students attitude towards self
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
1/14
1 | P a g e
Students Attitude towards Self-Employment
Project Report
Submitted to: Prof. Jaishree Desai Submitted by: Amir Malik
Fin 1, MBA (SS10-12)
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
2/14
2 | P a g e
Acknowledgement
This project has been a great learning experience about the students
attitude and intensions in life. I am thankful to so many wonderful
people who helped me to complete this project with their valuable
feedback.
I thank my Prof.Jaishree Desaifor the opportunity of
understanding the attitude of students towards self-employment.
This project also made me think what I could do career.
I thank all researcher for publishing their study and all the students
for their valuable input in completing this project.
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
3/14
3 | P a g e
Table of content
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
4/14
4 | P a g e
IntroductionAn attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of
people, objects, event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your
environment. In the opinion of Bain (1927), an attitude is "the
relatively stable overt behavior of a person which affects his status."
"Attitudes which are different to a group are thus social attitudes or
`values' in the Thomasonian sense. The attitude is the status-fixing
behavior. This differentiates it from habit and vegetative processes
as such, and totally ignores the hypothetical 'subjective states' which
have formerly been emphasized. It is how one judges any person,
situation or object.
North (1932) has defined attitude as "the totality of those states that
lead to or point toward some particular activity of the organism. The
attitude is, therefore, the dynamic element in human behavior, the
motive for activity." For Lumley (1928) an attitude is "a susceptibility
to certain kinds of stimuli and readiness to respond repeatedly in a
given waywhich are possible toward our world and the parts of it
which impinge upon us."
They develop on the ABC model (affect, behavior,
and cognition). The affective response is an emotional response that
expresses an individual's degree of preference for an entity.
The behavioralintention is a verbal indication or typical behavioral
tendency of an individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive
evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's beliefs about
the object mostattitudes are the result of either direct experience
or observational learning from the environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition -
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
5/14
5 | P a g e
Attitude change1.Target Characteristics: These are characteristics that refer to
the person who receives and processes a message. One such
trait is intelligence - it seems that more intelligent people are
less easily persuaded by one-sided messages. Another variable
that has been studied in this category is self-esteem. Although
it is sometimes thought that those higher in self-esteem are
less easily persuaded, there is some evidence that therelationship between self-esteem and persuasibility is actually
curvilinear, with people of moderate self-esteem being more
easily persuaded than both those of high and low self-esteem
levels (Rhodes & Woods, 1992). The mind frame and mood of
the target also plays a role in this process.
2.
Source Characteristics: The major source characteristics are
expertise, trustworthiness and interpersonal attraction or
attractiveness. The credibility of a perceived message has been
found to be a key variable here; if one reads a report about
health and believes it came from a professional medical
journal, one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes
it is from a popular newspaper. Some psychologists have
debated whether this is a long-lasting effect and Holland andWeiss (1951) found the effect of telling people that a message
came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks
(the so-called "sleeper effect"). Whether there is a sleeper
effect is controversial. Perceived wisdom is that if people are
informed of the source of a message before hearing it, there is
less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a
message and then told its source.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_attractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perceived_wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perceived_wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction -
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
6/14
6 | P a g e
3.
Message Characteristics: The nature of the message plays arole in persuasion. Sometimes presenting both sides of a story
is useful to help change attitudes. When people are not
motivated to process the message, simply the number of
arguments presented in a persuasive message will influence
attitude change, such that a greater number of arguments will
produce greater attitude change.
4.Cognitive Routes: A message can appeal to an individual's
cognitive evaluation to help change an attitude. In the central
route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data
and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude
changing conclusion. In the peripheral route to attitude
change, the individual is encouraged to not look at the content
but at the source. This is commonly seen in modernadvertisements that feature celebrities. In some cases,
physician, doctors or experts are used. In other cases film stars
are used for their attractiveness.
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
7/14
7 | P a g e
Components of emotion appeals
Any discrete emotion can be used in a persuasive appeal; this may
include jealousy, disgust, indignation, and fear, blue, disturbed,
haunted, and anger. Fear is one of the most studied emotional
appeals in communication and social influence research.
Important consequences of fear appeals and other emotion appeals
include the possibility of reactance which may lead to either message
rejections or source rejection and the absence of attitude change. As
the EPPM suggests, there is an optimal emotion level in motivating
attitude change. If there is not enough motivation, an attitude will
not change; if the emotional appeal is overdone, the motivation can
be paralyzed thereby preventing attitude change.
Emotions perceived as negative or containing threat are often
studied more than perceived positive emotions like humor. Though
the inner-workings of humor are not agreed upon, humor appeals
may work by creating incongruities in the mind. Recent research has
looked at the impact of humor on the processing of political
messages. While evidence is inconclusive, there appears to be
potential for targeted attitude change is receivers with low political
message involvement.
Important factors that influence the impact of emotion appeals
include self-efficacy, attitude accessibility, issue involvement, and
message/source features. Self-efficacy is a perception of ones own
human agency; in other words, it is the perception of our own ability
to deal with a situation. It is an important variable in emotion appeal
messages because it dictates a persons ability to deal with both the
emotion and the situation. For example, if a person is not self-
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
8/14
8 | P a g e
Efficacious about their ability to impact the global environment, they
are not likely to change their attitude or behavior about global
warming.
Dillard (1994) suggests that message features such as source non-
verbal communication, message content, and receiver differences
can impact the emotion impact of fear appeals. The characteristics of
a message are important because one message can elicit different
levels of emotion for different people. Thus, in terms of emotion
appeals messages, one size does not fit all.
Attitude accessibility refers to the activation of an attitude from
memory in other words, how readily available is an attitude about an
object, issue, or situation. Issue involvement is the relevance and
salience of an issue or situation to an individual. Issue involvement
has been correlated with both attitude access and attitude strength.
Past studies conclude accessible attitudes are more resistant to
change
Implicit and explicit attitude
There is also considerable research on implicit attitudes, which are
generally unacknowledged or outside of awareness, but have effects
that are measurable through sophisticated methods using people's
response times to stimuli. Implicit and explicit attitudes seem to
affect people's behavior, though in different ways. They tend not to
be strongly associated with each other, although in some cases they
are. The relationship between them is poorly understood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_Association_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_Association_Test -
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
9/14
9 | P a g e
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
An entrepreneur is an owner or manager of a business enterprise
who makes money through risk and initiative. The term was
originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish-
French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term
applied to a person who is willing to help launch a new venture or
enterprise and accept full responsibility for the outcome. Jean-
Baptiste Say, a French economist, is believed to have coined the
word "entrepreneur" in the 19th century - he defined an
entrepreneur as "one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a
contractor, acting as intermediary between capital and labor".
The entrepreneur leads the firm or organization and also
demonstrates leadership qualities by selecting managerial staff.
Management skill and strong team building abilities are essential
leadership attributes for successful entrepreneurs. Scholar Robert. B.
Reich considers leadership, management ability, and team-
building as essential qualities of an entrepreneur. This concept has
its origins in the work of Richard Cantillon in his Essai sur la Naturedu Commerce en (1755) and Jean-Baptiste Say in his Treatise on
Political Economy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cantillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Sayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Sayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team-buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team-buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team-buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team-buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Sayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Sayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cantillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword -
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
10/14
10 | P a g e
Self-employment
Self-employment is working for one's self. Self-employed people can
also be referred to as a person who works for himself/herself instead
of an employer, but drawing income from a trade or business that
they operate personally.
To be self-employed is not necessarily the same as being a business
owner: Many self-employed people conduct the day-to-dayoperations of the business, either as managers as line workers or
both. A business owner may or may not work in the business, and is
not required do so.
Policymakers increasingly view self-employment in the form of youth
entrepreneurship as a possible solution to the youth unemploymentcrisis. However, many experts believe only 20% of all people are fit to
run their own businesses, so it shouldn't be relied on as an "easy fix".
A survey reveals that in rural India, more than half of all workers
were self-employed - 57% among males and nearly 62% among
females. The corresponding figures in urban India were 42% for maleand 44% for female.
The percentage of regular wage and salaried employees was
relatively lower among females as compared to males in both rural
and urban India. For males it was 10% while its was 4% for female in
the rural areas, and 42% for male and 40% for female in the urban
areas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ownerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ownerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ownerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ownerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer -
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
11/14
11 | P a g e
Self-employed scheme for educated unemployed youth(SEEUY)
The scheme for providing Self-employment to Educated Unemployed
Youth was started in 1983 with an annual target of 2.5 lakh
beneficiaries. Unemployed Youth in the age group of 19-35 years
who are Matriculates and above are eligible for assistance under this
scheme. ITI passed, women, technically trained persons are given
due weightage training plus two levels are given preference.
A ceiling of income of Rs. 10,000 per annum, per family, has been
fixed for eligibility under the scheme. A minimum of 50% ventures
should be through industry-route and not more than 30% of the
ventures should relate to business sector, except in hilly areas of the
country. A composite loan not exceeding and Rs.15, 000/- for
business sector is provided. 25% subsidy is provided by the Govt. on
the loans. Banks do not require collateral guarantee or margin
money for such loads. 30% of the total beneficiaries are reserved for
SC/ST persons.
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
12/14
12 | P a g e
Purpose of the studyThis study is intended to know the attitude of the graduates towards
self-employment and what they are going to do after completing
their graduation.
Given the importance of the new business start-ups to the economyand society this is the area which is required more attention. To
understand more about the students attitude towards self-
employment it is important to know the students career intentions.
The decision by an individual to become an entrepreneur depends on
the opportunities windows and also the college experience.
We know that key attitudes and intentions towards behavior are
driven by perception and that can influence an individual their
entrepreneurial intentions. Which means entrepreneurial education
appears to be of important tool that is available to increase an
individuals central attitudes, perceptions and intentions towards
self-employment.
But now-a-days most of the engineering students are starting upwith their own business than management students.
Sample50 students picked by simple random sampling. Irrespective of their
education background.
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
13/14
13 | P a g e
QuestionnaireAttitude towards self-employment
(*Answer only Q2 & Q3 if you are looking for placement)
1) What do you want to do after completing your studies?
a) Study further b) Placement c) Self-employed
2) Which company would you want to work for?
3) What is package you are expecting p.a?
a) 1.5-2lacs b) 2-4lacs c) 4-6lacs d) 6lacs & above
4) Are you sure about the type of business you would like to start?
5) What is the capital you are going to invest?
6) How do you intend to raise the capital?
7)
Would you still like to be self-employed when you are offered a handsome pay in a company?
a) Yes b) No
8) What drives you the most to do your own business?
9) What do you think of the people who are working for the MNCs beside an opportunity to own
profitable business?
Name: Gender: Age:
Contact: Education:
-
8/2/2019 Students Attitude Towards Self
14/14
14 | P a g e