Structure of the Skeletal System

Learning Outcomes:

Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: Structure: All bones and their classification and use applied to

performance in physical activities and sports

Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)

Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)

Cranium

Sternum

Ribs

Pelvis

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Femur

Patella (knee cap)

Tibia

Fibula

Clavicle

Skeletal System Structure: Look, cover, write, check

Scapula

Vertebral column

Skeletal System Structure

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Foot

Hand

CarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges

It is made up of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae.

Between each vertebra there is a pad of cartilage which allows movement and prevents friction.

The vertebrae protects the spinal cord.

The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections.

The vertebral column

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEXASYF5xZc1.36 onwards

Exam Questions:

4.Name the bones of the upper and lower arm? (3)

5.Name the anatomical name for the following bones (5)

a) Skull

b) Knee cap

c) Collar Bone

d) Shoulder blade

e) Wrist

Practice it!

Exam Questions:

6. The following are regions or bones of the vertebral column.

Place these regions of the vertebral column in the order they appear after the bones Atlas and Axis. (4)

AtlasAxis1 ......................................... 2 ......................................... 3 ......................................... 4 .........................................

Practice it!

Thoracic Sacral AtlasLumbar Cervical Axis

Marks Scheme:

1. Humerus, Radius, Ulna

2. a) Cranium b) Patella c) Clavicle d) Scapula e) Carpals

3. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

Practice it!

Functions of the Skeleton

Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the skeletal system and its use in sport

Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: The functions of the skeleton applied to performance in physical activities and

sports: protection of vital organs; muscle attachment; joints for movement; platelets; red and white blood cell production; storage of calcium and phosphorus

The role of ligaments and tendons, and their relevance to participation in physical activity and sport

Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)

Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion-giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)

The skeleton performs many functions in the body:SkeletonMakesPeople Bend

Muscle Attachment/Movement

2. Muscles are attached to the bones and move them creating levers.

3. Joints allow movement

Protection of vital organs

1. The skeleton protects delicate parts of the body like the brain.

Functions of the skeleton

Blood cell production –

4. blood cells are made in the bone marrow

* platelets

* red and white blood cells.

Storage–

5. calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones

(Copy into your text book)

Some of our body parts, such as the brain, are very delicate and need protection.

Bones can protect body parts from impactand injuries.

Protection

• 1. What vital organ does the Craniumprotect?

Answer:

• 2. What vital organ does the Rib Cageprotect?

Answer:

Muscles are firmly attached to bones forming levers which create sporting movements.

Muscle Attachment/Movement and joints

Long bones and other bones including the ribs, humerus, femur and vertebrae bones, contain red bone marrow.

This is where red blood cells are producedwhich carry oxygen and

Blood cell production

Storage of Calcium and Phosphorus Key Information!

White blood cells to combat illness and disease

Platelets for clotting and healing.

Whiteboards:

Recall the functions of the skeleton”1.2.

a. b.

3.4.

Give an example from sport for each

Application of Knowledge: Functions of the Skeleton

Functions of the skeleton: Copy the table below and then watch the video clips and complete the table.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSy9XpKr21U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wLoOodR3U0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMgjSU-Gc6o

Task:

Create a table identifying all functions (listed from earlier), giving examples of the relevance of each function to the sport.

Function Example in sport Relevance to sport

Connective tissues: TLC

Tendonsconnect

muscles to bones.

Ligamentsare tough,

elastic fibres that link bones to bones.

Cartilageprevents the ends of bones rubbing

together at joints.

There are 3 types of connective tissue:

Task: Copy the information from the slide into your textbook: Look, cover say, check

Starter (homework): Test (in the back of your learning book)

Name the 18 bones of the human bodyCranium, Clavicle, Scapula, Sternum, RibsHumerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, MetacarpalsPelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Name the 5 regions of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each region.Thoracic (7)Cervical (12)Lumbar (5)Sacrum (5)Coccyx (4)

State the 4 functions of the skeletal system ProtectionMovement- joints and sites for muscle attachmentBlood production- red blood cels, white blood cells & plateletsStorage- calcium & phosphorus

Classification of Bones

Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the skeletal system

and its use in sport

Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: Classification of bones: long (leverage); short (weight bearing); flat (protection,

broad surface for muscle attachment); irregular (protection and muscle attachment

Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example) Identify examples from sport when each bone classification is used.

Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion-giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)

Bones are divided into a number of different categories which have different roles in the body.

Long bones have a long shaft and are responsible for different types of movement. Sporting actions are created by long bones through levers.

1. Long bones

Classification of bones

Long bones can be any size; they include the femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges.

Flat bones perform a number of functions.

2. Flat bones

1. Protection for delicate areas.

i.e. the cranium protects the brain.

2. Provides a broad surface area for muscle attachment.

i.e. muscles in the back attach to the pelvis.

Short bones are light, small and very strong. The primary function is to support the weight of the body.

The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones.

Carpals

3. Short bones

Irregular bones are specially shaped to perform a particular function.

4. Irregular bones

Examples include the patella and the vertebrae.

These functions include:

1. Protection

2. Muscle attachment

Patella

Femur

Tibia Fibula

Classification of Bones Flat Bones (Provide Protection and muscle attachment):

Ribs, Scapula, Cranium, Sternum, Clavicle, Pelvis

Irregular Bones (Provide Protection and muscle attachment)

Vertebrae & patella

Long Bones (Provide Levers for movement and blood cell production)

Phalanges, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna

Short Bones (Provide weight bearing)

Tarsals, Carpals

Tasks:1. Copy the notes from this slide

1. Look, cover, say, check

1. Watch the video clip and identify the functions. http://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/boxing/10791381/highlights-bellew-v-haye

1. For each classification give two examples from sport when the relevant type of bone is used. Identify the name of the bone and a specific example from sport.

E.g. Complete two class exemplars

Exam questions

1. List three major types of bones, found in the human skeleton.(3)

(i)Irregular(ii)___________________ (iii)___________________(iv)___________________

2. Except for the femur, provide the names of two other bones in the leg that are classified as long bones. (2)

a) _______________________b) _______________________

Practice it!

Exam questions3. The humerus is a long bone. Which of the following statements correctly identifies a function of the humerus and its associated advantage to the performer in the statement? (1)

A a hockey player can reach further to hit the ball as the humerus is a long bone

B a footballer can kick the ball harder due to the length of the humerus

C the humerus acts as a lever so a hockey player can apply more force to the ball

D the humerus protects the footballer from injury.

Practice it!

Mark Scheme:

1. Short, Long, Flat

2. Tibia, Fibula

3. C

Practice it!

Movement possibilities at joints

Learning Outcomes:

Identify the movement possibilities at joints dependent on joint classification:

Identify examples of physical activity and sporting skills, and techniques that utilise these movements

Success Criteria:

For each of the above LO you will…

• Acquire knowledge and understanding (memorise content)

• Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)

• Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)

1. Flexion and Extension

FLEXION – Decreasing the angle at a joint. (Bending the joint)

EXTENSION -Increasing the angle at a joint. (Straightening the joint)

Joint Movements

2. Abduction and Adduction

Abduction and Adduction is determined from the ‘MIDLINE’ of the body.

Joint Movements

ABDUCTION –Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body

ADDUCTION –Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body.

REMEMBER: Adduction is to ADDtowards the midline.

REMEMBER: Abduction is to TAKE AWAY from the midline.

Joint Movements

3. Rotation/Circumduction

The joint moves in a circular motion. e.g. Service action or bowling action.

Joint Movements

4. Planter-Flexion and Dorsi-Flexion

Joint Movements

Dorsi-flexion –The action of pulling toes towards the body.

Planter-flexion –The action of pointing toes away from the body.

Complete the following Task

Title: Joint MovementsFor each movement term…• State the name of the movement• Record the definition of the term

Flexion (bend)Extension (point, make longer)Adduction (think maths +)Abduction (Abduct= to take)RotationCircumductionPlanter-flexion (P=point)Dorsi Flexion (opposite to planter)

Look, cover, say, check memory activity

ActivitySimon Says activity:• Movement from the anatomical starting position

Joint Classification

Learning Outcomes:

Identify the classification of joints: pivot, hinge, ball and socket and condyloid

State their impact on the range of possible movements

Success Criteria:

For each of the above LO you will…

• Acquire knowledge and understanding (memorise content)

• Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)

• Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)

DEFINITION:

“A joint is a place where two or more bones meet”.

Copy the definition

Classification of Joints

Joints are responsible for the huge range of movement that the body can produce.

Link it up- which component of fitness does this relate to?

1. Ball and socket joint - the rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end.

Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions. These are the most mobile joints in the body.

Examples found in the body: Shoulders and hips.

Classification of Joints Hip

2. Hinge joints - only allow forwards and backwardsmovement like the hinge on a door.

Classification of Joints

Examples found in the body: The knee, elbow and ankle.

3. The Pivot joint has a ring of bone that fits over a pivoting bone. Pivot joints allow rotation only.

Examples found in the body: The joint between the atlas and axis in the neck allows turning and nodding of the head.

Classification of Joints

Neck

4. Condyloid joints have an oval-shaped bone which fits into a similar shaped bone. They allow small movements in all directions.

Classification of Joints

Examples found in the body: Found between the carpals and metacarpals in the wrist.

Complete the following task:

For each joint…• Name the joint• Identify example(s) from the body• State all the movement possibilities (link to the previous section of work:

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, rotation / circumduction, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion.

Teacher assessment: Check in activity

Look, cover, say, check memory activity

Extension:• Identify two sporting examples in which each joint plays a key role- how does

it help the performer, be specific in your answer

Joint Classification

Homework: Revise the content from the lesson today in preparation for a test on Thursday

What movements occur during these action?

Apply it! What has stuck with you?

Cyclist

FLEXION – at the RIGHT knee joint

EXTENSION - at the LEFT knee joint

FLEXION – at the RIGHT hip joint as the leg raises

FLEXION – Slight Flexion at the elbows

FLEXION – Torso (body is bent forwards)

EXTENSION – at the knee joints

FLEXION – at the HIP JOINT of right leg

ADDUCTION – at the hip joint as the left leg is moving towards the central line of the body

ADDUCTION – Left arm

FLEXION – at left elbow

Footballer

ADDUCTION – of the arms

EXTENSION – at the knee joints

EXTENSION – at the elbows

Swimmer - Start

ROTATION – at the shoulder joint

EXTENSION – at elbow joints

ABDUCTION – of the arms

Butterfly Stroke

Starter Test

State the names of the bones in the body (18)Cranium, Clavicle, Scapula, Sternum, RibsHumerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, MetacarpalsPelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

State the functions of the skeletal system (5)ProtectionMovement x 2- Joints and muscle attachmentStorageBlood cell productionState the classifications of bones and their functions (4 & 7)LongShortFlatIrregularState the joints of the body, an example and the movement permitted (12: 4,4,4)PivotBall & SocketHingeCondyloidState the movement terms (the terms used to describe movement (8)Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction, Dorsi- Flexion and Plantar Flexion