structural changes in indian economy
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![Page 1: Structural changes in Indian Economy](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061210/548e8473b479599a358b4640/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structural Change in Indian Economyas reflected by
Use of Statistics
Prof. Nand DhamejaIIPA
20/10/10
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Structural Change in Indian Economy: Coverage
Indian Economy Changes Over the Years International Trade
Saving & investment rate
Infrastructure Investment
Private Sector Share & disinvestment
School Education: Private Share
Role of Statistics
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Structural Change over the years
International trade to GDP increased
over the years ↑
Saving & Investment Rates ↑
Investment in infrastructure ↑
Private sector share in Plan Investment ↑
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Structural Change over the years
1980 2009
Public Sector Profit to Total Corporate Profit
70% 35%
Private Sector Profit to Total Corporate Profit
30% 65%
Public Sector Investment
Total Plan Investment
50% 20%
Private Sector Investment
Total Plan Investment
50% 80%
Addition of Power Generating capacity by Private Sector
15% begining of Plan
50 %
now
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Structural Changes over the years
Public Sector still dominates in services like, Banking,
Insurance, Energy, Transport
New Areas opened to Private Sector Airports; Ports;
Highways
Disinvestment Realisation Rs 50,000 cr. till 2004-05;
Target current year Rs. 40,000 cr.
Fifteen PSUs Privatised with Disinvestment proceeds
Rs. 11,500 cr.
Policy of Free Pricing for oil
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Infrastructure Investment Estimates (Rs. Lakh Crore)
XI Plan
( 2007-8-- 11-12)
X Plan
(2002-3-- 6-7)
Total 20.06
(7.53%)
8.8
(5.63%)
State Sector
Private Sector
14.06
6.00
7.20
1.60
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Infrastructure Investment : Sector wise (Rs. Crore) 2006- 07
Prices
X Plan % XI Plan %
Electricity
Roads & Bridges
Telecomm.
Rlys. (inl. MRTS)
Irrigation (incl.
Watershed)
Water Supply &
Sanitation
291,850 33.1
144,892 16.5
123,411 14.0
119,658 13.6
111,503 12.7
64,803 7.4
616,526 30.4
311,816 15.4
267,001 13.2
258,001 12.7
223,131 11.0
199,127 9.8
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Infrastructure Investment : Sector wise (Rs. Crore) 2006- 07 Prices
X Plan % XI Plan %
Ports 4096 0.5 73941 3.6
Airports 6771 0.8 34748 1.7
Storage 4819 0.6 22378 1.1
Gas 8713 1.0 20500 1.0
880516 100 2027169 100
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National Income Estimates: Sector-wise %
Services 54
Manufacturing & Mining 24
Agriculture 22
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Saving Rate % of GDP
93-04 99-00 01-02 07-08 09 -10
Saving % GDP-Total
22.5 22.3 24.0 32.0 34.0
Household Sector
18.4 19.8 22,5 24 26
Private Sector
3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4
Public Sector
0.6 (-) 1.2 (-)2.5 4.0 4
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Expenditure % GDP
1990-91 2006-07
Governments Expense % GDP
(Center Share
States Share)
35
(54
46)
37
(44
56)
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School Education: Private Sector Share
Private sector share in School Education 2006: (no. in Per cent) Higher Secondary Schools
& Junior Colleges 30.05 High Schools 27.15 Upper-primary schools 6.75 Primary schools 3.19 Pre-primary schools 5.15
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Elementary Education
Elementary Education for allRight to Education Act 2009
promises free education to children 6 to 12 years
India becomes one amongst 139 nations that legally protects right of children to basic education
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Elementary Education
Elementary Education for all Children between 6 to 12 years
Estimated additional Costs : Four alternatives
Scenario I Rs. 426,259 cr Scenario II Rs. 393,307 cr Scenario III Rs. 346,209 cr Scenario IV Rs. 321,196 cr
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PPP & Elementary Education: Alternatives
Public-private partnerships: option 1-Charge from
those who can afford For below poverty line state to pay 30%
Public-private partnerships: option 2-Public funding
of capital costs and operating costs met from fees or
other revenues generated
Sweet soft loan to private partner for capital cost
private partner permitted to use premises for revenue
generating during off-times
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PPP & Elementary Education: Alternatives-Contd.
Public-private partnerships: option 3-
Contracting out the public schools to
corporation
Public-private partnerships: option 4-
public funding for private schools
Public-private partnerships: option 5-
Tax Policy & Education Funding
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PPP & Elementary Education: Alternatives-Contd.
Public-private partnerships: option 6- Existing Private school to share the proposed fund requirement
Public-private partnerships: option 7- providing parents with a choice
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Elementary Education : certain Facts
One-third children cannot read & India has largest number of illiterates, about 35 % of 110 cr
By 2020, this to shoot up to 50 % still of larger population (UN Estimates)
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School Education
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) launched a
decade ago in 21 states to ensure
elementary education by 2010
However, facts are different Surveys
indicate, one-sixth Indian still unaware of
Right to Free Education
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Urbanisation in China- Social Change
Population 1300m% in Cities 33%% in cities in 2020 67%Life Expectancy 73 yrLiteracy Rate present 91%Literacy Rate 1985 34%Water Basins declared highly polluted:
one/third Environment & health problems likely cost:
$54b pa
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Statistics: Uses & Misuses
Statistics is a science of collection, organising and interpretation of data
Adds to Quality, reliability to the analysis & makes it logical, dependable and verifiable
Misuses: For a drunken man, it is a lamp-post used for support
rather than illumination There are three kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and
statistics
Statistics will prove anything, even the truth
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Thank You
Good Day