structure of bacteria1 - kuliah.ftsl.itb.ac.id · archaebacteria: 9found in ... acidic hot springs,...
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BacteriaBacteria
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Structure and FunctionStructure and Function
Prokaryote & Prokaryote & EukaryoteEukaryote
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EukaryoteEukaryoteEvolutionEvolution
Cellular EvolutionCellular Evolution•• Current evidence Current evidence indicates that indicates that eukaryotes eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotesevolved from prokaryotes
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f p yf p ybetween 1 and 1.5 billion between 1 and 1.5 billion years agoyears ago
•• Two theories:Two theories:1.1. Infolding theoryInfolding theory2.2. Endosymbiotic theoryEndosymbiotic theory
Infolding TheoryInfolding Theory•• The The infolding of the infolding of the prokaryotic plasmaprokaryotic plasmamembrane gave rise to membrane gave rise to
k ti llk ti ll
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eukaryotic organelles.eukaryotic organelles.
infolding organelle
Endosymbiotic TheoryEndosymbiotic Theory•• Endosymbiosis refers to Endosymbiosis refers to one one
species living within anotherspecies living within another(the (the host)host)
•• Movement of Movement of smaller smaller photosyntheticphotosynthetic & & heterotrophicheterotrophic
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p yp y ppprokaryotesprokaryotes into larger into larger prokaryotic host cellsprokaryotic host cells
•• Formed Formed cell organellescell organelles chloroplast
mitochondria
Prokaryotic & Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
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Earliest Earliest ProkaryotesProkaryotes•• Most numerousMost numerousorganisms on Earth
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• Include allbacteriabacteria
•• Earliest fossils Earliest fossils datedate 2.5 billion years old
Classification Classification of Lifeof Life
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of Lifeof Life
Three Domains of Three Domains of LifeLife
•• ArchaeaArchaea ––prokaryotes living in prokaryotes living in extreme habitatsextreme habitats
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•• BacteriaBacteria--Cyanobacteria and Cyanobacteria and eubacteriaeubacteria
•• EukaryaEukarya ––Protozoans, fungi, Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animalsplants, & animals
Kingdoms of BacteriaKingdoms of Bacteria
Archaebacteria:Archaebacteria:Found in Found in harsh harsh n i nm ntn i nm nt
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environmentsenvironmentsUndersea Undersea volcanic ventsvolcanic vents, , acidic acidic hot springshot springs, , saltysaltywaterwater
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
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Kingdoms of BacteriaKingdoms of BacteriaEubacteria:Eubacteria:
Called the Called the true true bacteriabacteria
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bacteriabacteriaMost bacteriaMost bacteria are in are in this groupthis groupInclude photosynthetic Include photosynthetic CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
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EubacteriaEubacteria
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Characteristics Characteristics of Bacteriaof Bacteria
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of Bacteriaof Bacteria
Bacterial StructureBacterial Structure•• Microscopic Microscopic prokaryotesprokaryotes•• No No nucleus or membranenucleus or membrane--bound organellesbound organelles
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•• Contain Contain ribosomesribosomes•• Single, circular Single, circular chromosome in chromosome in nucleoid nucleoid regionregion
Bacterial Cell
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ProtectionProtection•• Cell Wall made of Cell Wall made of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycanMay have a sticky May have a sticky
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•• May have a sticky May have a sticky coating called the coating called the Capsule Capsule for for attachment to host or attachment to host or other bacteriaother bacteria
Sticky Bacterial Sticky Bacterial CapsuleCapsule
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Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure
•• Have small rings of Have small rings of DNA called DNA called PlasmidsPlasmids
PLASMIDSPLASMIDS
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DNA called DNA called PlasmidsPlasmids•• UnicellularUnicellular•• SmallSmall in size (0.5 to in size (0.5 to 2μm)2μm)
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Bacterial StructureBacterial Structure
•• Most grow best at Most grow best at pH of 6.5 to 7.0pH of 6.5 to 7.0M t M t
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•• Many act as Many act as decomposersdecomposers recycling recycling nutrientsnutrients
•• Some cause Some cause diseasedisease
Staphylococcus Staphylococcus BacterialBacterial
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Useful BacteriaUseful Bacteria
•• Some Some bacteria bacteria can can
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can can degrade oildegrade oil
•• Used to Used to clean up clean up oil oil spillsspills
Useful BacteriaUseful Bacteria•• Other uses Other uses for bacteria for bacteria include include
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include include making making yogurt, yogurt, cheese, and cheese, and buttermilk.buttermilk.
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FlagellaFlagella•• Bacteria that Bacteria that are are motile motile have have appendages appendages called called flagellaflagella
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•• Attached byAttached byBasal BodyBasal Body
•• A bacteria can A bacteria can have have one or one or manymany flagellaflagella
PiliPili•• Short proteinShort protein appendagesappendages•• SmallerSmaller than flagellathan flagella•• AdhereAdhere bacteria to bacteria to surfacessurfaces
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surfacessurfaces•• Used in Used in conjugationconjugation for for Exchange of genetic Exchange of genetic informationinformation
•• AidAid Flotation Flotation by by increasing buoyancyincreasing buoyancy
Pili in ConjugationPili in Conjugation
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Bacterial Bacterial
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ShapesShapes
Shapes Are Used to Shapes Are Used to ClassifyClassify
•• Bacillus: Bacillus: Rod shapedRod shaped•• Coccus: Coccus: Spherical (round)Spherical (round)
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•• Vibrio: Vibrio: Comma shaped with Comma shaped with flagellaflagella
•• Spirillum: Spirillum: Spiral shapeSpiral shape•• Spirochete: Spirochete: wormlike wormlike spiral shapespiral shape 30
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Grouping of BacteriaGrouping of Bacteria
•• DiploDiplo-- Groups of Groups of twotwo
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•• StreptoStrepto-- chainschains•• StaphyloStaphylo-- Grapelike Grapelike clustersclusters
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DiplococcusDiplococcus
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Streptococcus Causes Streptococcus Causes Strep ThroatStrep Throat
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StaphylococcusStaphylococcus
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Bacillus Bacillus -- E. coliE. coli
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StreptobacilliStreptobacilli
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SpirillumSpirillum
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SpirochetesSpirochetes
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LeptospiraLeptospira
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Bacterial Bacterial KingdomsKingdoms
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
•• Lack peptidoglycanLack peptidoglycan in cell in cell wallswalls
•• Have Have different lipidsdifferent lipids in in h ll bh ll b
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their cell membranetheir cell membrane•• Different types of Different types of ribosomesribosomes
•• Very Very different genedifferent genesequencessequences
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria•• Archaebacteria can live in Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh extremely harsh environmentsenvironments
•• They They do not require oxygendo not require oxygen
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•• They They do not require oxygendo not require oxygenand can live in and can live in extremely extremely saltysalty environments as well as environments as well as extremely hotextremely hot environmentsenvironments
•• Called the Called the Ancient bacteriaAncient bacteria
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
•• Subdivided into 3 Subdivided into 3 groups:groups:
hh
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MethanogensMethanogensThermoacidophilesThermoacidophilesExtreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles
MethanogensMethanogens•• Live in Live in anaerobic anaerobic environments (no oxygen)environments (no oxygen)
•• Get energy by Get energy by changing Hchanging H22
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Get energy by Get energy by changing Hchanging H22& CO& CO22 into methane gasinto methane gas
•• Found in Found in swampsswamps, , sewage sewage treatmenttreatment plants, plants, digestive digestive tractstracts of animalsof animals
MethanogensMethanogens•• Break down Break down cellulose in a cellulose in a cow’scow’s
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stomachstomach•• Produce Produce marsh marsh (methane) (methane) gasgas
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Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles•• Live in very Live in very salty watersalty water
•• Use Use salt to salt to
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generate generate ATPATP (energy)(energy)
•• Dead Sea, Dead Sea, Great Salt Great Salt LakeLakeinhabitantsinhabitants
Thermoacidophiles or Thermoacidophiles or ThermophilesThermophiles
•• Live in Live in extremely hot extremely hot environmentsenvironments
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•• Found in Found in volcanicvolcanic vents, vents, hot springs, hot springs, cracks on ocean cracks on ocean floor that leak floor that leak acidacid
Kingdom Kingdom EubacteriaEubacteria
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True BacteriaTrue Bacteria
CharacteristicsCharacteristics•• 3 basic shapes3 basic shapes (coccus, (coccus, bacillus, spirilla)bacillus, spirilla)
•• Most are Most are heterotrophic heterotrophic
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Most are Most are heterotrophic heterotrophic (can’t make their own food)(can’t make their own food)
•• May be May be aerobic or aerobic or anaerobicanaerobic
•• Identified by Identified by Gram stainingGram staining
Gram StainingGram Staining•• Developed in Developed in 1884 by 1884 by Hans GramHans Gram
•• Bacteria treated with Bacteria treated with
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Bacteria treated with Bacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stainsSafranin stains
•• Cell wallsCell walls either stain either stain purple or reddish pinkpurple or reddish pink
Gram PositiveGram Positive•• Have Have thick layer thick layer of peptidoglycanof peptidoglycan(protein(protein--sugar sugar
l )l )
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complex)complex)•• Single lipid Single lipid layerlayer
•• Stain Stain purplepurple•• Can be treated Can be treated with with antibioticsantibiotics
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Gram Positive Gram Positive BacteriaBacteria
Lactobacilli Lactobacilli (makes yogurt & (makes yogurt & buttermilk)buttermilk)Actinomycetes (Actinomycetes (make make
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yyantibiotics)antibiotics)Clostridium Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria)(lockjaw bacteria)Streptococcus Streptococcus (strep throat)(strep throat)Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus (staph staph infections)infections)
Gram Negative Gram Negative BacteriaBacteria
•• Thin layer of peptidoglycanThin layer of peptidoglycan in in cell wallcell wall
•• Extra Extra thick layer of lipidsthick layer of lipids
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y py p•• Stain Stain pink or reddishpink or reddish•• Hard to treatHard to treat with antibioticswith antibiotics•• Some Some photosyntheticphotosynthetic but but make sulfur not oxygenmake sulfur not oxygen
•• Some Some fix nitrogenfix nitrogen for plantsfor plants
Gram NegativeGram Negative•• Rhizobacteria Rhizobacteria
grow in root grow in root nodules of nodules of ll
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legumeslegumes(soybeans, (soybeans, peanuts)peanuts)
•• Fix NFix N22 from air from air into usable into usable ammoniaammonia
Gram NegativeGram Negative•• Rickettsiae Rickettsiae are are parasitic parasitic bacteria bacteria
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carried by tickscarried by ticks•• Cause Cause Lyme Lyme disease & Rocky disease & Rocky Mountain Mountain Spotted FeverSpotted Fever
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
•• Gram Gram negativenegative•• PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic
ll d ll d blbl b b
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•• Called Called blueblue--green bacteriagreen bacteria•• Contain Contain phycocyaninphycocyanin (red(red--blue) pigments & blue) pigments & chlorophyllchlorophyll
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria•• May be red, yellow, brown, black, May be red, yellow, brown, black,
or blueor blue--greengreen•• May grow in May grow in chainschains ((OscillatoriaOscillatoria))
H H H t tH t t t h l fi Nt h l fi N
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•• Have Have HeterocystsHeterocysts to help fix Nto help fix N22•• First to reFirst to re--enterenter devastated devastated
areasareas•• Some cause Some cause EutrophicationEutrophication (use up (use up
O2 when die & decompose in O2 when die & decompose in water)water)
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
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Nutrition, Nutrition, Respiration, Respiration,
and and
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and and ReproductionReproduction
Modes of NutritionModes of Nutrition•• Saprobes Saprobes –– feed on dead feed on dead organic matterorganic matter
•• ParasitesParasites –– feed on a host feed on a host cellcell
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cellcell•• PhotoautotrophPhotoautotroph –– use use sunlight to make foodsunlight to make food
•• ChemoautotrophChemoautotroph –– oxidize oxidize inorganic matter such as inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make foodiron or sulfur to make food
Methods of RespirationMethods of Respiration
•• Obligate AerobesObligate Aerobes –– require require OO22 (tuberculosis bacteria)(tuberculosis bacteria)
•• Obligate AnaerobesObligate Anaerobes –– die if die if
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Obligate AnaerobesObligate Anaerobes die if die if OO22 is present (tetanus)is present (tetanus)
•• Facultative AnaerobesFacultative Anaerobes –– don’t don’t need Oneed O22, but aren’t killed by , but aren’t killed by it (it (E. coliE. coli))
Bacterial RespirationBacterial Respiration•• AnaerobesAnaerobescarry on carry on fermentationfermentation
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•• Aerobes Aerobes carry on carry on cellular cellular respirationrespiration
ReproductionReproduction
•• Bacteria reproduce Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fissionasexually by binary fissionSin l h m m Sin l h m m
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•• Single chromosome Single chromosome replicatesreplicates & then cell & then cell dividesdivides
•• RapidRapid•• All new cells All new cells identical identical (clones)(clones)
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Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cellsthen splits into two identical daughter cells
Binary Fission Binary Fission E. coliE. coli
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ReproductionReproduction
•• Bacteria reproduce Bacteria reproduce sexually by Conjugationsexually by ConjugationF m F m t b b t n 2 t b b t n 2
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•• Form aForm a tube between 2 tube between 2 bacteria bacteria to exchangeto exchangegenetic materialgenetic material
•• Held together byHeld together by pilipili•• New cellsNew cells NOT identicalNOT identical
ConjugationConjugation
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Spore FormationSpore Formation•• Form Form endosporeendospore
whenever when whenever when habitat conditions habitat conditions become become harsh harsh (littl f d)(littl f d)
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(little food)(little food)•• Able to Able to survive for survive for
long periods of long periods of timetime as endospermas endosperm
•• Difficult to Difficult to destroy (heat destroy (heat resistant)resistant)
Transduction & Transduction & TransformationTransformation
•• Genetically changeGenetically change bacteriabacteria•• May become May become antibiotic resistantantibiotic resistant•• Transformed bacteriaTransformed bacteria pick up pick up
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p pp ppieces of DNA from dead pieces of DNA from dead bacterial cellsbacterial cells
•• TransductionTransduction –– viruses carry viruses carry foreign DNA to bacteria; foreign DNA to bacteria; used used to make insulinto make insulin
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Pathenogenic Pathenogenic BacteriaBacteria
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PathogensPathogens•• Called Called germs or microbesgerms or microbes•• Cause Cause diseasedisease•• May produce May produce poisons or poisons or
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May produce May produce poisons or poisons or toxinstoxins
•• EndotoxinsEndotoxins released after released after bacteria die (bacteria die (E. coliE. coli))
•• Exotoxins Exotoxins released by Gram released by Gram + bacteria (+ bacteria (C. tetaniC. tetani))