structure and function of endocrine system 1 2 name the parts of the endocrine system and discuss...
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Structure Structure and and
Function of Function of Endocrine Endocrine
SystemSystem1
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•Name the parts of the endocrine system and discuss the function of each part•Discriminate the functions of each endocrine hormone secreted by same endocrine glands •Analyze the action of each hormone and demonstrate its contribution in maintaining homeostasis•Classify hormones according to its molecular structure and actions
Identify and describe the structure and function of important biochemical compounds, including protein and steroid hormones (314-3)
Analyze homeostatic phenomena to identify the feedback mechanisms involved (317-2)
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•Regulates many bodily functions
•Maintains homeostasis by regulating the production of chemicals that affect most functions of the body
•Secretes substances that aid the nervous system
•Important regulator of growth and development
•Endocrine glands are ductless glands, unlike exocrine glands that secrete substances into ducts.
The Endocrine System
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Maintaining homeostasisMaintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Feedback
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Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackResponse to changed body
condition◦if body is high or low from normal level
signal tells body to make changes that will bring body back to normal level
◦once body is back to normal level, signal is turned off
high
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
gland
specific body condition
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RegulationRegulation
How we maintain homeostasis◦nervous system
nerve signals control body functions
◦endocrine system hormones chemical signals control body functions
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HormonesHormonesWhy are hormones needed?
◦chemical messages from one body part to cells in other parts of body
◦communication needed to coordinate whole body
◦maintaining homeostasis
growth hormones
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Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine system releases
hormones◦glands which secrete (release) chemical signals into blood chemicals cause changes
in other parts of body growth hormones sex hormones response hormones metabolism hormones and more….
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Responding to hormonesResponding to hormonesLock and key system
◦hormone fits receptor on “target” cell
targetcell
non-targetcells
secretingcell
can’treadsignal
can’treadsignal
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II. Endocrine System vs Neuronal II. Endocrine System vs Neuronal SystemSystem1. Neural & Hormonal communication
a. Similarities i. Chemicals are stored and released ii. Release of chemicals is due to stimulation iii. Many different hormones & neurotransmitters iv. Both systems react w/specific receptors
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v. Second messenger involved in both (The first messenger reacts to the initial signal - like an
ionotropic receptor, found in CNS only)
2. Second messenger reacts to a signal from a first messenger (like a
metabotropic receptor) and affects
intracellular functioning; it is a complex intracellular response
that affects functioning.
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b. Differences i. In nervous system, neurons communicate with adjacent neurons; in hormones messages are sent long distances ii. Neural messages induce rapid response compared to hormones which have slower messages iii. Neural messages follow the all or none principle; hormonal messages are graded in strength iv. Neural messages can be directed as observed in behavior; hormonal messages are primarily involuntary (cannot be directed)
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2. Three types of hormonesa. Protein hormones – effect is on receptors within the membrane, binds to the receptors on the outside of membrane; its effects are the most rapid of all the hormones i. Oxytocin – involved in development of relationships ii. Adrenocorticotrophin – protein hormone; chains of amino acids
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b. Amine hormones – same relatively fast receptor response as protein hormones i. Epinepherine ii. Norepinepherine iii. Thyroid hormones iv. Melatonin
c. Steroid hormones – binds to the intercellular receptors; slow actions i. Gonadal hormones
1. Estrogen, progesterone, androgens ii. Adrenal hormones
1. Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
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Major Glands of the Major Glands of the Endocrine SystemEndocrine System
HypothalamusPituitaryThyroidAdrenalGonads: Ovaries & Testes
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Consists of:
glands secrete
hormones
intobloodstream
to
target tissues
The Endocrine System
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Homeostasis exists when there is a balance of substances. Endocrine conditions are due to either hypo (too little) or hyper (too much) secretions of substances (hormones).
hyper
hypo
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Hypothalamus
•Part of the nervous system. Also serves as an endocrine gland because it releases hormones that regulate pituitary hormones
•Hormones released have either a releasing or an inhibiting factor
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Pineal Gland
•Located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland
•Releases melatonin, a hormone believed to affect sleep and gonad functioning
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PituitaryPituitaryAnterior Pituitary - derived during embryological
development from the roof of the mouth
- connected to the hypothalamus by a portal system (hypothalamic-pituitary portal system)
- most of the hormones are released from the anterior pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary - derived from nervous tissue - two protein hormones released: oxytocin
& vasopressin _________________________________
Two Important Points:Hormones released from the posterior
pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary are dormant unless directed to be released by the hypothalamus via Releasing Factors.
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary
Target Organs Target Organs
RF
SH
Hormone
Hormone
RF = Releasing Factor SH = Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary & all Hormones are Under the Control of the Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic Hormones:
Gondotropin RFCorticotropin RF (CRF) Thyrotropin
RFGrowth Hor RF
Prolactin RF
Pituitary Hormones:
Follicle SH &
Luteinizing Hor.
Thyrotropin SHAdrenocorticoptropin Hormone (ACTH)
ProlactinGrowth Hormone
Target Gland or Structure:
Ovaries & Testes
(androgens, estrogen)
Adrenal Gland
(cortisol)
Cells of bodyThyroid Gland
(thyroxine)
Bones, breasts & cells of body
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Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland
i. Adrenal cortex (outer) produces about 50 different chemicals including…1. Mineralocorticoids (outer layer)2. Glucocorticoids, cortisol (middle layer)3. Sex hormones (inner most layer)
a. Estrogen, progesterone androgens note: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – too much
testosterone produced by mother. This comes from dysfunction in adrenal gland.
ii. Adrenal medulla (inner)1. Dopamine Norepinepherine/Epinepherine
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Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
1. Too little thyroxin – hypothyroidism a. Depression (clinical or subclinical), attention & memory problems2. Too much thyroxin – hyperthyroidism a. Agitation, irritability, & weight loss
*Goiters – Growths on thyroid gland
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Gonads & Hormones
LH & FSH
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Growth HormoneGrowth HormoneCells of body in response to growth
hormonei. During childhood GH is at maximum
1. Too little and we have a small person
2. Too much and we have gigantism, often accompanied by
acromegaly (continued growth of extremities of bones)
a. Makes hands, feet, jaw, nose, and eye sockets (orbits) enlarged
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OxytocinOxytocinThe hormone involved in
inducing labor during childbirthHormone involved in bondingHormone involved in
relationshipsMight be deficient in Autism
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All hormones utilize feedback loops:Autocrine response – Same as the autoreceptors, both communicate and terminate release
Note similarity to the CNS: Autoreceptors – in the CNS the
receptors on presynaptic cell that are sensitive to its own NT
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Parathyroid Gland•Four oval shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid•Regulates calcium and phosphate levels
Thymus Gland•Also part of the immune system•The hormones secreted stimulate the production of T and B cells
Adrenal Glands•A pair of glands, each one situated on top of a kidney•Each gland has an outer portion (adrenal cortex) and inner portion (adrenal medulla)•Regulates electrolytes•Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to stress
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•Helps maintain proper blood glucose levels•Is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The islets of Langerhans serve its endocrine functions•Two types of cells, alpha and beta are produced by the islets of Langerhans
Insulin is released by the beta cells which stimulate the glucose to be sent to the body’s cells and convert unused glucose to glycogen
Low
Blood sugar
Glucagon is released by the alpha cells which stimulate stored glycogen to be transformed into glucose again
Blood sugar
Elevated
Pancreas
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Insulin and Glucagon Insulin
Glucagon
Artery
Drop in blood glucose stimulates glucagon
secretion
Rise in blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion
Promotes movementof glucose into certain cellsStimulates formationof glycogen from glucose
In response to insulin, blood glucose drops toward normal (and inhibits insulin secretion)
In response to glucagon,blood glucose risestoward normal (andinhibits insulin secretion)
Stimulates cells to break downglycogen into glucoseStimulates cells to convertnon-carbohydrates into glucose
Pancreas
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Ultimately,what controls the Ultimately,what controls the endocrine system?endocrine system?
Our emotionsOur perceptionsOur cognitionsOur experiencesOur behaviorOur response to the environment
Higher Brain Areas
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Endocrine Glands
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Ovaries Testes
•Located in the female pelvic region one attached to the top of each fallopian tube
•Produce the female hormones:
-estrogen-progesterone
•Located in the scrotum, a sac outside the body
•Produce spermatozoa which fertilizes the female ova
•Produce male sex hormones:
-testosterone
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Combining Form Meaning
aden(o)
adren(o)
gluc(o)
glyc(o)
gonad(o)
pancreat(o)
parathyroid(o)
thyr(o)
gland
adrenal glands
glucose
glycogen
sex glands
pancreas
parathyroid
thyroid gland
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Abbreviation Meaning
ACTH
ADH
CRH
DM
FSH
GH
GTT
HCG
adrenocorticotropic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
corticotropin-releasing hormone
diabetes mellitus
follicle-stimulating hormone
growth hormone
glucose tolerance test
human chorionic gonadotropin
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Abbreviation Meaning
IDDM
LH
MSH
NIDDM
PRL
PTH
STH
TSH
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
luteinizing hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
noninsulin dependent diabetesmellitus
prolactin
parathyroid hormone, parathormone
somatotropin hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone