structure of english the tense-aspect system.pptx

8/10/2019 Structure of English The Tense-Aspect System.pptx

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Relates

to time

Has to do

with the

internal

structure of

the actionoccurring at

any time


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SIMPLE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE

have + -en be + -ing have + -en be + -ing

PRESENT

write/writes has/have written am/is/are writing has/have been writing

walk/walks has/have walked am/is/are walking has/have been walking

PAST

wrote had written was/were writing had been writing

walked had walked was/were walking had been walking

FUTURE

will write will have written will be writing will have been writing

will walk will have walked will be walking will have been walking

T

e

n

s

e

s

Aspects


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Hirtle (1967) explains that

simple aspect refers to events

that are conceptualized ascomplete wholes.

The events are not presented as

allowing for further development.


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This aspect stands in contrast toprogressive aspect, which is

incomplete or imperfective.

Simple Present: Susan and Carl live

in Newark.

Present Progressive: Susan and Carl are

living in Newark.


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conveys immediate factuality(Lewis 1986)

a. Habitual actions in the present:I commuteto UP every day.

b. General timeless truths, such

as physical laws or customs:The sun risesin the East.


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c. With beand other stative verbs

to indicate states:

There isa large house in the

corner.

or even in the inception of

states:

Now, I understand.


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d. In the subordinate clauses of

time or condition when the

main clause contains a future-time verb:

If Dianpassesthe LET, shell

become a licensed teacher.


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e. Expresses future (when a

scheduled event is involved,

usually with a future-timeadverbial):

She hasa meeting this

afternoon.


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f. Present event/ action (usually

in sporting events or

demonstrations/ procedures ofsome sort):

Now I addthree eggs to the

mixture.


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g. Present speech acts (where theaction is accomplished in the

speaking of it):

I secondthe motion.

h. Conversational historical

present (used to refer to certain

past events in narration):So he stands up in the boat

and waves his arms to catch

our attention.


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also states facts. What the coremeaning of the past tense adds is

a sense of remoteness (Knowles

1979).

a. A definite single completed

event/action in the past:

Cara graduated from theCollege of Education last

year.


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b. Habitual or repeated action/event in the past:

It rained almost every day

last June.

c. An event with duration that

applied in the past with the

implication that it no longerapplies in the present:

George lived in Manila for

two years.


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d. With states in the past:Cheddar owed me a lot of

money.

e. Imaginative conditional in the

subordinate clause (referring to

present time):

If Benj regularly attendedclass, he wouldnt have

dropped the course.


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f. Social distancing:

Did you want to sit and talk

awhile?


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a. An action to take place at

some definite future time:

Val will graduate with the

degree BSE English in three

years.


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b. A future habitual action or

state:

After today, we will meet at

room PH 116 every Tuesday

and Friday.


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c. A situation that may obtain in the

present and will obtain in the

future but with some future

termination in sight (notice hereit is not the willthat suggests the

limitation on the event, but the

subordinate clause):

Eli will live in France until

she improves her French.


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d. In the main (result) clause of

future conditionals:

If you go, youllbesorry.


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The core meaning of the perfectis prior, and it is used in

relation to some other point in

time.

It also offers a retrospective

point of view on some past time

or future time.


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a. A situation that began at a priorpoint in time and continues in to

the present:

Fil has been a tutor since

2000.

b. An action occurring or not

occurring at an unspecified priortime that has current relevance:

I havealready seenthat movie.


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c. A very recently completed action(often with just):

Vangie has just married.

d. An action that occurred over a

prior time period and that is

completed at the moment of

speaking:The value of the peso has

droppedtremendously in the

last two years.


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e. With verbs in subordinate

clauses of time or condition:

May wont be satisfied until

she has finished her thesis.


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a. An action completed in the pastprior to some other past event or

time:

Carla hadalready leftbefore

Val could offer her a ride.

b. Imaginative conditional in the

subordinate clause (referring topast time):

If Benj had studied harder, he

would have passed the exam.


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a. A future action that will be

completed prior to a specific

future time:

Zanne will have finished all

this word processing by 5pm.


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b. A state of accomplishment that

will be completed in the future

prior to some other future time or

event:

After this semester, Prof.

Orillos will have taught for 20years.


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It portrays an event in a

way that allows for it tobe incomplete, or

somehow limited.


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a. Activity in progress:We are having a class right now.

b. Extended present (action willend and therefore lacks the

permanence of the simple

present tense):Lei is studying Language Teachingat the University of the

Philippines.


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c. A temporary situation:

Mina is living with her parents.

d. Repetition or iteration in a series of

similar ongoing actions:Leila isbusy encodingdocuments

in her room.

e. Expresses future (when event is

planned; usually with a future-time

adverbial):

Somebody is coming tomorrow.


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f. Emotional comment on present habit

(usually co-occurring with frequency

adverbs alwaysor forever):

He is always comingto school ontime. (approving)

Somebody isconsistently ruining

my day. (disapproving)

g. A change in progress:She is becoming more and more

like her mother.


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a. An action in progress at a specificpoint in time in the past:

Margarita was walking to school

at 8:30 this morning.

b. Past action simultaneous with some

other event that is usually started in

the simple past:

Bernice was sleeping when

somebody knocked at the door.


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c. Repetition or iteration of someongoing past action:

Gerbie was whining all day long.

d. Social distancing (which comes from

the past tense and the tentativeness

of the progressive aspect):

I was hoping you could kiss me

goodnight.


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a. An action that will be in progress ata specific time in the future:

Alla will be taking a test at 8am

tomorrow.

b. Duration of some specific future

action:

Florene will be working on her

thesis for the next three years.


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This aspect combines the

sense of prior of theperfect with the meaning of

incompleteness inherent

in the progressive aspect.


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a. A situation or habit that began in the

past (recent or distant) and that

continues up to the present:

Noel has been going out with Eli.

b. An action in progress that is not yet

completed:

Kathy has been readingthat book.


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c. A state that changes over time:

The students have been getting

better and better.

d. An evaluative comment on

something observed over time

triggered by current evidence:

Benj, youve been drinkingagain!


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a. An action or habit taking place

over a period of time in the past

prior to some other past event or

time:

Diana had been working hard,

so her doctor told her to take a

vacation.


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b. A past action in progress that

was interrupted by a more

recent past action:

My friends had been planning

to visit Cebu, but changed

their minds after receiving a

brochure on Boracay.


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c. An ongoing past action or state

that becomes satisfied by some

other event:

I had been wanting to leave for

Cambridge, so I was pleased

when I got the scholarship.


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Durative or habitual action that

is taking place in the present and

that will continue into the future

up until or through a specificfuture time:

On Christmas Eve we will have

been living in the same house

for 20 years.


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Verbs can be divided into four categories

based on their inherent lexical aspect

Vendler 1967).


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Activity Accomplishment Achievement State

Run

WalkSwim

Live

Study

Paint (a picture)

Make (a chair)Build (a house)

Write (a novel)

Grow up

Recognize (something)

Realize (something)Lose (something)

Find (something)

Win the race

Have

ContainSeem

Want

Like

Activities,

accomplishments, and

achievements all involve

changes of state.

Activity verbs are durative and

describe an ongoing action.

They each have an undefined

beginning and end point.

Accomplishment verbs, on the other hand, sharewith activity verbs their duration but each has a

well-defined end point, when the particular action

described in the verb-phrase isor is not

completed.

Achievement verbs also each have a

well-defined end point: however,

they have no duration. They are

punctual.

Stative verbs do notinvolve change. They

depict a stable situation

that is assumed to last

more or less indefinitely.


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The simple tenses can

express either specific orgeneral facts, events,

habits, and states.


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Activity verbs are not ascommonly used with perfect

aspect as some of the other

categories of verbs.

When they are used with

perfect aspect, they describe a

prior experience or activity:

I have run before.


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Accomplishmentand

achievementverbsgo easily

with perfect aspect and signal

prior events that arecompleted:

John Updike has writtenmany novels.


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Stative verbs with perfect

aspect signal a state that may

or may not have ended at thetime of speech:

I have owned a Toyota before1996.


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Activity verbs readily take the

progressive, which reinforces

the fact that the action hasduration:

Meg is washing her car.


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Accomplishment verbs also

take the progressive, but in this

case the progressive focuses

on progress toward a particularend that has not yet been

completed:

The contractors are building

the hospital.


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With achievement verbs,because they are punctual, the

progressive gives the meaning

of iteration:He is nodding his head in

agreement.

or inception of an event:Val is realizinghis mistake.


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Alternatively, by stretching out

the moment, the speaker can

place emphasis on the action

associated with the

achievement:

The plane is landing right on

schedule.


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Stative verbs do not normally

take the progressive because

of a fundamental semantic

conflict between grammatical

aspect that denotes a limited

duration and a lexical aspect

that expresses a stable state.


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However, the progressive can

occur with stative verbs to

achieve certain effects.

*I am knowing the answer.


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a. Intensify the emotion

expressed by the verb:

Im hating this assignment.

I hate this assignment.


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b. Indicate current behavior as

opposed to general description:

Hes being rude.

Hes rude.


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d. Show limited duration:

Are you understanding this?

e. Emphasize conscious

involvement:

What we are seeing is a red

dwarf star.


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f. Show vividness:

One night in the middle of

the night, Im hearing

dripping.

g. Express politeness:

Are you liking it?

(cf. Do you like it?)


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h. Mitigate criticism:

I like the first piano notes,

but Im not liking it where the

strings come in.(cf. but I do like it

i. Avoid imposition:

I was just wanting to inviteyou to a gathering

(answering machine message)


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With activity verbs, perfect

progressive aspect implies that

the action began in the past

and has duration at the present

time:Mike has been running for

two hours.

Or is iterative and/or habitual:

Mike has been running for

years.


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With accomplishment verbs,

the perfect progressive

indicates that the action hasbeen going on for some time

and is not yet complete:

They have been repairingthat bridge for months.


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With achievement verbs, the

perfect progressive aspect is a

bit strange if only one action is

intended, due to the fact thatachievement verbs are

punctual:

?Mike has been winning

that race for hours.


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But not if the achievement is

iterative:

Mike has been winning that

race for years.


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With stative verbs, perfect

progressive aspect often

appears to be more compatible

than progressive aspect alone:

?I am wanting to see you.

I have been wanting to see

you.


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The present is used for limited

action in progress, white the simple

present is more compatible withstates.


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This distinction is manifest in the

following ways:

a. Action happening at the moment

of speaking versus a habit:

Why are you wearing glasses?

Why do you wear glasses?moment of speechi.e., right now

habitual


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b. Temporary event versus

permanent situation:

Daisy is living with herparents.

Daisy lives with her parents.

temporaryuntil she gets a better

job

permanentbecause it costs her

too much to live alone


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c. Specific event versus general

situation:

What are you doing forChristmas?

What do you do for Christmas?

one specific holidaythe

forthcoming one

the holiday each year


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d. Activity versus state:

I am thinking about the

answer.

I think it is 144.

mental activity

mental state/report


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The present perfect progressive

emphasizes activity as compared

with achievement with the presentperfect.


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The following distinctions may occur:

a. Specific and possible still ongoing

activity versus prior event:I have been visiting my great-

grandmother.

I have visited my great-grandmother.

possibly still ongoing

prior event


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b. Strong implication of continuation

versus continuation being only a

possibility:

I have been teaching for 25 years.

I have taught for 25 years.

and I cant imagine doing anything

else.

so now its time to think about

doing something else.


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c. Single accomplishment, incomplete,

versus a completed one:

Kristian has been remodeling hishome.

Kristian has remodeled his home.

incomplete

complete


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We might say that the use of the

present perfect has more to do with

our present perspective on the eventrather than on the actual time at

which it took place.


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Ways to determine whether to use

present perfect or the simple past

tense:

a. The simple past often occurs with

specific past-time adverbials. The

use of specific past-time adverbials

makes the past tense obligatory.I went to the Main Library

yesterday.


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b. Even if the past-time adverbial

isnt explicit, the remoteness

may be defined elsewhere in thecontext or simply implied:

John Lennon was a creative

genius.


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c. The past tense is used for a

completed historical period versus

an incomplete one:

My father lived here all his life.

My father has lived here all hislife.

completeimplies the father has

left or is dead

incompletethe father still lives

here


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d. The present perfect is used for an

indefinite versus a definite query:

Have you ever gone to PuertoGalera?

Did you go to Puerto Galera?

You said that you traveled to theSouth last summer


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e. The function of the present perfect

is to change the nature of the

relationship between the subject

and predicateit emphasizes thepredicated events result on the

grammatical subject (Knowles,

1976):

Ive been to Japan twice already,

but I still dont speak much

Japanese.


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a. The past progressive indicates

incomplete versus complete

action:He was drowning in the lake,

so the lifeguard raced into the

water.

He drowned in the lake.incomplete

complete


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b. Simple past sees the event as a

totality with no room for change;

past progressive indicates that an

event has already begun andextends the event in time and thus

allows for a change or its

interruption:

He left when I came in.He was leaving when I came in.

so he may have changed his mind

and stayed.


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c. Permanent versus temporary

state:

They lived in Quezon City all

their lives.

They were living in Quezon

City during the 70s.

past permanent

past temporary


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a. The past perfect is used to markthe completion of some event

before a past time period:

By the end of the 1920s, women

in the US had won the right tovote.

Or before another past event that is

in simple past:

FPJ had blamed them for theproblem before he considered the

evidence.


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Even without a time adverbial,the simple past tense can be

used with both clauses if the

sequence of the clauses follows

the sequence of events:

George worked in an

insurance company for 20years and retired in 2000.


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Only when the clauses reporttwo events out of sequence and

there are no time adverbials

that indicate the actual order is

the past perfect necessary:

When Ronald became a

photographer, he had finishedhis degree in fine arts.


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b. Sometimes the past perfectappears to mark the later rather

than the earlier of the two

events in a two-clause

sequence:

I answered before she had

asked.

She collected it before I had

finished.


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a. Simple future with will is used

for the following:

Future

predictions

Lorenzo will be 60 next

year.

Spontaneous

decision when

the person has

control over the

action:

Ill get the phone.


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b. Be going to is used for the

following:

Future

predictions

Lorenzos going to be 60

next year.

Future

intentions

Eli and Noel are going to

get married in June.

Future

certainty

Vangiesgoing to have a

baby.


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c. Present progressive is used for

the following:

Future plans

that have

already been

made

Im marching in the

parade next week.


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d. Simple present is used for the

following:

Fixed schedule

events

We get paid next Friday.

Subordinate

clauses of time

or condition

If the train arrives on

time well beat rush hour

getting home.


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The distinction between future

scheduled events and future

plans is sometimesindiscernible, and the same

event can be referred to either

waysimple present or

present progressive. However,

the simple present is more

formal and impersonable.

Zanne arrives today.

Zanne is arriving today.


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The present progressive is very

common and sometimes

overlaps with be going to. Thepresent progressive, however,

emphasizes that arrangements

have already been made,

whereas be going to focuses

more on the speakers plans or

intentions.

Im staying at the Manila Hotel.

Im going to stay at the Manila

Hotel.


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Willand be going to are

sometimes interchangeablewhen be going to expresses

the speakers certainty and

will is used to make a strong

prediction.

Cara is going to be tall like herdad.

?Cara will be tall like her dad.


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Willis used for quick, on-the-spot decisions, whereas be

going tois used with more

premeditated ones:

Ill get her that novel.

?Im going to get her that novel.


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The future progressive allows for the

possibility of change with regard to

some future event:

Well go to Baguio on ourvacation.

Well be going to Baguio on ourvacation.

definite plan

less definite in that it allows for a

change in plans


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We will offer that class next

semester.

We will be offering that class

next semester.

more definite

more tentative in that it allows for

a change


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The future perfect marks an

event/activity that is complete prior to

some other time (in this case, future), or

complete prior to some future event:

By the year 2008, the information

superhighway will have become

accessible to all.

Ronald will have moved by the time

he completes his studies.


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Simple future alone suggests that the

event/activity begins with the time

mentioned:

The information superhighway will

become accessible to all by the year

2008.

Ronald will move when he

completes his studies.

Structure of EnglishProf Alice M Karaan


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Prof. Alice M. Karaan

The Grammar BookMarianne Celce-Murcia

Diane Larsen-Freeman

Chapter 7

The Tense and Aspect System

REPORTED BY:

Zanne Dela Hostria

structure of english the tense-aspect system.pptx

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