen.
methedatesof thesubscriptionsthere-
pondtotheF astie ceptfor k le ineTe t-
ssungoderE ntstellungderI terations if fern V er-
tendenNamen 2.B .ConstanteundConstantio
ursanone istentconsulate andtheonly
se r u nd P p s te S t ut t ga r t 1 9 19 .
1 1mak esanyundatededictorconstitutionnull
r Te tstufenk lassischerJ uristen p. 3 9 a lsonote68.
onsulariaC onstantinopolitanaasrecordedbyHydatius .
b i d.
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nChronology
goftheF astiisthe useoftheformula
nss w hichoccursthreetimes. Thisw ordingis
eclosecorrespondencetotheF astiisalso
senceofpostconsulates( tobediscussed
2 3 3 6 .
nto f importance isaccordingly thattheconsular
periodfre uentlyareinterpolations that
efaulty andthataconfusionbetween
C onstantine I andI I , C onstantiusand
pectedtooccur. Thesame ofcourse appliesto
nsulshipsofprivatepersonscanbe e -
ologicalconsiderationsisrenderedby
istso fo f ficia ls particularlyby the listo f
ct astudyofLateR omanprosopography is
anye aminationoftheTheodosian
egestenasa V orarbe itz ue inerP rosopo-
a iser e it andheconsistently triedtore-
oldersofI mperialoffices.When the
theaddresseesoftheconstitutionsfre-
uesasto thedate.
o into f importance isthereforethatw ehaveto
s(asindicatedby theconsularyearsinthe
toftheprosopographicaldataavailable
raphicaldatesgiveninthesubscriptionsare
ronologicalcriteriathanthe consulates
mallgemeinengiltf rdieK a iserk onsulateder
daf f siesichbisaufdieZ eitdesV a lensherab
rvertauschenlassen.Welches inj edemein-
hlenist dar berentsche idenw enigerdie I terations-
2 2.
anperiodSeeck notesthato f33 constitutionsthe iteration
1cases possiblybutnotprobablycorrectin
wrongin14cases( p. 3 6 . F orthesonsofC onstantine
.
p. 67.
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sianCode29
rnamen a lsOrtundA dressat m itunternochauch
es.
erconception whichshouldbemen-
ostconsulateswasemployedwhenthecon-
cceptable. Seeckstatestwoimportant
ostconsulates ( a thattheydonotoccur
nningofayear(w henconce ivably theauthor-
ennotifiedof theconsulsoftheyear ,
compilersdidthe irutmosttoe lim inatethepost-
arreckoninginthe Code. Another
fcourse theunconsciousomissionofapost-
ntisthusthataseemingly incorrectdatemay
letedpostconsulate.I nthesecasesthe
ayearearlier orla ter thansuggested
n if thesubscriptionrecordsI mperia lcon-
everalstartingpointswhencountingback-
attheacceptaandpropositahave little
withregardtoourparticular purpose.The
anCodeappeartohaveheldthe same
constitutionsrecordingso le ly thenoteof
reincludedinthe Code thisappearsto
c f . al s o p. 1 D i e g r o e M e hr a h l de r D a t i er u ng e n sc h ei n t
dochmischensichdarunterso vieleerweislichfalsche
mmenauf142F ragmente36fa lschedierte . .. dassMommsen
gef rsicherbeglaubigtundj edebeliebigeA nderungf rerlaubt
e lteSchrif tenI I , p. 401 .
s . A go o d e a m p l e is g i ve n b y K e n t P a t te r n p p . 24 f .
onsularreckoningsinthe dominionsofConstantine
sD a a - i c in i us r e sp . i n t h e y ea r s 3 0 6 3 1 .
4f f . cf . a lsop. 22. Thiswasdonetoavo idconfusionin
nsulate( inthesubscriptionnotedas p.c. was
hecompilersthereforetriedto restorethedating
onsulates mitderse lbenI nk onse uen undL ieder-
nstbeiihnenbeobachten ( Seeck p. 66 .
68f. 155.
76 1 5 5.
l i ne s 3 3 f f .
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anChronology
erecordsof the I mperia llegisla tion. C on-
sole lyacceptaorpropositaw ereaddedasak ind
forttoreconstructtheorigina lte tanacc.
fre uentlyappearstohavebeensubstitutedbya
uidingprincipleseemstohavebeen thatpre-
erecordedrather thantheacceptumor
ndproposituminthesamete tareclearly
emergingoutofSeeck se aminationis
maybea substitutioneitherforanaccep-
however appliesonlytoconstitutions
positumislocatedintheadministrative
ceptinthecaseofhighcourto f f icia ls. I n
yenablesusto dateaconstitutionayear
ete t.
esgivingthetime oftheyear( month
ethanthe consulates.Dubious pointscan
ordinaryphilologicalmethods.Asthe e act
w asre uired w emaye pecttoencounter
sconte t too . Theplaceof issueorof
ver ofsecondaryimportancetothecompilers.
prisingthatthispartof thesubscriptionin
itted. Ontheotherhand w emayassume
ytohavebeen renderedcorrectly.Seeck
emosttrustworthypartofthesubscrip-
esdooccur. Dubiouspo intscanusuallybee -
ilologicalanalysis.Mostcasessuggest a
re uentlyoccurringnameswithlittleknown
ingnames.
wordsaboutthepreamblesofthecon-
f tw oparts ( a thenameof the legisla tor
antinopleobviouslyweretheforemostsource
onofthe materialofearlydateshowsthata
econsitutionswerenotto befoundinthecapital.
mustthereforebebrought together andthe
esmostcertainlyhad tobesatisfiedwithincomplete
pp. 2f f . .
e ec k p . 8 1. * S e ec k p . 8 o.
S e ec k p p . 96 f f. 7 P . I O 6 .
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sianCode3 I
ssee. Theformermustf re uentlyhavebeensupplied
ryearnotedinthe subscription.The
beene.g.idemA oridemAA.This had
of theC ode andconse uently thisca lled
mputer. O ccasionallythenamesofthe
identifyingtheI mperialconsulshipsre-
.
esecondparto f thepreamblemaybe
stworthiestpassagesoftheconstitution
ccur.Thisconcernsthe names whereas
onsoftheofficesheldby theaddressees
ortedor confused.
emaynotethat ( a thedatesof theC alendar
raphica lnames and( c thenamesof theaddressees
epartsofthepassagesof theconstitutions
ses.
t isthatindubiouscaseslitt leheedshouldbe
ressees.
esofcerta inC onstantinianconstitutionsw illbe
cita imofestablishingtheE mperor sit inerary .
dconstitutionswith anindicationoftheplace
d.I nsofaras revisionsofthedatesofcertain
ssary thepictureofConstantine slegislation
staskwithoutdirect bearingonthechrono-
however bereservedforfutureresearch.
uentsurveyistheredatingof Constan-
ar proposedearlierbyme " furtherconf irmed
udies andrecentlywholeheartedlyac-
Therevisionof thedateof thisw araf fec-
onstitutions andHabichtw enteven
ted.Nowthe redatingofcertaincon-
S e e ck p . 1 12 . 3 I b i d.
f e .g . p r a ef ec tu s p r ae to ri o p r ae p o si tu s ( a lt er na ti ve ly
i o , p r a ef e ct u s u r b is a n d pr o c o n su l . T h es e f re -
wereoccasionallyinsertedinsteadofother more
pp. 115f f . .
f f . particularlyp. 18 note5.
p. 3 6 7 3 7 o .
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anChronology
thedatesofothers.Seeck sR egesten
finterpolationsbasedona brilliantana-
ningthe conceptionoftheTheodosian
E mperor sit inerary isad usted acha in
poseof thefollowingpagesistosee how
by theredatingofCivilW arI affects
tantinianChronologyasawhole.
aminationindicates withreference
etrave lsbySeeck datedto31 rea llybe long
rourstudyofthe datesoftheTheodosian
akethefactthat ConstantineleftMilan
iciniusinthespringof3 1 to f ightthe
inefrontier.
noproofsthatConstantinetookup
e c em be r 27 3 1 ( C Th X I 2 9 1 3 0 1 .
atTrierandby Seeckreferredtothe
inhisopinion C onstantine in3 I 4w ascampaign-
e al l y be l on g t o 3 1 4 n a me l y CT h V I 3 5 I ;
3 0 2 3 6 I ; I I 2 I . 3 ; V I I I I o I ; X 15 I ; X I I , 2
N e ve r th e le s s d e sp i te t h e wa r o pe r at i on s o n th e f ro n ti e r
tantinemadeTrierhishead uartersand
trationmuchearlier andaftertheGer-
re late inD ecember3 1 . H ispresence is
n J a n ua r y a n d on M a rc h 2 6 3 1 4 ( C T h I I I
eendof theyeartheTheodosianCodeshow shim
ctober29 November3 and8andonD e-
iously fortheconsularprocessionontheNew Year.
ediscussedinA relate itw asmostlyacaseofmain-
curately restoring thedatesrecordedinthesubscriptions.
p . 16 1 re fe rr in g to E u m en es P a n eg . X I I ( I X ) 2 1 5 .
pp. 78 162. Obv iouslyw ehavetoacceptSeeck sinsertion
etheconsularyearsunless wepreferMommsen s
relatedtothedatumofthe edict.
1 f. * H a b ic h t H e r me s 1 95 8 p . 3 6 9 .
p . 3 6 8 n ot e I .
a n ua r y 22 ( C u s t V I I 3 2 I o c a nn o t ha v e fo l lo w ed
f thedecree.
mentionedabove bySeeck referredto31 .
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sianCode3 3
ortstoshowthatConstantinestayed
hishead uartersuntilandpasthisinit ia l
efirstpartofthe in uiryconcernsthe
SeeckasshowingConstantinestaying
od.Thiswilltake usthroughthecontro-
theC iv ilWarin3 16 andactua lly to318
disagreementw ithregardtotheEmperor s
eof theyearofConstantine sfourth
ennia lcelebrations(3 15/ 16 suggeststhat
Gauluntiltheinitial decennialcelebra-
eConstantinianconstitutionsconfirmsour
ddecennialcelebrationsatR omeproveto
on ecture.Modernresearchhaswithout
m se n s v i ew s a s e p r es s ed i n C I p . 3 9 7
ptionibuscircailludtempusin urbemora-
C ode how ever giveslitt lesupporttohis
eof theCThV I I I 7 1hasbeendemon-
. T h e CT h I I 3 0 I i s su e d at S i rm i um w i th
I I I e tL icinioconssappearstobef romthe
readingcertainlyw asC onstantinoA I I I I I e t
ThatC onstantineshouldhavestayedinL icinian
te impossible .
k sR egestenismorecontroversial
1 d a t X V k al A ug A u il r ec it at a ap ut V e t ti um
onSeptC onstantinoA V etL icinioC conss.
logicalconsiderationsonthefact that
rbanprefectin3 15/ 16andconcludesthat
Thecorrect consulardatingaccording
A et L i c i ni o c on s s i . e. 3 1 2 3 1 o r 3 1 5 . B y
s forcedtoaltertheplace ofissue
sometwentymilesoutsideR ome because
sinterpretationoftheCalendarof P hilo-
8 p a rt i cu l ar l y no t e 5 H a b i c ht o p . ci t . p p . 3 6 8
p p. 3 6 8 3 7 o n ot e 1.
I o 8 1 6 .
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anChronology
sthaveenteredR omeeitheronJ uly18or
mentionmadeoftheurbanprefect
rw eretwocontemporaryV etti iR uf inii the
16 C . V ettiusC ossiniusR uf inus " andthe
w aspretorianprefectin3 19/ 20 andpossibly
tisfa irly corrupt. Atleastitvariesindif ferent
uscriticusrecords apuduettium( uittiumN
G , r uf in um ( o m . O ) , p u ( s i c P M S p pu H ,
C p po G p po u rb B , o m. O ) . I t i s th er ef or e
orrupt thattheof f icia linq uestionw as
pefectC . V ettiusC ossiniusR uf inus in
ro f fice orthepretorianprefectV ettiusR uf i-
nterpretationmakesthewords insenatu
d.Thatthedecreethus wasissuedon
1 9 i n A u i le i a ap p ea r s e t r em el y l ik e ly p r ef e ra b ly
tine spresence inA uile iacanbeestablished
g. V at. 274ofA ugust1 . Thesubscription
stisR omaeC onstantinoetL icinioauggconss.
pecified thetheoreticallypossibleyears
d 3 1 5 . I n 3 1 C on s ta n ti n e ha d l ef t I t a ly w he r ea s
R omein3 12.Thusourinterpretation
ntentirelydependsonourinterpretation
vents.
g. V at. 3 3 , hasthesubscription proposita
antinoetL icinioauggI I I I conss. Thatthis
orethanafew daysbeforeA ugust1 is
cyoftheV aticanfragmentsasregardsthe
akesitverydifficultto establishthecorrect
eproposesachoiceofanyoneof theyears3 12
1 9 ( C on s ta n ti n o A V e t L i c i n i o Ca e s co n ss . T h us 3 1 2
atealsoforthisfragment.
Samenste llingvandenR omeinschenSenaatindeI V e
G e nt 1 9 4 ( i n t yp e sc r ip t o nl y , n o . 77 6 .
77 7 c f . Se e ck R e g e s te n p . 1 4 . A s t o th e c or r ec t ed
accordingtoSeeck ( p. 167 establishinghimaspretorian
cf . be low p. 3 9.
R e g es t en p p . 8f . * R e g es t en p . 2 .
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sianCode3 5
heodosianCodeestablishConstantine
am el y X I 3 0 3 ( A ug us t 25 , I 2 2 ( p ro po si tu m
, I ( S e pt e mb e r 18 . T he d a ti n g ap p ea r s to
havetoacceptthemasproofsthat
omeatleastduringthetime August25
5 .
egativechronologicalargument weshould
ofhis stayingelsewhere.Thatis what
rwardtoshowhis movementsinthe
ourdatescanapparentlybeestablished March21
J uneI andA ugust3 inTrier. Thedate
ttoC abil lunumrestsonC ThI X 40 2. Seeck i
su l sh i ps C o ns t an t in o A I I I e t L i c i n i o I I I I
ccordingtohim C onstantinew asinThessa-
ntlyDr. H abichthasshownthedatere-
edbySeecktoF ebruary27 3 16 has
byme andthereadingsuggestedwaslater
cht.
ed inCThX I I I 5 2 whichgivesthe
tantineandL icinius.Seeck assuming
inI ta lyatthetime w asforcedtoa lter
urrev isionof theEmperor sit ineraryenables
dating.
C ThI 16 I recordingthefourthconsulates
ius.Seeck iscompelledtoalterthe dating
conssbecauseofthe supposeddecennial
thattime.Againthere isnonecessityto
arystep sincetheE mperorcannotbeproved
thattime.W emaythusconcludethat
sinitialdecennaliaatTrieron J uly25
August tobeinR omenotlaterthan
p .#
e g e s te n p . 9 8.
2 f . * R e g es t en p p . 55 1 6 1.
o te 5 .
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anChronology
nCodearehighly controversialfor
. Of f if ty -si decreesf if ty - twohavethedatingof
etL icinioC conss w hereasonlyoneisdated
poC conss. Seeck decidedthattw oseriesof
dandendeavouredtoreconstructthe
rw iththea idofaddressees actingunder
meofan addresseewaslesslikelytobe
on.
usB assus whoheldofficefromMay15
19 istheaddresseeofsevera lo f theconstitutions
thatnodecreedirectedtoB assusinhis
bicanbelaterthanA ugust31 3 19 thus
t he y ea r o f CT h I I 1 7 1 g i ve n a t A u i le i a
sim ilara lterationsof thedatesofsevera l
rnecessary itwouldbeunnaturalifno
3 18.O neparticularcaseillustrateshow
consulatemighthavebeenaltered.CThX I
oA V etL icinioC conss w hereasthecor-
I I I , 3 , f r om a d i ff e re n t so u rc e t ha n t he p r es e nt
cordstheprobablycorrectL icinioV etC rispo .
er thereconstructionof theE mperor sit iner-
withdueregardtotheprosopographical
asstayinginA uile iaonO ctober12 3 18
stheoryconcerningthedatesand the
ow i ng d e cr e es : C T h X I 3 0 9 ( J u n e 22
I , 6 ( J u ly 1 A u il ei a , V I I I 1 7 2 ( Se pt emb er 7
utionsbySeeckrecordedfrom theendof
6 2 ( O c t ob er 2 4 S i r mi um , V 2 I ( D e c em be r 1
2 5 1 ( D e c e m be r 1 2 S i r m iu m c r ea t e so m e
hatConstantinecelebratedhisprocessus
ntheNew Year3 19. Seeck sarrangement
rhadlef tI ta lyby theautumn3 18andw as
neof thesethreedecreesisC ThX I V 25 I ,
lAfricaeAconius Catullinus.Here Seeck
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sianCode3 7
recordedconsulardatingC onstantinoA I I I
c o ns s t o ip s o au g c on s . N o wt h e da t e in i t se l f is n o
istof Africanproconsulsneedstoberevised.
earlyConstantinianproconsulsin Africa
in ni ng o f Ap ri l O c t ob er 3 1 3 1 .
b ru a ry 1 5 N o ve mb e r 8 3 1 . 4. W e h a v e at l e as t
uslybelongingtothesamegroupand origi-
samelaw. O f thesef ive namelyC ThI
, X I 1 2 X I 7 1 ( b ot hNo ve mb er 1 ; V I I I I o I
thNovember8 , the lastbutone istheonlycomplete
iondatV I idNovTrev iris accX V k a l
in o A I I I e t L i c i n io I I I c o ns u li b us . T he
se re ferstotheacceptum " andthustheday
3 14. A sa llthesedecreesorigina llybe-
theacceptumactuallyreferstothemall
sagehasbeenomittedin someofthem.
wererecordedin alldecreesisonlynatural.
inallinstances 3 14.Thelatestdecree
onsulAfricaewasof November8 3 14.
cordshimas holdingthesameofficeon
robianus establishedasproconsulA f ricaeon
T h X I 3 0 3 ) . O n t h e s e co n d da t e re c or d ed b y
3 1 6 h i s ti t le o r o ff i ce i s n ot m e nt i on e d a n d th e t wo
nmustthereforebedisregardedinthis conte t.
inus. H e ismentionedinthreeconstitutionsof
C Th I X 4 0 1 X I 3 0 2 X I 3 6 1 b ut by na me
rebedisregardedhere . Hene tappearsin
o f D e c e mb e r 12 3 1 5 t h e de c re e me n ti o ne d a bo v e.
c f . al s o p. 5 6 .
e p . 47 7.
1 A p r i l 26 3 1 5 a s r e co r de d b y Se e ck i b id .
f .
H a b ic ht p . 3 6 9.
12 1 cf . thecommentsintheMommsen-Meyer
Code.
commentstoC ThI 12 1.
e p . 47 7.
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anChronology
order buttheplaceof issue Sirmium is
uncture.Thisdifficultycanbeeliminatedby
pedientinanotherconte t o fcorrecting
miobeinglocatedatthe Gardalake.
ablishedinof f iceasearlyasA pril3 19 sincethe
nMay7 3 19presupposesadateof issue in
1 . H e i s f u r th e r es t ab l is h ed o n J u l y 27 3 1 9 ( C T h
houghtheconsulardatingappearstobecorrupt. ( C on-
t L i c in i o co n ss i n st e ad o f C on s ta n ti n o A I I I I I e t
herdecreesdonotrecordhistit leandoff ice .
shouldberecordedthat ofthetwocon-
ullinusatatimewhenP roculusalreadyhad
st C T h X I 1 6 1 o f A ug u st 2 7 3 1 9 i s a p ro -
sue impossibletoascerta in mustfallw ithin
eAfricanproconsulate.Theotherdecree
o f J u l y 28 3 2 0 i s ba d ly c o rr u pt . S ee c k in c or r ec t ly
houghthemss.recordpraefectoandpp.H e
ngto ipsoAet Cconssalthoughthems.
I etC onstanteconss. Themostlik e lydating
heyearofC onstantine sseventhandC onstantius
ntestandingforacorruptConstantio.
atConstantinespenttheendof theyear
here isnonecessity toconsiderthetw oconstitutions
rectedtoF e li , praesesC orsicae asbe longing
yev idenceofanof ficia lw iththattitle restsw iththe
F e l i ( C Th I 1 6 3 ; I I 6 2 . T h ec o ns u la r
rly corrupt C onstantinoA I I I I e tL icinio
n st e ad o f Co n st a nt i no A I I I I I e t L i c in i o Ca e s co n s "
correctconsulshipsof319. F ina lly forthe
ulshipsarecorrectly recorded andtheaddressee
finusisthefirst onerecordedfortheGallic
ventsusfromacceptingthe subscriptionof
ck scon ecture .
1 6 0 wh e n di s cu s si n g th e CT h V I I 2 2 1 .
on st an ti no A I I I e t L i c in io I I I I .
I n t ro d uc t io n p . CX C X .
msen-Meyer.
.
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sianCode3 9
w hereaboutsfortheendof3 19established
roposedby Seeckinvolvesomediffi-
oconstitutionsof J uly25 3 19 issuedat
5 I a nd I I 1 6 2 . T he l at te r d ir ec te d ad B a s su m
inferenceofSeeckandMommsen-Meyer
eurbanprefecto f3 17/ 19issupportedsole ly
( x onianusB odle ianusSeldenianusB 16 ms.
suminte llegepraefectumurbi. A sthems.
eurbanprefect thecompilernecessarily
ng forthisisthe onlyms.givingthe
noA I I I I e tL icinioconss probably instead
I e t L i c i n io C c o ns s . I n o t h e r ms s . th e c on s ul -
antinoA V I I I e tC onstantioC obv iously the
n ti n o A V I I I e t Co n st a nt i no C I I I I ) . T h us t h e
stantio( proConstantinoC .Mommsen-
othintheircommentsandinthe irintroduction
hevastma orityof themss. (NB G P M S
cessitatedby thefactthatC ThI I 16 I has
26.Theabovediscussionhasshownthat this
valid thatthecorrectdateofC ThI I 16 2
assusinq uestionw asthepretorianprefecto f
s w hosucceededA blabiusin3 29.
directed AdSymmachumvicarium
. O n f o r m al g r ou n ds n o o b e c ti o ns c a n be r a is e d ag a in s t
f r om F e b r u ar y 4 3 1 8 ( C Th I I 4 I ) , a n d
therofO ctober12of thesameyear( C ThI I I
ppearstobecorrect too . Neverthe less asw eare
I 16 2to3 29 thesameshouldbedonew ith
ecause itw ouldbehighlyunlik e ly thattheEmperor
ne actlythesamedayin suchasmall
espitethefactthatitw ashisbirthplace on
antinedoesnotseemto haveattachedmuch
.
abil ityof theOms. cf . Mommsen-Meyer pp. L X V I f .
f .
2o.
e p . 47 4.
1 6 6.
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nChronology
rcitieswererenamedafterhimor after
Cirta-ConstantinainAfrica Arelate-Con-
antium-C onstantinopo lis He lenopo lis thenew
ontis butnotNaissus , andbecauseC on-
ssofthesetwodecreesis knowntohavebeen
T h X I 2 7 1 o f M a y 1 ) . I n a d di t io n i t sh o ul d b e
usby3 29musthavebeena manofcon-
w asoneof theconsulso f3 3 0. Thecharactero f
15 1recordedw ithv icariusonly isuncerta in.
mperialconsulshipsrecordedisnoserious
ent particularlyifoneconsiders theun-
ncerningthe consulatesoftheI mperial
he C Th I X 3 7 i s su e d at S e rd i ca o n No -
toacerta inI anuarinus. F irsto fa lltheproper
totheC ThV I o I o fA ugust18 andthe
September29 bothissuedatSerdica . Thecon-
ectfor3 29e ceptfortheslighterrorC on-
e t C on s ta n ti o I I I I c o ns s i ns t ea d o fC o ns t an t in o
nt in o CI I I I . F o r ma ll y th e da te o fC Th I X 3 7 I
l ly it isimpossible fortheEmperortohave
ob e r 24 3 1 9 ( C T h I 1 6 3 ) , i n S er d ic a o n No -
rmiumonD ecember1( C ThV 2 1 . This
caseofanomittedpostconsulate . Thisw ould
theendofw hichtheEmperorspentinthisim-
w ehaveadecree( C ThI X 3 4 3 ) addressed
sandpostedonD ecember4 3 20inR ome
ber makesthe lik elihoodof thisarrangement
ore bothdealw ithactionsatlaw C ThI X
t or y w ri t in g s an d C Th I X 3 7 I w i th a n nu l me n ts
dshowthatConstantinespenttheentire
ceptontwopossibleoccasions May22( C ThI X
2 ( C T h X V I , 4 . N ow t h e co n su l ar d a ti n g of t h e
1 7 9.
1 6 8f .
cf . R egesten pp. 66ff .
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sianCode4
I etC onstantioC conss thecorrectformula
ars320and3 26areeasily confused , there
rana lterationinthiscase. I t istruethat
dtheaddresseeasMa imusp raefectus
Ma i m us ( V a l er i us M a i m us B a s i l i us h e ld t h at
3 19toSeptember12 3 2 . O ntheother
iablemss. B andN recordtheof f iceas
etori 0. Thisreadinghasnotbeenacceptedthoughit
f theproblemofthedecreethan either
teorthe insertionofap ost c onsulatum in
ow ever thedecreew asaccepted andaccord-
thisimpliesthatthepretorianprefectmust
iveheadofI taly.AccordingtoSeeck such
startingfromtheappointmentofR ufinus
3 18accordingtoSeeck f romthesameday in319
egetpretorianprefectsinA f rica I ta lyandGaul.
arstobeamisinterpretationofthe evidence
redtobySeeck musthavebeenofficialsof
et he r M en a nd r os ( J u n e 22 3 2 0 J u l y 6 3 2 2
s Se v er u s ( D e c em be r 1 8 3 2 2 - a n u a ry 2 , 3 2 4
sa nu s ( A u g u st 1 3 2 1 i n I t a ly i s a dd r es s ed a s
nstitutionin CTh.Theonlyofficialreferred
a llyV ettiusR uf inus andSeeck j ustly re-
fficeappearstocoincidewithCrispus first
eckarguesfurtherthatthe customofaddressing
efectbecamenecessarywhenthenumberof
andtheholderswereacting farawayfrom
hadbeenoneprefect onlytherehadbeen
se pressly tohim. Obv iouslyV ettiusR uf inus
ndw henaf terthedefeato fL iciniustheE ast
dthepretorianprefectsnecessarilymusthave
customadoptedduringhistenureofo f f icew asde-
Ma imusappearstohavebeentheWestern
n tr od uc ti on p p. C CX I V , C CX V I I I .
e r M o mm s en - Me y er p p . CX X X I I I f .
f . * C f . p . 3 9 a b o ve .
e p p. 4 7 f . * R e ge st en p . 14 .
raetorioOrientis cf . R egesten pp. 144f .
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nChronology
GaulandI ta ly andthisaccountsforthe
dinR ome a lthoughMa imuslaterappears
aefectuspraetorioGalliarum.
entioned( CThX V I , 4 ismoreeasily
hysicalimpossibilitythatConstantinestayed
3 2 0 i t i s mo r e na t ur a l to r e ga r d CT h X V I , 4
stconsulateanddateitas 3 21.Thesub-
corruptw ithC onstantinoA I I I e tC on-
onstantioA V I etConstantinoCconss.
ck recordstw oconstitutions( C ThI X 24 1
8 1 w h ic h i f c or r ec t ly d at e d wo u ld b e i n-
eC ThI X I , 5addressedtoU lpiusMa imus
dresseeofthelatteris B assus vicarius
gtheonlyconstitutionw hereheisreferredto inthis
mustbeI uniusB assus praefectuspraetorio
nsulin33 1. Theonlyevidencethathew as
X 8 1. Thustheotherdecreesmentioninga
tim iusB assus theformerurbanprefect donot
hisdecreeas3 18 w henC onstantine spre-
erwisef irmlyattested. The listo fv icarii I ta liae
sheadedby I uliusSeverus f irst inevidence
ThatI uniusB assusw asthef irstv icariusI ta liae is
gementimpliesthatthesubscription of
oredasL icinioA V etC rispoC conssfromthe
etC onstantioC aesconssinthepresentdayedit ions.
mperialconsulshipsasrecordedbyCTh
llybeforeandstressedbyall editors.An
criticus oftheMommsen-Meyereditiongoes
ncethe te tualtraditionis:
n ti o P M c o ns t . C ) a ( o m . H ) u i i
s i c V B E C c o ns t an t in o N G M S c o n-
s i c V H N o m.