structures unit 5
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Forces are anything that can deform a body
(static effect) or change its movement
(dynamic effect).
Examples are gravity (weight), forces that move
mechanisms or machines, pressures of fluids,
(gases, steam, water, wind).
3Static Dynamic
![Page 3: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Load is a force that acts on a structure.
There are two types:
Permanent load.
Variable load.
4
![Page 4: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Loads that cause internal tensions
![Page 5: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
![Page 6: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Image Structure Effort
A Cable Traction
B Shock absorber Compression
C Rope guide Traction
AB
C
1
![Page 7: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
D
E
Image Structure Effort
D Column Compression
E Bridge Flexion/Bending
2
![Page 8: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Image Structure Effort
F Nut Torsion
G Rivet Shear
FG
1
![Page 9: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Image Effort
1 Traction
2 Flexion/Bending
3 Compression
4 Flexion/Bending
5 Compression
6 Traction
1
![Page 10: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
A structure is the set of elements in an object that
support the effects of the forces that act on it and
transmit them to the ground. The structure
prevents an object from breaking or becoming too
deformed.
![Page 12: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Natural
Artificial
4
![Page 13: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
The first structures were made of wood,
then man also used stone. Nowadays, we
use concrete and steel aluminum
![Page 14: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
When structures remain upright (steady) and not
tip over or fall down.
The centre of gravity (mass centre) should be
centered on the base and close to the ground; in
that case the structure is stable. (cardboard cdg
experiment)
5
![Page 15: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Ways to increase stability: (modeling experiment
at the same time)
Adding mass to its base and/or making the base bigger.
Burying its base underground.
Bracing it. Placing some cables (tie rods).
![Page 16: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Back
![Page 17: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Back
![Page 18: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
![Page 19: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
When structures resist stresses (forces) without
breaking. (experiment with sticks or sheets of
paper)
The type of material and the shape are very
important to determine its resistance.
Which situation is
more stable?
3
![Page 20: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Structures are rigid when they aren’t or are slightly
deformed when a force is applied.
The rigidity of a structure is based on triangulation.
6
![Page 21: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Great amount ofmaterial: rocks, stones,concrete, mortar.Support compression’sefforts & has very fewspaces.
Examples:Walls: Great China Wall
Pyramids
Ancient “Old” temples
Dams
Sea ports
![Page 22: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Massive structure
![Page 23: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Massive structure
![Page 24: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Massive structure
![Page 25: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Great amount ofmaterial: rocks, stones,concrete, mortar.Support compression’sefforts & has very fewspaces.
Examples:Ancient “Old” temples:
Greek & Roman
![Page 26: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Lintel structure
![Page 27: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Built with the arch.The repetition ofarcs are called vaults(Bóveda).Domes CúpulaExamples: cathedrals,Mosques, aqueducts,bridges.
![Page 28: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
sVaulted structure
![Page 29: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Vaulted structure
![Page 30: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Vaulted structure
![Page 31: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Vaulted structure
![Page 32: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Vaulted structure(Dome)
![Page 33: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Vaulted structure(Dome)
![Page 34: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Made from curved or bent sheets of
metal, plastic or composite materials.
They are used as shells for all types
of objects.
Shell structure or casing structures
![Page 35: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Rolled and plate structures
![Page 36: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Rolled and plate structures
![Page 37: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Rolled and plate structures
![Page 38: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Rolled and plate structures
Carton of juice, milk, etc
![Page 39: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Divided into:
Lattice
Triangulated
Suspended
Made fromprofiles tobuiltframework
![Page 40: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
They are used for
constructing majority of
buildings today.
Scaffolding.
Rigid elements made of wood, steel or
other metals, using cement, concrete or
reinforced concrete, forming a rigid grid.
![Page 41: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Lattice structure
Lattice structure
![Page 42: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Lattice structure
![Page 43: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Lattice structure
![Page 44: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
These structures
use metal bars forming
triangles (triangular
shapes).
Oil rig
![Page 45: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Triangulated
![Page 46: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
sTriangulatedCrane
![Page 47: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
TriangulatedPylon
![Page 48: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Based on the use of
cables, braces or tie
rods.
They are used in
bridges and to cover
stadiums and sports
facilities.
![Page 49: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Suspended
![Page 50: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
sSuspended
![Page 51: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Suspended
![Page 52: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
sSuspended
![Page 53: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
It contains compressed air inside.
It's light and can be dismantled.
Bouncing House
![Page 54: Structures unit 5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022419/587251ac1a28ab852f8b73a7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Contains three-dimensional triangulated bars and combines
the properties of vaults and bar structures.