student industrial work experience
TRANSCRIPT
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STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME
( S.I.W.E.S )REPORT AT
PORT HARCOURT
AUTHORIZED DEALER FOR
BY
OSHO OPEYEMI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MATRICULATION NUMBER: U2006/3025324
SUBMITTED TO
THE S.I.W.E.S CO-ORDINATOR
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
PORT HARCOURT
JANUARY 2011
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to God Almighty, Family and Loved Ones.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I also feel indebted to the following people who played various
roles to impart their knowledge to me during my training.
To my colleagues, Elsy Ohaka, Mariam, Karen, and Obinna
Amaugo for their support, and creativity and availability in the
dirty job.
Mr. Sunday Adejugbe (Service Manager-Field), under his
supervision and tutelage I was able to grasp the basic rudiment of
Power systems and its application.
Mr. Isaac Arthur (Specialization Manager),
Engr. Owhoji Nyeche (CAT Specialist),
Engr. Ifot King Uwen (CAT Specialist, Supervisor),
Mr. Chimaobi Edom (Technician),
Mr. Adebowale Haastrup (Technician),
My Dad, who made me never to give up and let go even when the
job was tedious.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Despite dramatic changes and advances in Diesel Engines in
the last century, the most important factor in the operational
process is still effective MAINTENANCE.
HISTORY OF MANTRAC NIGERIA LTD
Mantrac Nigeria Limited (or the company) is the exclusive
dealer in caterpillar products in Nigeria. Its fully owned by Unatrac
International a subsidiary of Mansour group of companies based
in Egypt. Mantrac Nigeria Limited has operated in Nigeria since
1950 and it became a limited liability company on 14th March
1994.
Mantrac Nigeria Ltd provides machines for wide varied
applications in the infrastructural, agricultural, and mining
development sectors of Nigeria. Also, the company provides CAT
engines and generators for the oil sector and industrial users as
well as a complete range of lift trucks for material handling
requirements. All machines supplied are kept in working
conditions through the product support services of the company.
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We at Mantrac Nigeria Ltd undertake highly specialized repairs
and machine overhauls with continuous and significant
investment in up-to-date workshop equipment and service
tooling. Furthermore, we undertake used equipment and machine
rebuild activities. We have the facilities technology and adequate
tooling to take used machines and rebuild them to an as new
standard, with as new warranties, at competitive prices.
Health, Safety, and Environment: The subsidiaries in Nigeria
adhere strictly to the groups instructions on HSE as well as
federal and local regulations on environment matters.
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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
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VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS
In Mantrac Nigeria Ltd, they are two departments which are:
Service Department
Sales Department
Service Department: This is also called the product support,
and is divided into various section and their operations.
Field Service: This involves troubleshooting, maintenance, repairs
of power systems at customers site.
Machine Section: This involves the troubleshooting,
maintenance, and repairs of heavy duty machines like tractors,
bulldozers, excavators, pay loaders, etc. both at customer site
and in the workshop.
Component Rebuild Centre (C.R.C): This is a section in the
workshop that specializes on all types of overhauling of engines.
Fluid Analysis/ Scheduled Oil Sample (S.O.S): The S.O.S program
is the CAT certified program of scheduled fluid analysis. Fluid
samples collected at routine intervals from all compartments are
analyzed to give you the means to look inside your equipment
and detect problems before they cause a loss of production.
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Within 24 hours the sample is analyzed and a report is generated
which can warn you of a variety of potential problems going on
inside your equipment.
Sales Department: This section deals with customers service,
and the sales of power system, heavy duty machines and
replaceable parts. This section is divided into power system sales,
heavy duty machine sales, and parts sales.
Power System Sales: This section ensure the marketing and
distribution sales of power system.
Machine Sales: This section ensure the marketing and distribution
sales of heavy duty machines.
Part sales department: This section work with the warehouse,
were replaceable parts are stored, which their job is to order parts
for demanding customers
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CHAPTER TWO
In this section, I understudy, experienced, and felt the heart
of a generator set, Diesel Engine. The author will highlight
about the working, repair, and maintenance of diesel engines.
Diesel Engines
A diesel engine is similar to the gasoline engine used in
most generators. Both engines are internal combustion
engines, meaning they burn the fuel-air mixture within the
cylinders. Both are reciprocating engines, being driven by
pistons moving laterally in the two directions. The majority of
their parts are similar. Although a diesel engines and gasoline
engines operate with similar component of a diesel engine,
when compared to a gasoline of equal horsepower, to heavier
due to stronger, heavier materials used to withstand the
greater dynamic forces from the higher combustion pressures
present in the diesel engine.
The greater combustion pressure is the result of the
higher compression ratio used by diesel engines. The
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compression ratio is a measure of how much the engine
compresses the gasses in the engine's cylinder. In a gasoline
engine the compression ratio (which controls the
compression temperature) is limited by the air-fuel mixture
entering the cylinders. The lower ignition temperature of
gasoline will cause it to ignite (burn) at a compression ratio of
less than 10:1. The average car has a 7:1 compression ratio.
In a diesel engine, compression ratios ranging from 14:1 to as
high as 24:1 are commonly used. The higher compression
ratios are possible because only air is compressed, and then
the fuel is injected. This is one of the factors that allow the
diesel engine to be so efficient. Compression ratio will be
discussed in greater detail later in this module. Another
difference between a gasoline engine and a diesel engine is
the manner in which engine speed is controlled. In any
engine, speed (or power) is a direct function of the amount of
fuel burned in the cylinders. Gasoline engines are self-speed-
limiting, due to the method the engine uses to control the
amount of air entering the engine. Engine speed is indirectly
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controlled by the butterfly valve in the carburetor. The
butterfly valve in a carburetor limits the amount of air
entering the engine. In a carburetor, the rate of air flow
dictates the amount of gasoline that will be mixed with the
air. Limiting the amount of air entering the engine limits the
amount of fuel entering the engine, and, therefore, limits the
speed of the engine. By limiting the amount of air entering
the engine, adding more fuel does not increase engine speed
beyond the point where the fuel burns 100% of the available
air (oxygen).
Diesel engines are not self-speed-limiting because the
air (oxygen) entering the engine is always the maximum
amount. Therefore, the engine speed is limited solely by the
amount of fuel injected into the engine cylinders. Therefore,
the engine always has sufficient oxygen to burn and the
engine will attempt to accelerate to meet the new fuel
injection rate. Because of this, a manual fuel control is not
possible because these engines, in an unloaded condition,
can accelerate at a rate of more than 2000 revolutions per
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second. Diesel engines require a speed limiter, commonly
called the governor, to control the amount of fuel being
injected into the engine. Unlike a gasoline engine, a diesel
engine does not require an ignition system because in a
diesel engine the fuel is injected into the cylinder as the
piston comes to the top of its compression stroke. When fuel
is injected, it vaporizes and ignites due to the heat created by
the compression of the air in the cylinder.
Figure 1.1: Caterpillar C-17.5 Diesel Generator.
HOW DOES DIESEL ENGINES WORK
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Think of an engine as a clock. Everything works in
synchronization to keep good time. In a diesel engine, all the
components work together to convert heat energy into
mechanical energy.
Combustion: this is the heating of air and fuel together to
produce combustion, which creates the force required to run
the engine. It occurs when the air-fuel mixture heats up
enough to ignite. It must burn quickly in a controlled fashion
to produce the most heat energy.
Air + fuel + heat=combustion
Compression: this is when air is compressed, it heats up. The
more you compress air, the hotter it gets. If its compressed
enough, it produces temperatures above the fuels ignition
temperature.
Working Principle
There are different types cycles in thermodynamics. Such as
Otto cycle, Carnot vapor cycle, Diesel cycle etc. Out of that
cycle diesel engine works on diesel cycle. This cycle is also
known as constant pressure cycle. Diesel engine is mostly
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employed in Stationary Power plants, Ships, Heavy Motor
Vehicles.
In Petrol Engine, the air-fuel mixture after being compressed
in the engine cylinder to a high pressure is ignited by an
electric spark from a spark plug. In diesel engine, diesel oil
and light and heavy oil used as fuel. This fuel is ignited by
being injected into the engine cylinder containing air
compressed to a very high pressure; the temperature of this
air is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel. That is why there is
no spark plug used in diesel engine. This high temperature
compressed air used in the form of very fine spray is injected
at a controlled rate so that the combustion of fuel proceeds
at constant pressure.
Diesel Engine is mainly worked on below strokes.
01) Suction Stroke:- In this stroke, the piston moves down
from the top dead centre. As a result, inlet valve opens and
air is drawn into the cylinder. After sufficient quantity of air
with pressure is drawn, suction valve closes at the end of the
stroke. The exhaust valve remains closed during this stroke.
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02) Compression Stroke:- In this stroke, piston moves up from
the bottom dead centre. During this stroke both inlet and
exhaust valve are closed. The air drawn into the cylinder
during suction stroke is entrapped inside the cylinder and
compressed due to upward movement of the piston. In diesel
engine, the compression ratio used is very high as a result,
the air is finally compressed to a very high pressure up-to 40
kilogram per centimeter square, at this pressure, and the
temperature of the air is reached to 1000 degree centigrade
which is enough to ignite the fuel.
03) Constant Pressure Stroke:- In this stroke, the fuel is
injected into the hot compressed air where it starts burning,
maintaining the pressure constant. When the piston moves to
its top dead centre, the supply of fuel is cut-off. It is to be
said that the fuel is injected at the end of compression stroke
and injection continues till the point of cut-off, but in actual
practice, the ignition starts before the end of compression
stroke to take care of ignition tag.
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04) Working or Power Stroke:- In this stroke, both inlet and
exhaust valve remain closed. The hot gases (which are
produced due to ignition of fuel during compression stroke)
and compressed air now expand adiabatically, in the cylinder
pushing the piston down and hence work is done. At the end
of stroke, the piston finally reaches the bottom dead centre.
05) Exhaust Stroke:- In this stroke, the piston again moves
upward. The exhaust valve opens, while inlet and fuel valve
are closed. A greater part of the burnt fuel gases escape due
to their own expansion. The upward movement of the piston
pushes the remaining gases out through the open exhaust
valve. Only a small quantity of exhaust gases stay in the
combustion chamber. At the end of exhaust stroke, the
exhaust valve closes and the cycle is thus completed.
As there is some resistance while operating in inlet and
exhaust valve and the some portion of burnt gases remains
inside the cylinder during the cycle, resulting the pumping
losses. This pumping loss are treated as negative work and
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therefore subtracted from actual work done during the cycle.
This will give us net work done from the cycle.
Figure 2: Four Stroke Diesel Cycle.
.
Diesel Fuel Injection
One big difference between a diesel engine and a gas engine
is in the injection process. Most generator engines use port
injection or a carburetor. A port injection system injects fuel
just prior to the intake stroke (outside the cylinder). A
carburetor mixes air and fuel long before the air enters the
cylinder. In an engine, therefore, all of the fuel is loaded into
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the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed.
The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the
compression ratio of the engine -- if it compresses the air too
much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes
knocking. Because it causes excessive heat, knocking can
damage the engine.
Diesel engines use direct fuel injection -- the diesel fuel is
injected directly into the cylinder.
The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex
component and has been the subject of a great deal of
experimentation -- in any particular engine, it may be located
in a variety of places. The injector has to be able to withstand
the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still
deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Getting the mist circulated in
the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is also a problem,
so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-
combustion chambers or other devices to swirl the air in the
combustion chamber or otherwise improve the ignition and
combustion process.
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Some diesel engines contain a glow plug. When a diesel
engine is cold, the compression process may not raise the air
to a high enough temperature to ignite the fuel. The glow
plug is an electrically heated wire (think of the hot wires you
see in a toaster) that heats the combustion chambers and
raises the air temperature when the engine is cold so that the
engine can start. According to Cley Brotherton, a Journeyman
heavy equipment technician:
All functions in a modern engine are controlled by the ECM
communicating with an elaborate set of sensors measuring
everything from R.P.M. to engine coolant and oil
temperatures and even engine position (i.e. T.D.C.). Glow
plugs are rarely used today on larger engines. The ECM
senses ambient air temperature and retards the timing of the
engine in cold weather so the injector sprays the fuel at a
later time. The air in the cylinder is compressed more,
creating more heat, which aids in starting.
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Smaller engines and engines that do not have such advanced
computer control use glow plugs to solve the cold-starting
problem.
Of course, mechanics aren't the only difference between
diesel engines and gasoline engines. There's also the issue of
the fuel itself.
Figure 3: Diesel Fuel Injection system
Common Rail
The Common Rail system also has a lift/transfer pump and a high
pressure pump. The high pressure pump pressurizes the fuel which is
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then sent to a rail connected to all injectors. Unlike the other systems,
the injectors are solenoids controlled by the ECU (Electronic Control
Unit). The ECU uses information from the vehicle sensors to control
when the injectors need to deliver the fuel.
Figure 4: Common Rail Fuel System.
Major Components of Diesel Engines
To understand how a diesel engine work. An understanding of
the components and how they work together is necessary.
Figure 5 provides a cross section of V-type diesel engine.
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Figure 5: V-type Diesel engine cross-sectioned.
Components of diesel engines are divided into stationary
parts and moving parts.
Stationary Parts: these are parts of an engine which include
cylinder block, cylinder liner, bore, cylinder block, crankcase
and the exhaust and inlet manifolds.
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Cylinder Block: The cylinder block, as shown in Figure 6, is
generally a single unit made from cast iron. In a liquid-cooled
diesel, the block also provides the structure and rigid frame
for the engine's cylinders, water coolant and oil passages,
and support for the crankshaft and camshaft bearings.
Figure 6: Caterpillar 3306 cylinder block.
Crankcase and Oil Pan: The crankcase is usually located on
the bottom of the cylinder block. The crankcase is defined as
the area around the crankshaft and crankshaft bearings. This
area encloses the rotating crankshaft and crankshaft counter
weights and directs returning oil into the oil pan. The oil pan
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is located at the bottom of the crankcase as shown in Figure
5. The oil pan collects and stores the engine's supply of
lubricating oil. Large diesel engines may have the oil pan
divided into several separate pans.
Cylinder Head and Valves: This provides the combustion
chamber for the engine cylinders. The cylinder bolted to the
top of the cylinder block to close the upper end of the
cylinder. A diesel engines cylinder heads perform several
functions. First, they provide the top seal for the cylinder bore
or sleeve. Second, they provide the structure holding exhaust
valves (and intake valves where applicable), the fuel injector,
and necessary linkages. A diesel engine's heads are
manufactured in one of two ways. In one method, each
cylinder has its own head casting, which is bolted to the
block. This method is used primarily on the larger diesel
engines. In the second method, which is used on smaller
engines, the engine's head is cast as one piece (multi-
cylinder head). Diesel engines have two methods of admitting
and exhausting gasses from the cylinder. They can use either
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ports or valves or a combination of both. Ports are slots in
cylinder walls located in the lower 1/3 of the bore. See Figure
5 for examples of intake ports, and note their relative
location with respect to the rest of the. When the piston
travels below the level of the ports, the ports are "opened"
and fresh air or exhaust gasses are able to enter or leave,
depending on the type of port. The ports are then "closed"
when the piston travels back above the level of the ports.
Valves (refer to figure 8) are mechanically opened and closed
to admit or exhaust the gasses as needed. The valves are
located in the head casting of the engine. The point at which
the valve seals against the head is called the valve seat. Most
medium-sized diesels have either intake ports or exhaust
valves or both intake and exhaust valves.
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(b)
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Figure 7: (a) Caterpillar 3600 series cylinder head and (b)
Engine Valve.
Exhaust Manifolds: An exhaust manifold is a system which is used
to vent exhaust gases away from an engine. The manifold
extends from the cylinders to the exhaust pipe, collecting and
moving exhaust away from the engine. Exhaust can be harmful to
inhale, making it very important to have a fully functional exhaust
manifold; because it can sometimes be difficult to detect an
exhaust leak, people may inhale exhaust gases without being
aware of it. When the pistons in the engine reach the exhaust
stroke, they push the exhaust fumes up into the exhaust
manifold. The manifold consists of a series of pipes which connect
to the cylinders and then consolidate in a central large pipe which
vents to the exhaust pipe. A series of gaskets are used to create
tight seals so that exhaust cannot escape from the cylinders. One
of the most common problems which can arise with an exhaust
manifold is damage to the gasket which acts as a seal. In this
case, the manifold needs to be unbolted so that the gasket can be
removed and replaced. Another issue which can commonly arise
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is rust, especially in salty environments. If rust eats through the
pipes of the manifold, they can start to leak exhaust fumes into
the engine compartment. In generators, these fumes can enter
the passenger compartment, making people sick.
Figure 8: Exhaust Manifold,
(courtesy: Caterpillar)
Moving Parts: The moving parts of an engine serve important
function, heat energy into mechanical energy. They further
convert motion into rotary motion. The principal moving parts are
the piston assembly, connecting rods, crankshaft assembly
(includes flywheel and vibration dampener), camshaft, valves,
and gear train.
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Piston Assembly: The piston transforms the energy of the
expanding gasses into mechanical energy. The piston rides in the
cylinder liner or sleeve as Shown in Figure 5. Pistons are
commonly made of aluminum or cast iron alloys. To prevent the
combustion gasses from bypassing the piston and to keep friction
to a minimum, each piston has several metal rings around it, as
illustrated by Figure 9.
Figure 9: Piston and piston rod
These rings function as the seal between the piston and the
cylinder wall and also act to reduce friction by minimizing the
contact area between the piston and the cylinder wall. The
rings are usually made of cast iron and coated with chrome
or molybdenum. Most diesel engine pistons have several
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rings, usually 2 to 5, with each ring performing a distinct
function. The top ring(s) acts primarily as the pressure seal.
The intermediate ring(s) acts as a wiper ring to remove and
control the amount of oil film on the cylinder walls. The
bottom ring(s) is an oiler ring and ensures that a supply of
lubricating oil is evenly deposited on the cylinder walls.
Connecting Rod: The connecting rod connects the piston to
the crankshaft. See Figure 5 for the location of the
connecting rods in an engine. The rods are made from drop-
forged, heat-treated steel to provide the required strength.
Each end of the rod is bored, with the smaller top bore
connecting to the piston pin (wrist pin) in the piston as shown
in Figure 9. The large bore end of the rod is split in half and
bolted to allow the rod to be attached to the crankshaft.
Some diesel engine connecting rods are drilled down the
center to allow oil to travel up from the crankshaft and into
the piston pin and piston for lubrication. A variation found in
V-type engines that affects the connecting rods is to position
the cylinders in the left and right banks directly opposite each
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other instead of staggered (most common configuration).
This arrangement requires that the connecting rods of two
opposing cylinders share the same main journal bearing on
the crankshaft. To allow this configuration, one of the
connecting rods must be split or forked around the other.
Figure 10: Connecting Rod
Crankshaft: The crankshaft transforms the linear motion of
the pistons into a rotational motion that is transmitted to the
load. Crankshafts are made of forged steel. The forged
crankshaft is machined to produce the crankshaft bearing
and connecting rod bearing surfaces. The rod bearings are
eccentric, or offset, from the center of the crankshaft as
illustrated in Figure 11. This offset converts the reciprocating
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(up and down) motion of the piston into the rotary motion of
the crankshaft. The amount of offset determines the stroke
(distance the piston travels) of the engine (discussed later).
The crankshaft does not ride directly on the cast iron block
crankshaft supports, but rides on special bearing material as
shown in Figure 11. The connecting rods also have bearings
inserted between the crankshaft and the connecting rods.
The bearing material is a soft alloy of metals that provides a
replaceable wear surface and prevents galling between two
similar metals (i.e., crankshaft and connecting rod). Each
bearing is split into halves to allow assembly of the engine.
The crankshaft is drilled with oil passages that allow the
engine to feed oil to each of the crankshaft bearings and
connection rod bearings and up into the connecting rod itself.
The crankshaft has large weights, called counter weights,
that balance the weight of the connecting rods. These
weights ensure an even (balance) force during the rotation of
the moving parts.
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Figure 11: Crankshaft.
Flywheel: The flywheel is located on one end of the
crankshaft and serves three purposes. First, through its
inertia, it reduces vibration by smoothing out the power
stroke as each cylinder fires. Second, it is the mounting
surface used to bolt the engine up to its load. Third, on some
diesels, the flywheel has gear teeth around its perimeter that
allow the starting motors to engage and crank the diesel.
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Figure 12: Flywheel
Camshaft: A camshaft is a long bar with egg-shaped eccentric
lobes, one lobe for each valve and fuel injector. Each lobe has a
follower as shown on Figure 13. As the camshaft is rotated, the
follower is forced up and down as it follows the profile of the cam
lobe. The followers are connected to the engine's valves and fuel
injectors through various types of linkages called pushrods and
rocker arms. The pushrods and rocker arms transfer the
reciprocating motion generated by the cam shaft lobes to the
valves and injectors, opening and closing them as needed. The
valves are maintained closed by springs.
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Figure 13: Camshafts of a D3406 engine.
As the valve is opened by the camshaft, it compresses the valve
spring. The energy stored in the valve spring is then used to close
the valve as the camshaft lobe rotates out from under the
follower. Because an engine experiences fairly large changes in
temperature (e.g., ambient to a normal running temperature of
about 190F), its components must be designed to allow for
thermal expansion. Therefore, the valves, valve pushrods, and
rocker arms must have some method of allowing for the
expansion. This is accomplished by the use of valve lash. Valve
lash is the term given to the "slop" or "give" in the valve train
before the cam actually starts to open the valve.
The camshaft is driven by the engine's crank shaft through a
series of gears called idler gears and timing gears. The gears
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allow the rotation of the camshaft to correspond or be in time
with, the rotation of the crank shaft and thereby allow the valve
opening, valve closing, and injection of fuel to be timed to occur
at precise intervals in the piston's travel. To increase the
flexibility in timing the valve opening, valve closing, and injection
of fuel, and to increase power or to reduce cost, an engine may
have one or more camshafts. Typically, in a medium to large V-
type engine, each bank will have one or more camshafts per
head. In the larger engines, the intake valves exhaust valves, and
fuel injectors may share a common camshaft or have independent
camshafts.
Depending on the type and make of the engine, the location of
the camshaft or shafts varies. The cam shaft (s) in an in-line
engine is usually found either in the head of the engine or in the
top of the block running down one side of the cylinder bank.
Figure 14 provides an example of an engine with the camshaft
located on the side of the engine. On small or mid-sized V-type
engines, the camshaft is usually located in the block at the center
of the "V" between the two banks of cylinders. In larger or multi-
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cam shafted V type engines, the camshafts are usually located in
the heads.
Figure 14: Diesel engine valve train.
Cylinder Liner: A cylinder liner is a cylindrical part to be fitted
into an engine block to form a cylinder. It is one of the most
important functional parts to make up the interior of an engine.
This is called Cylinder liner in Japan, but some countries (or
companies) call this Cylinder sleeve.
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Figure 15: CAT cylinder liner for D3512 engine.
CONDITION MONITORING
Conditioning monitoring is to provide information that will
keep machinery operating longer at least overall cost.
Monitoring is a useful predictive maintenance tool used to
avoid potential problems which may occur at later stage by
monitoring the health of the equipment.
Methods of Maintenance
There are three important ways to perform condition
maintenance.
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Preventive maintenance: This is a scheduled servicing
program. This involves the replacement of filters and change
of oil for effective output.
Predictive maintenance: This is a servicing program involves
minor faults detectable by troubleshooting and engine check-
up.
Reactive (breakdown) maintenance: This service program is a
beyond repair situation. The engine must be taken to the
workshop for overhauling.
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
I did not encounter any major problem but I must not fail to
mention at this point that months into the training program
most of my colleagues were to secure a place for attachment.
RELEVANCE OF EXPERIENCE TO FIELD OF STUDY
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This industrial training has really exposed me to lots things
and challenges. One major thing achieved is the ability to
fully participate in full overhauling of a diesel engine. I was
exposed to lots of tools, mechanical and electrical
components of a diesel engine, and detecting of faults in
engines.
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CHAPTER 4
WAYS OF IMPROVING THE PROGRAM
Students should be properly monitored to make sure that
their behavior does not go contrary to the rules and
regulations of the company.
That the SIWES management should work hand-in-hand or go
into partnership with the various companies in the country in
order to increase the number of students they admit during
their industrial training.
ADVICE FOR THE FUTURE PARTICIPANTS
They should try as much as they can to build relationship and
make contact in their company.
Trainees should be posted to their department/fields so that
they could learn and appreciate their course of study.
ADVICE FOR SIWES MAMANGERS
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8/7/2019 Student Industrial Work Experience
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SIWES on its own part should make available a general
format for all companies traines, so that they would all have
a uniform format.
SIWES should try to visit the trainees before the end of their
program in which ever industry these trainees may find
themselves.
Conclusion
The training has been valuable benefit to me. It has
presented a great opportunity for me to satisfy most of the
curiosities that characterized my inexperience status. The
period too has given me the opportunity to familiarize myself
with the cultures and workings of no less a company than
MANTRAC NIGERIA LTD.
I would therefore wish to commend the wisdom of
management and to sincerely thank them for the brilliant
decision to get me thoroughly trained in preparation for a
challenging career in future.