struvite and calcium oxalate jessica clemans,...
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Struvite and Calcium Oxalate
Jessica Clemans, DVM, ISU VMC
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Lith= stone
Organized concretions
Organic Matrix: proteins, Gag’s
DSB
Inorganic Mineral (crystals) lattice
Casts, epi cells, heterogenous, suture
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Why Stones Count
Recurrence
About 50%
Months to years
Infection
Can lead to inability
to clear infection
Kidney failure
Sepsis
Result in kidney loss
Obstruction
Chronic Renal
Insufficiency
Acute Renal Failure
Strictures
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Identify the Stone
Stones are not all equal
Struvite
Calcium Oxalate
Cystine
Urate
Silica
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After Identification
Water
Diet- emphasis
Other
Monitoring
If you cannot remove the stones
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The Key: Water
Goal= Decrease
concentration
Many reasons why
Dry food vs canned
Water dishes
Fountains
Ice cubes
Bottled vs. other
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Medical dissolution
○ Struvite, xanthine/urate, cystine
○ Diet
Specific gravity
Low purines for Urates, also alkalinize
- no fish or glands
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Dietary
Prescription formulas
Science Diet Hills
Purina
Waltham
Must fit the stone
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Diets, preventions
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Struvite stones
○ Culture
Complicated UTI schedule
Struvite will release new Bacteria
Treat for 1 month after radiographic resolution
Treat long term
4 total cultures
Antibiotics
○ 5-6 weeks
○ Or 2 weeks past x-ray changes
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Struvite Diets
Hill’s Science Diet c/d, w/d, s/d
Royal Canin
Urinary SO, SO13, Control Formula
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Basics of Struvite diets
Low magnesium
Low phosphorous
Low protein
Low sodium
Dilute urine
pH goal
6.2-6.4
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Hill’s Science Diet c/d
Goal Concerns &
contraindications
Monitor urine pH
Should be neutral
Hyperlipidemia
Pancreatitis
Current and history
Non-struvite crystaluria
Pregnant or nursing dog
Puppies
Obesity concerns
w/d similar, better long term
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Hill’s Science Diet w/d
Goal Contraindications
High fiber better for
those with elevated lipids
Has low magnesium and
phosphorous
Already urine acidifying
Monitor urine pH and
urinalysis
CaOx?
Alkaline= new infection
Same life stages
Concurrent use of
urinary acidifiers
Low weight
Debilitated
Dehydration
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Hill’s Science Diet s/d
Acute therapy for
dissolution of
struvite
Not meant for long
term
CaOx
Lowest protein
Acidifying
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Hill’s Science Diet s/d
Monthly Monitoring
PE
CBC
Serum chemistry
cPLI and triglycerides
Urinalysis
Same life stages
First 1-2 weeks after
surgery
Urinary acidifiers on
board
Use no longer than
6 mo
Stones that are not
struvite
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Hill’s Science Diet s/d
Many more “No’s”
Heart
Kidney
Hypertension
Liver
Hyperlipidemia
Pancreatitis
Obese
Older than 7 yrs
Other disease
Steroid administration http://www.hillspet.com/products/prescription-diet/pd-canine-sd-canine-
canned.html. 4.8.10
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Diets, preventions
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Oxalate stones
Low calcium
Low protein
pH target: 7.1- 7.7
Hill’s Science Diet
u/d
Royal Canin
Urinary SO, SO 13
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Hill’s Science Diet u/d
Stone types
CaOx, urate, cystine
Changes of note
Urine dilute
Decreased BUN
Monitor 6 months
Serum chemistry
echocardiogram
Struvite stones
Low albumin
Protein depletion
possible if used long
term
Added carnitine and
taurine due to low
protein
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Royal Canin Urinary SO
Moderate acidic urine pH 5.5-6.0
High volume urine High moisture
Higher NaCl
Protein restricted
Low Magnesium
Calcium
oxalate
Struvite Dissolution or
prevention
Controversial diet for CaOx
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Contraindications for Both
Growing puppies
Pregnant and nursing
Hyperlipidemia
High triglycerides
Pancreatitis
History or risk
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Calcium
Human Food to Avoid
Meats:
salmon, bologna, sardines
Vegetables:
baked beans, broccoli, collards, lima beans,
spinach, tofu
Dairy
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Oxalate
What to Avoid
Meats: sardines
Vegetables: Asparagus, broccoli, celery, corn, cucumber,
egg plant, green beans, green peppers, lettuce, spinach, summer squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes
Fruits Apples, apricots, cherries, citrus peel,
orange, peach, pear, pineapple, tangerine
Various Peanuts, cornbread, soybean, pecan, wheat
germ, beer
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Supportive care for all
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Urine retention
Access to Outside
Back problems?
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Why Glucosamine?
Underlying defense for bladder surface
Can help normal urine proteins work
optimally
Proteins
Increased glucosamine = increase ability to
trap bacteria
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Antibiotics?
When appropriate?
When “blind” antibiotics not good
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Antioxidants
Renal protectant
Omega 3’s
Fish oil
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The Acidifiers
Acidifying diets
Chronic metabolic acidosis
Cranberry
Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid
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Changing urine to basic
Potassium Citrate
Binds Ca
Changes pH
○ Less Ca in urine
Science Diet ud
Supplemented already
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Underlying Causes
High calcium- idiopathic vs other
Liver disease
Causes of increase UTI risk Diabetes mellitus
Hyperadrenocroticism/Cushing’s
Kidney disease
Structural abnormalities
Immune-suppression
Low phosphorous
Vitamin Deficiency?
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Treatments Predisposing
Furosemide
Prednisone/prednisolone
Steroids
Vitamin D
Urine acidifiers
Increase calcium in urine
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Vitamin B6
Dogs with CaOx deficient
Miniature Schnauzers
Bichon Frise dogs
All others so far tested
○ current stones
○ Brussels Griffon
○ Welsh Corgi
○ Mixed breed
○ Maltese
○ Toy Poodle
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Vitamin B6
Other vitamin B’s
A small number tested: B 12
Supplement?
Not without documented deficiency
Not without ability to monitor
○ Too early to tell if effective
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Life After Urinary Stones
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Assuming Removal has Occurred
Recheck
Urinalysis Sp gr
3-4 months
Abdominal radiographs 4-6 months
Exceptions: whenever clinical signs occur
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Options for difficult situations
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Removal Not Possible
Recheck schedule
4-6 months
Culture urine every 6
months
○ Treat appropriately
Renal panel
Clinical signs= do
sooner
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Take homes for all
Water intake
Increased intake= increased output
○ Less chance for formation
pH of urine
7.0
Monitor for complications
Infections
Obstruction
Polyps
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References
Appel, S.L., S. L. Lefebvre, D.M. Houston et. al. Evaluation o risk factors associated with suture-nidus cystoliths in dogs and cats: 176 cases (1999-2006). JAVMA 2008; 233 (12): 1889-1895.
Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Product guide. St. Charles, MO. 2005. pg 68-69.
Hand, M and B. Novotny. 2002. Small animal Clinical Nutrition: canine urolithiasis. Pages 636-644.
Osborne, C. and J. Lulich. 2009. Changing paradigms in the frequency and management of canine compound uroliths. Veterinary Clinics of North America. 39 (1):41-54
Osborne, C. and J. Lulich. 2009. Veterinary Clinics of North America. 39 (1): 65-92.
Osborne, C., J. Lulich, J. Kruger, et al. Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from the Minnesota Urolith Center. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice. 2009; 39 (1):184-197.