student energy auditor training 1. introductions your name your greatest environmental concern 2
TRANSCRIPT
Student EnergyAuditor Training
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Introductions Your name Your greatest environmental concern
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Goals of the Day To learn how to use the tools To be able to calculate how much energy and
money things in schools use Come up with data-based suggestions for
saving energy to share with students, teachers, school staff, etc.
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Energy and Efficiency Concepts
What is Energy? Energy makes things go. It is the capacity to
do work, heat something up, or change it in some way.
Uses of Energy To generate electricity for
our computers, lights,
refrigerators, washing machines,
and air conditioners For gasoline used in our cars, and diesel fuel
used in our trucks
Brainstorm: In what ways did you use energy so far
today?
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Mechanical (also called kinetic) energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Chemical energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Electrical energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Light (radiant) energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Heat (thermal) energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Nuclear energy
Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…
Gravitational (also called potential) energy
Brainstorm: What form of energy did you use the most so
far today?
1. THE ENVIRONMENT Cutting back on electricity means using
fewer fossil fuels, thus saving precious energy resources, reducing pollution, and cutting CO2 emissions.
This protects our air, water, and the global climate.
Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?
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Power Plants and Pollution Burning a fuel such as coal produces
pollutants, including the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)
The release of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels to create electricity is the number one contributor to climate change.
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Power Plants and Pollution
Not all power plants create the same amount of pollution. Some fuels and some technologies are cleaner than others
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Renewable SourcesAn energy source that can be replenished in
a short period of time
Solar-from the sun Wind Geothermal –from inside the earth Biomass-from plants Hydropower-from water Ocean Energy-from water
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Nonrenewable SourcesAn energy source that we are using up and
cannot recreate in a short period of time
Fossil Fuels- Oil
- Natural Gas
- Coal Uranium (Used in nuclear energy)
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Where Does Our Electricity Come From in DC?
COAL, HYDRO, OIL, NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR, RENEWABLES
Where Does Our Electricity Come From in DC?
Coal: 45.1%
Nuclear: 38.3%
Natural Gas: 9.6%
Oil: 4%
Hydro: 0.9%
Renewables:1.2%
COAL, HYDRO, OIL, NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR, RENEWABLES
Electricity Basics
Electricity has three basic units: voltage (v), current (I), and resistance (r).
Voltage is measured in volts
(Like the water in a pipe) Current is measured in amps
(Like the flow rate of the water in the pipe) Resistance is measured in ohms
(Like obstructions in the pipe)
Electricity: from producer to consumer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeXG8K5_UvU
OATMEAL EXPERIMENT
Energy Conversion In order to do work, energy
transforms, or converts, from one form to another.
Whenever energy is converted, some of the energy is wasted.
Energy, from one form to another
chemicalchemical
heatheat
mechanicalmechanical
electricalelectrical
Power Plant Efficiency
Transmission & Distribution92-94%
Transmission & Distribution92-94%
Combustion Turbine33-35%
Combustion Turbine33-35%
Generator60-80%
Generator60-80%
Conclusions:- Energy is wasted at EVERY POINT across
the system
- In a traditional coal plant, for example, only about 30-35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator.
- We can’t necessarily improve the efficiency of the GRID, but we can make better use of the energy that reaches us
Questions?
Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?
2. MONEY Schools pay more for energy than
textbooks and computers combined! Schools nationwide spend more than
$8 billion/year on energy Every dollar saved is income that can
benefit your school31
Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?
2. MONEY Annual electricity cost per building type:
Educational facilities are some of the most expensive to operate when you compare them to other commercial buildings.
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Education Food Sales
Food Service
Lodging Retail (other than mall)
Office Religious Worship
$21,100 $20,900 $17,400 $37,100 $11,600 $20,700 $4,400
What is energy efficiency?
Energy efficiency means…
using less energy to accomplish the same task, such as heating or lighting a building.
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Energy Efficiency- Energy efficiency: the ratio of how much useful work
we can get out of any system to how much energy goes in.
- The human body, for example, converts about 5-15% of the chemical energy we consume as food into useful work.
- Thus our bodies are about 5-15% energy efficient.
energy in(gasoline)
useful energy out
(work)
Waste energy out (heat)
Efficiency= of engine 34
Electricity: Easy to Use, Easy to Waste
Electricity is a widely used energy input – flip a switch and something turns on.
It’s also easy to waste – you can leave a lamp or computer and forget that it’s on.
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Measuring Energy POWER = Watts (W) and kilowatts (kW)
Instantaneous reading
ENERGY = Watt-hours (Wh) and kilowatt-hours (kWh) Usage over time
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More about Watts, Kilowatts, and Kilowatt-Hours Most electrical devices have a label that says how many watts they use at any given point OR you can use a watt meter to find the watts
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) are the unit your power company uses to charge for electricity.
Using the wattage, we can calculate how many kW the device uses and then how much energy in kWh it will use over time.
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Figuring Kilowatt-hoursFOUR EASY STEPS:
1. Find wattage the device
2. Divide by 1,000 to get kilowatts (kW).
3. Estimate how many hours the device is used
4. Multiply hours of use by kilowatts (kW) to determine kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Here’s the formula:
kWh use of hours 1,000
Watts
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1
2
4 3
Kilowatt-hours (kWh)
We pay for electricity based on the number of kilowatts (or 1,000 watts) used per hour
The power company bills you in cents per kilowatt-hour
How many cents do you think schools in DC pay/kWh?
15.21cents, or $0.1521
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Energy and PowerFor example, a device requiring one watt of power to run will use one watt-hour (Wh) during one hour…and 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) over a thousand hours.
(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use ofhour 1 x watts1000
(kwh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 10 x watts100
(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 100 x watts10
(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 1,000 watt x 1
(Wh)hour - watt1 use ofhour 1 1
watt
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Using kWh to Figure Yearly Costs Estimate the number of hours the device will be
used during a year. Multiply this by the power (kW) rating of the device.
Multiply the result by the charge from the utility per kWh.
Here’s the formula:
costyearly kWh per cost year per kWh
:simply year,per kWh knowalready you if OR,
costyearly kWh per cost year per use of hours 1,000
Watts
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Question
About how much money does Wilson High School pay for electricity each month?- $19,640.95 (average from Oct ‘07 – Aug ’09)
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Light Bulb Experiment
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LIGHT EXPERIMENT
Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb
Measured Wattage
Light Output
Temperature
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Financial: How much $ can ONE bulb save?
Convincing people to pay more up front to buy CFLs
Life-cycle cost calculation
Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb
Total cost/year:
Savings/year: n/a
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Environmental: How much CO2 can ONE bulb save?
• Carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels = largest contributor to global warming• In DC:
• CO2 = 1.139 lbs/kWh
• National Average:• CO2 = 1.329 lbs/kWh
Calculate CO2 emissions for an incandescent bulb and CFL in a year:
Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb
kWh/year:
Total CO2 emissions:46
Conclusions Which bulb is more efficient at producing
light? How do you know?
- They do the same JOB – same number of footcandle output
- CFL does it using LESS energy
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Conclusions The “expensive” bulb is really much cheaper
when you factor in energy costs Using less energy also means less CO2
emissions
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Questions?
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5 minute break
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What Is an Energy Audit? Provides a “snapshot” of how energy is currently
being used in the facility. Identifies the energy and cost savings to be
achieved by changing the way energy is used in a building or group of buildings.
They reveal the ways a home, school, or other facility AND the people in it can save energy.
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SEAT ENERGY AUDIT You will be doing some of the same
activities that are done in a full audit: 1. Data Gathering & Analysis2. Energy Plan: Recommendations
for Changes and Savings Analysis3. Project Report
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Brainstorm:
Where should you focus your energy saving efforts?
What activities will save the most energy? What things in schools use the most
electricity? What are the best ways to save energy in
schools?
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How electricity is used in schools nationwide:
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Auditing a School1. Lighting
2. Behavior patterns
3. Plug loads
4. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC)
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1. LIGHTING Often a large portion of electricity use (~30%)
and one of the most controllable The cost of ENERGY represents about 90%
of the cost of light over the life of a lamp.- (As we learned in the light bulb experiment)
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1. LIGHTING: Factors to Consider
A. Light level requirements vs. current level
B. Type of lighting technology
C. Ballast type
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1a. Light levels Every task has an associated recommended
lighting level Illuminance is measured in footcandles (fc)
- Illuminance = how much a light source illuminates an area
- Footcandle = the light from one candle held one foot away
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1a. Light LevelsFactors That Determine
Appropriate Light Levels Type of activity Age of occupants Length of time at task Contrast / Surroundings Expert recommendations/
standards User expectations/ existing lighting
they’re accustomed to 59
1a. Light levelsActivity Type Footcandles Area Type How Measured
Public Spaces 2 – 5 Foyer/entry way
General lighting average throughout
the space
Simple Orientation 5 – 10 Hallway
Working Spaces, occasional visual tasks
10 – 20 Lobby
Visual Tasks; high contrast, or large size
20 – 50 Lecture
Measured on the surface/area where
task is being performed
Visual Tasks; medium contrast, or small size
50 – 100 Writing/reading
Visual Tasks; low contrast, or very small size
100 – 200 Sewing, woodwork, surgery, etc.
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1a. Light Meter Shows how much light is in an area A light meter measures the illuminance
of a given area or work surface in footcandles Two ways to measure:
- Take light meter readings in representative areas of the room and average
- OR for task-specific places, put on the surface where you need light
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1b. Lighting Technologies Screw-in light bulbs Basic light source Used in lamps
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1b. Incandescent vs. CFL
Incandescent Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
WATTAGE
100 23 - 28 13
75 18 - 22 10
60 13 - 18 7
40 8 – 10 5
LIFETIME 1,000 6,000 50,000
BULB COST ~$0.75 ~$5.00 ~$50-$100
With incandescent bulbs, up to 90% of electricity is wasted as heat instead of light
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1b. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps
Very efficient, long lasting lighting technology Commonly used in illuminated exit signs,
digital displays, traffic signals, holiday decorative lights
Still expensive and not common in overhead lighting applications
Can signal “phantom loads” – more on that later
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1b. Lighting Technologies
Fluorescent Tube Lamps
There are many different types and sizes of fluorescent lamps.
Can be “U” shaped, circular, or straight Used in overhead fixtures in schools, stores,
offices, and industrial plants.
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1b. T12 vs. T8 Fluorescent Lamps
Tube-shaped fluorescents come in different lengths and diameters.
T5s and T8s can be used to replace T12s and save energy.
Number refers to 8ths of an inch- T12 1.5” diameter- T8 1” diameter- T5 5/8” diameter
T8
T12
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1b. T12 vs. T8 Fluorescent Lamps
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Lamp Type
Diameter Typical Wattage
Average Life Cost/lamp
T12 1.5” 40 watts 20,000 hours $2.00
T8 1” 32 watts 24,000 hours $3.50
T5 5/8” 28 watts 30,000 hours $11.00
• Number refers to how many 8ths of an inch in diameter
• T12 1.5” diameter• T8 1” diameter • T5 5/8” diameter
1b. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Four types Used mainly for street lighting or industrial
uses, common in gymnasiums Use a specific ballast so not easily replaced
by a different bulb type
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1b. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Lamp Type Picture Application Wattage Range
Notes
Mercury Vapor Lamps
Industrial applications; outdoor lighting
40 – 1,000 Long life (16,000 – 24,000 hrs)
Metal Halide Lamps
Industrial applications; outdoor lighting
175 – 1,650, orcompact = 32 - 250
Similar to mercury, but 1.5-2x more efficient
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps
Street/ outdoor lighting, industrial plants, commercial/ institutional
35 – 1,000 Highest lamp efficiency of all commonly used indoors
Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps
Street/highway lighting; outdoor areas/security lighting; warehouses
18 – 180 Most efficient of all, but reds, blues & other colors look gray or yellow
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1c. What are Ballasts? Fluorescent and high-intensity discharge
(HID) lamps require ballasts. Ballasts help these lamps start up, and
regulate light output by maintaining normal operating current and voltage.
Ballasts consume some energy – typically about 10% of the total used by the fixture
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1c. Two Main Ballast Types
There are two main types of ballasts for fluorescent tubes: Magnetic and Electronic
Ballast Type Notes Comfort Efficiency
MAGNETIC Older technology, not very efficient
Can produce a flicker and noise
ELECTRONIC Newer and today don’t cost much more than magnetic
Produce little-to-no flicker; lighter, cooler, less noisy
Use about 3 to 8 watts less per ballast than magnetic
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1c. Flicker Checker Tests fluorescent lights to determine
whether they have magnetic or electronic ballasts.
Detects “flicker” in lights Checker pattern = magnetic Smooth circles = electronic
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Lighting Levels Worksheet
Find if the room is over lit, - i.e. can we eliminate bulbs or replace bulbs with
more energy efficient ones?
- What behavior changes would help save energy in this room?
Calculate cost of lighting in room Determine ballast type
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LIGHTING Recommendations
How do you save energy used by lighting?- Conserve
• Behavior – turn off lights• Set timers/sensors if present; inside and outside/parking lots
- Improve/reduce light levels• Delamp (remove lamps from fixtures)• Use daylighting and turn off lights• Use bulbs with more appropriate (less) wattage/light output• Clean or replace dirty or warped fixture covers
- Switch to more efficient lighting• Swap incandescents for CFLs• Suggest T8s for T12s• Upgrade ballasts from magnetic to electronic 74
Questions?
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Lunch
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2. BEHAVIOR Changes One of the easiest ways to save
energy is to reduce the amount of electricity we use - CONSERVE
Start with appliances, lights, and other daily used devices
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2. Behavior Makes a Difference…
Some simple energy behavior rules: Turn it off Turn it down Take it out Unplug it Use available daylight
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…and so does Awareness
The US Department of Energy reports that simply raising awareness at a school about saving energy can save between 1 - 3% – without spending any money on efficient new equipment.
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2. Energy Bills: Demand Charge WHEN you use things can matter as much to
your energy bill as HOW MUCH you use This is called a demand charge When everyone uses energy at the same time, it
costs more for the utility to produce, causing PEAK DEMAND and higher costs
Brainstorm: When does peak demand occur? How could you avoid getting peak demand charges?
2. Behavior tracking BRAINSTORM: what activities could you
carry out to track energy behavior patterns? What could you do to encourage energy
saving behaviors/deter waste?
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Questions?
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3.PLUG LOADS Receive electrical power
through a cord plugged into an outlet.
Include computers, copiers, refrigerators, vending machines and more.
Some are very inefficient.
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3. PLUG LOADS: Factors to consider
A. Phantom loads
B. Efficient models/Energy Star
C. Efficient usage
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3a. Phantom Loads Many appliances suck up energy even when they
are supposedly turned “off” 75% of the electricity that powers home
electronics is consumed while these devices are turned off!
Look for things with remote controls, small LED lights, that give off heat BRAINSTORM:
- What items do you suspect to have phantom loads?
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3a. Phantom Loads Can be eliminated by unplugging the
device OR use a power strip to plug in multiple
devices and flip the switch to power them all down simultaneously
If you can’t turn off the computer – what about the monitor? Printer? Speakers? - (The monitor uses about 2/3 the
power of the computer)
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3b. Efficiency/Energy Star Save by reducing wattage
Most appliances have steadily gained efficiency over the years
Look for the Energy Star label - Incorporate advanced
technologies that use 10–50% less energy and water than standard models
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kWh use of hours 1,000
Watts
3b. Refrigerator Example Today’s new
refrigerators use 75% less energy than in 1973
From 1972 to 2003:- Energy Use
down 74 %
- Capacity up 29%
- Price down 64 %Source: Graphic -- Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program
Statistics – Art Rosenfeld (CEC) and David Goldstein (NRDC)
3c. Efficient Usage Save by reducing the time that it is in
operation
Behavior changes to turn off appliances when not in use
Can also use more efficiently: - Fully load dishwasher before running- Don’t prop refrigerator door open/set to a medium
temperature
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kWh use of hours 1,000
Watts
3c. Efficient Usage
This first thing to remember is: if you can, turn it off and unplug it.
For example, the average computer is used for only a few hours a day, but is usually left on for a much longer time.
If you can’t turn off the computer – what about the monitor? Printer? Speakers? - (The monitor uses about 2/3 the power of the
computer)90
3c. Watt Meter Shows how much power an appliance is using Measures in watts Energy is billed in kilowatt hours (1000 watts) SAFETY: Remove from the wall/appliances
carefully USE: Always make sure you are
measuring Watts by pressing that
button once and reading the unit
displayed 91
Wattage Activity• What are 4 things in the room that we can
plug into the watt meter and find the wattage of?
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3. PLUG LOAD Recommendations
How do you save energy used by plug loads?- Unplug it
• Or plug everything into a power strip and switch that off
- Turn it off• Or turn off all auxiliary items (printer, speakers, etc)
- Remove unnecessary appliances What devices do you think are the biggest energy
users in a school?- Refrigerators/cafeteria equipment, computers (use
less but lots), copy machines93
Questions?
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4. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and AC)
Often the biggest use of energy in any “conditioned” building
Often powered by natural gas or oil as opposed to electricity
Can be difficult to control as a building user, but still possible to influence
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4. Investigate HVAC Thermostat
- Can set a few degrees warmer/cooler Obvious drafts
- “Weatherize” – seal drafty windows/doors Time of use
- Make sure unoccupied building isn’t being heated/cooled Window coverings
- Close drapes/blinds at night in winter to keep heat out, open during day to let sun in; opposite in summer
Natural ventilation/insulation- Open windows instead of turning on heater; dress warmer
in cold weather 96
4. Temperature Gun Shows the surface temperature of objects Measures in DEGREES FARENHEIT Useful because usually the hotter
objects are, the more
electricity they are using Also useful to see window temp
to check insulation of school SAFETY: Don’t point at people
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4. Humidity/Temperature Pen
Shows the air temperature and humidity of the room
Typical comfortable humidity levels range from about 35-50%
Measures in DEGREES FARENHEIT, and PERCENT HUMIDITY
Use when taking the temp of a space vs. the surface temp of an object
USE: Hold away from your body so it doesn’t take your temperature
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4. HVAC Recommendations How do you help keep the school at its
desired temperature?- Thermostats
• Lower thermostat settings to 70°F in the winter, and raise them to 78°F in the summer.
• Keep heat/cold producing things away from thermostats
• Turn off lights when not needed. Their heat makes your cooling system work harder in the summer and is an expensive way to heat a room in the winter.
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4. HVAC Recommendations- Natural ventilation/insulation
• During cold weather, open window draperies and blinds on sunny days to let the daylight in and warm rooms. At night, close the draperies to conserve heat. During the summer, close draperies during the day to keep heat out and open at night to cool the building.
• Dress warmly in winter and wear light clothing during the summer.
• Keep doors/windows closed and sealed in winter; open in nice weather
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4. HVAC Recommendations- Turn it off
• Eliminate unnecessary heating or cooling when the building is unoccupied.
• Turn the heating and cooling system off at night and over the weekends and holidays.
• Do not heat or cool unused office space, storage rooms, closets and other unoccupied spaces. Close duct registers in these areas.
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Building tour – what to look for?
Use checklist to assess energy use in the school
Determine areas of probable energy waste Go back with tools later to find wattage/light
levels/etc and calculate saving potential
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Brainstorm
• How are you going to save energy?How to convince others to save energyLightingEfficiencyNeedless appliancesTemperatureWeatherization
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Brainstorm•Who will you tell?- Who can help you implement your recommendations?- How will you present the information so that they care?- People at the school- People at the district- Parents/community members- Other students and friends 104
Brainstorm
•How are you going to move forward with this?Meeting timesAuditing the rest of the schoolOrganizationCommunicationStudent roles to distribute tasksCommunity impactOutreach
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Thank you!
Supplemental Questions
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