Sentence Connectors: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Presented by the 7th group:

Resna Suci Nurfalah

Mira Qurrotu’ain

Ade Irma Maryani

- Know what connector is- Know number of subordinating conjunctions- Combine sentences accurately using appropriate subordinating conjunctions- Write sentences using correct subordinating conjunctions- Analyse sentences consisting of subordinating conjunctions

Indicators

What is connector?

According to oxford dictionary, connector is a thingthat links two or more things together.

In the other words, for this case, in this material, wecan say that connector is the word you can use to connectideas, details, or clauses together in order to make one clearsentence.

What is subordinating conjunction?

Shields (2012: 3) said that a subordinating conjunction is aword which introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause andjoins it to an independent clause.Wallace Manual (1997: 229) said that one sentence is said tobe subordinate to another when it depends upon the other,that is, forms part of its construction, doing the work of a noun,adjective, or adverb.

Function of subordinating conjunctions

1. To provide a necessary transition between the two ideas in thesentence.This transition will indicate a time, cause and effect, contrast, andcondition relationship (Azar, 2010:119).Here are some examples:- He went to bed because he was sleepy.- When Juana arrived for class, the test had already started.

Function of subordinating conjunctions

2. To reduce the importance of one clause so that a readerunderstands which of the two ideas is more important. The moreimportant idea belongs in the main clause, the less important in theclause introduced by the subordinate conjunction.- Ronnie begins to sneeze violently whenever he opens the door togreet a fresh spring day.- As Samson blew out the birthday candles atop the cake, heburned the tip of his nose on a stubborn flame.

Main clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence,while the sub clause is a clause that can’t stand alone as asentence.The sub clause depends on main clause.Using subordinate conjunction, we can make two kinds ofsetences: complex sentence and compound complex sentence.- Although my job is very interesting, it doesn’t pay very well.- Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and Ihaven't found anyone to go with.

Do you remember?

If the main clause is placed in the beginning of the sentence,don’t put the a comma after it.Tiffany goes shopping when life gets stressful.

If the sub clause is palced in the beginning of the sentence, puta comma after it.When life gets stressful, Tiffany goes shopping.

Remember!

Number of subordinating conjunctions

According to Manual (1997: 229).The chief modes of subordinate are 9 in number:

1. Apposition;He made a promise that he would soon return.

2. Causation;I will do this because/as/since you desire it.

3. Effect;He talked so much that he made himself hoarse.

4. Purpose;Men work that they may earn a living.

5. Condition;I will do this if I am allowed (=unless I am prevented).6. Contrast;He was a contented man although he was poor.7. Comparison;She is more beautiful than I am.8. Time;He returned home after he had finished work.9.Place.We looked on top of the refrigerator where Jenny will

often hide a bag of chocolate chip cookies.

To make it simple, according to Azar (2010:119) inUnderstanding & Using English Grammar, and Manual (1997:229) in Modern English for Today’s Learning, we can divide thecommon subordinate conjunctions into some categories.

1. Time: when, before, after, until, as soon as, since, as long as, by the time ,whenever, every time, untill, till.2. Reason: because, since3. Contrast: although, even though, while, whereas.4. Condition: if, unless, even if 5. Place: where, wherever

1. Punctuation: placing comma, full stop.2. Combining or writing sentences using inappropriate subordinating

conjunctions.3. Combining or writing sentences using double conjunctions.

Common mistakes

1. He went to bed, because he was sleepy.2. Because he was sleepy he went to bed.3. He went to bed. Because he was sleepy.4. Because they always study hard, they got D in structure test.5. Although they always study hard, but they got D in structure test.

any question?

Practice 1In each sentence below, underline the subordinateclause. Then, add or delete punctuation as necessary.(not all sentences contain a subordinate clause)

1. When, Spencer picked up the silver cuff links he knewhe was going to steal them.

2. It would not be easy, because a clerk was standing inthe aisle and convex mirrors hung in the corners near theceiling.

3. As the man behind the counter turned, to answer thephone Spencer pushed the cuff links into his pocket.

4. The man hung up the phone, and smiled at Spencer.

5. “Although I really like these they’re awfully expensive,”Spencer said.

Practice 2Place an appropriate subordinating conjunction in frontof one of the independent clauses in each sentence. Donot create a compound sentence with a coordinatingconjunction. In this part, you should select the mainidea for the independent clause and create adependent clause for the subordinate idea.

1. Algebra is offered only in the mornings. English isoffered at night.2. The course was excellent. Dr. Dawson taught it.3. We could see very clearly last night. The moon was sobright.4. It is cold outside. The joggers are wearing shorts.5. Jonathan breaks out in a rash. Ragweed blooms in thebackyard.

Practice 3

1. Builders use plywood in the construction of small boats ….. it is easy to shape.

a. although

b. because

c. after

d. while

2. I haven’t spoken with Jane ….. she moved.

a. unless

b. while

c. since

d. although

3. Airplanes sometimes fly to unscheduled cities ….. the weather is bad.

a. when

b. where

c. wherever

d. whereas

Choose the right answer.

Practice 3

Choose the right answer.4. Everybody had dessert ….. they finished eating the main course.

• while

• because

• until

• After

5. The pep rally won’t begin ….. the last class of the day has ended.

• until

• so that

• when

• than

6. Elena will groom the horse in the morning ….. she can ride it in the afternoon.

• until

• unless

• so that

• when