strinews may 02 2014

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STRI NEWS stri.si.edu/sites/strinews NEW ORCHID SPECIES NAMED FOR STRI’S SILVERA Since she was child, Katia Silvera would hike the remote forests of Panama and collect plants with her father, Gaspar, who operates a small orchid company. On one such hike about eight years ago, the father-daughter team collected an orchid that turned out to be new to science. It was just named in their honor. “We collected it thinking it was something else,” said the younger Silvera, who has a three- year Tupper Fellowship at STRI “When it bloomed in the greenhouse we realized we had no idea what it was.” Lophiaris silverarum was formally described by Germán Carnevali, a Mexico-based orchid expert. Found in only small areas of Central Panama — in the provinces of Coclé and Veraguas — the species description was published in March in Phytotaxa. Katia explained that difficulties in finding enough orchid material for analysis made the already long process of naming a new species even more drawn out. Yet aſter a series of studies including traditional morphological comparisons and DNA research, the scientists concluded they had found a new orchid. “It’s difficult to find them. We do a lot of hiking at looking for plants and it took years to find this one,” she said. “It was a long process but it was very exciting to be a part of it.” Silvera, who has conducted research at STRI since she was a botany undergraduate at the University of Panama, said coming across orchid species she is unfamiliar with Panama has some 1,100 of the world’s roughly 30,000 orchid species — is normal, but a couple days of research in either the STRI or university herbarium usually turns up a name. Silvera’s research at STRI focuses on the evolution of photosynthesis in orchids. In collaboration with STRI staff scientist Klaus Winter, she has discovered that many orchids use CAM photosynthesis, the same pathway used by many succulent plants to reduce water consumption in dry climates. MAY 2, 2014 STRI Tupper Fellow Katia Silvera and her father, Gaspar, discovered this new orchid species, Lophiaris silverarum, which was recently named in their honor. La becaria Tupper Katia Silvera y su padre, Gaspar, descubrieron esta nueva especie de orquídea, Lophiaris silverarum, que recientemente fue nombrada en su honor. Continues on next page… GAMBOA SEMINAR Mon. May. 5, 4pm Nicola Nadeau University of Sheffield Gamboa schoolhouse e genetics of parallel adaptive evolution in Heliconius butterflies BEHAVIOR DISCUSSION GROUP MEETING Tues., May. 6, 1pm Teague O’Mara Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Tupper Large Meeting Room Social learning and information use in bats TUPPER SEMINAR Tues., May. 6, 4pm Diana Sharpe STRI Tupper Auditorium Phenotypic responses to anthropogenic stressors: insights from the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa

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Page 1: Strinews may 02 2014

STRI NEWSstri.si.edu/sites/strinews

NEW ORCHID SPECIES NAMED FOR STRI’S SILVERA

Since she was child, Katia Silvera would hike the remote forests of Panama and collect plants with her father, Gaspar, who operates a small orchid company. On one such hike about eight years ago, the father-daughter team collected an orchid that turned out to be new to science. It was just named in their honor.

“We collected it thinking it was something else,” said the younger Silvera, who has a three-year Tupper Fellowship at STRI “When it bloomed in the greenhouse we realized we had no idea what it was.”

Lophiaris silverarum was formally described by Germán Carnevali, a Mexico-based orchid expert. Found in only small areas of Central Panama — in the provinces of Coclé and Veraguas — the species description was published in March in Phytotaxa.

Katia explained that difficulties in finding enough orchid material for analysis made the already long process of naming a new species even more drawn out. Yet after a series of

studies including traditional morphological comparisons and DNA research, the scientists concluded they had found a new orchid.

“It’s difficult to find them. We do a lot of hiking at looking for plants and it took years to find this one,” she said. “It was a long process but it was very exciting to be a part of it.”

Silvera, who has conducted research at STRI since she was a botany undergraduate at the University of Panama, said coming across orchid species she is unfamiliar with — Panama has some 1,100 of the world’s roughly 30,000 orchid species — is normal, but a couple days of research in either the STRI or university herbarium usually turns up a name.

Silvera’s research at STRI focuses on the evolution of photosynthesis in orchids. In collaboration with STRI staff scientist Klaus Winter, she has discovered that many orchids use CAM photosynthesis, the same pathway used by many succulent plants to reduce water consumption in dry climates.

MAY 2, 2014

STRI Tupper Fellow Katia Silvera and her father, Gaspar, discovered this new orchid species, Lophiaris silverarum, which was recently named in their honor.

La becaria Tupper Katia Silvera y su padre, Gaspar, descubrieron esta nueva especie de orquídea, Lophiaris silverarum, que recientemente fue nombrada en su honor.

Continues on next page…

GAMBOA SEMINARMon. May. 5, 4pmNicola Nadeau University of SheffieldGamboa schoolhouseThe genetics of parallel adaptive evolution in Heliconius butterflies

BEHAVIOR DISCUSSION GROUP MEETING Tues., May. 6, 1pmTeague O’MaraMax Planck Institute for OrnithologyTupper Large Meeting RoomSocial learning and information use in bats

TUPPER SEMINARTues., May. 6, 4pmDiana SharpeSTRI Tupper AuditoriumPhenotypic responses to anthropogenic stressors: insights from the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa

Page 2: Strinews may 02 2014

STRI NEWS, MAY 2, 2014

Katia Silvera is a Tupper Fellow and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Riverside.Katia Silvera es becaria Tupper e investigadora postdoctoral en la Universidad de California, Riverside.

“A lot of people who study plants don’t like to study orchids because they are difficult to identify,” said Katia. As well as being the most numerous plant family in the world, many are hard to distinguish based on morphology alone. New genetic techniques often determine distinct species were wrongly classified and are constantly in need of renaming — in the course of Silvera’s five-year doctoral studies, one orchid she studied had its scientific name changed three times. “I grew up surrounded by orchids. I have fascination for plants, especially orchids, and I can learn about them really well.”

Desde que era una niña, Katia Silvera caminaba por los remotos bosques de Panamá y recogía plantas con su padre Gaspar, quien opera una pequeña empresa de orquídeas. Hace unos ocho años en una de esas caminatas, el equipo de padre e hija colectó una orquídea que resultó ser nueva para la ciencia. Recientemente ésta ha sido nombrada en su honor.

“La colectamos pensando que era otra cosa”, comentó la joven Silvera, que tiene una beca Tupper de tres años de duración en el Smithsonian en Panamá “Cuando floreció en el vivero nos dimos cuenta que no teníamos idea de lo que era.

La Lophiaris silverarum fue descrita formalmente por Germán Carnevali, experto en orquídeas con sede en México. Encontrada sólo en pequeñas zonas del centro de Panamá - en las provincias de Coclé y Veraguas - la descripción de la especie fue publicada en marzo en Phytotaxa.

Katia explicó que las dificultades para encontrar material suficiente para el análisis de la orquídea hicieron el ya largo proceso de nombrar a una nueva especie aún más elaborado. Sin embargo, después de una serie de estudios que incluyen comparaciones morfológicas tradicionales y la investigación del ADN, los científicos concluyeron que habían encontrado una nueva orquídea.

“Es difícil de encontrar. Hacemos mucho senderismo en busca de plantas y nos tomó años encontrar esta”, comentó. “Fue un proceso largo, pero fue muy emocionante ser parte de este.”

Silvera, que ha llevado a cabo investigaciones en el Smithsonian desde que era una estudiante de botánica en la Universidad de Panamá, comentó que referente a encontrarse con especies de orquídeas con las que no está familiarizada - Panamá cuenta

con unas 1,100 de las cerca de 30,000 especies de orquídeas en el mundo - es normal, pero que después de un par de días de investigación, ya sea en el herbario del Smithsonian o el de la Universidad, por lo general sale a relucir un nombre.

La investigación de Silvera en el Smithsonian se centra en la evolución de la fotosíntesis en las orquídeas. En colaboración con el científico del Smithsonian, Klaus Winter, ha descubierto que muchas orquídeas utilizan la fotosíntesis CAM, la misma vía utilizada por muchas plantas suculentas para reducir el consumo de agua en climas secos.

“Muchas de las personas que estudian las plantas no les gusta estudiar a las orquídeas, ya que son difíciles de identificar”, comentó Katia. Además de ser la familia de plantas más numerosa en el mundo, muchas de ellas son difíciles de distinguir basándose sólo en la morfología. Las nuevas técnicas genéticas a menudo determinan especies distintas que fueron clasificadas erróneamente y constantemente existe la necesidad de cambiarles de nombre - en el curso de los estudios de doctorado de cinco años de Silvera, una orquídea que estudió, su nombre científico se le cambió tres veces. “Crecí rodeada de orquídeas. Tengo fascinación por las plantas, especialmente las orquídeas, y puedo aprender muy bien de ellas. “

NUEVA ESPECIE DE ORQUÍDEA NOMBRADA EN HONOR A SILVERA, BECARIA DEL SMITHSONIAN EN

Page 3: Strinews may 02 2014

STRI NEWS, APRIL 4, 2014

Photo: Sean Mattson

Julian Schmid catches about four times as many spiny rats on the islands of Panama’s Barro Colorado Nature Monument than he does on the reserve’s equally protected peninsulas. This is symptomatic of habitat fragments like islands — biodiversity drops but the abundance of some creatures goes up.

This has implications for the health of both ecosystems and humans. Less diversity in forest fragments — whether surrounded by water, farmland or development — can lead to an increase in the prevalence of disease among the creatures that remain. These include illnesses that are transmitted to humans from animals, which are known as zoonotic diseases.

Schmid, a Ph.D. student at Germany’s University of Ulm, is investigating the role genetic diversity plays in this uptick. While isolated populations have greater numbers, their genetic variability decreases from inbreeding. Schmid expects spiny rat islanders to have less diversity in an essential group of immune-system genes.

“By altering the landscape and thereby gene flow, you might decrease the variability of this gene complex,” said Schmid, after taking samples of blood and prickly hair from spiny rats on Orchid Island.

Schmid, whose work is part of a larger research project funded by the German Research Foundation, hopes to directly correlate variability in immune relevant genes with gut parasite load, microbiome diversity and neglected tropical disease.

Julian Schmid atrapa cerca de cuatro veces más ratas espinosas (Echimyidae) en las islas del Monumento Natural Barro Colorado en Panamá que en las penínsulas de la reserva igualmente protegidas. Esto es sintomático de los fragmentos de hábitat como las islas -gotas de biodiversidad, pero la abundancia de algunas criaturas aumenta.

Esto tiene implicaciones para la salud de los ecosistemas y los humanos. Menos diversidad en fragmentos de bosque - ya sean rodeados de agua, campos agrícolas o de desarrollo - puede conducir a un aumento en la prevalencia de enfermedades entre los animales que allí se encuentran. Estas incluyen enfermedades que se transmiten de animales a humanos, las cuales se conocen como enfermedades zoonóticas.

Schmid, estudiante de doctorado de la Universidad alemana de Ulm, investiga el papel que la diversidad genética juega en este repunte. Mientras que las poblaciones aisladas tienen mayores números, su variabilidad genética disminuye por la endogamia. Espera que las ratas espinosas isleñas tengan menos diversidad en un grupo esencial de genes del sistema inmunológico.

“Al alterar el paisaje y por lo tanto el flujo de genes, es posible disminuir la variabilidad de este complejo de genes”, comentó Schmid, después de tomar muestras de sangre y pelo espinoso de las ratas en Isla Orquídea.

Schmid, cuyo trabajo es parte de un proyecto de investigación más amplio financiado por la Fundación Alemana de Investigación, espera correlacionar directamente la variabilidad en los genes relevantes inmunes con carga parasitaria intestinal, la diversidad de la microbioma y las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas.

¿POR QUé AUMENTAN LAS ENFERMEDADES A MEDIDA QUE DISMINUyE LA BIODIVERSIDAD?

#StriProfile

WhY doES DISEASE INCREASE AS BIODIVERSITy DECLINES?

Page 4: Strinews may 02 2014

ARRIVALS

Gerald SchneiderUniversity of UtahHolding leaf defense chemistry up to the light: Foliar secondary metabolites and consumer interactions across gradients of solar radiation in tropical rain forestsTupper and Barro Colorado Island

Jose Martínez Universidad Autónoma de Santo domingoBiostratigrafía del NeotrópicoCenter for Tropical Paleoecology

Peter TellezTulane UniversityConflicts among members of interacting symbioses: How do symbiotic fungi influence plant defense against leaf-cutting ants?Gamboa

Jon HarrisonArizona State UniversityPhysiological and behavioral effects of miniaturization in stingless beesGamboa

Noelle Beckmanohio State UniversityDeterminants of the spatial distribution of tree recruitment in a neotropical rainforestBarro Colorado Island

Pablo RibaUniversidad de Costa RicaPoachers, seed dispersal and seed predation in two palm speciesBarro Colorado Island

Karina MonteroNorth dakota State UniversityEcology and species barriers in emerging viral diseasesBarro Colorado Island

Andrew Altieri To Carrie Bow Cay SI field station To deploy experiment on sea grass biodiversity for Grand Challenges

Ira Rubinoff To Washington DC To meet with donors and incoming STRI Director

Lisa Barnett To Boston, MA To meet with donors

Owen McMillan To Raleigh NC To meet with colleagues and students at NCSU and Duke

Questions/comments Preguntas/comentarios

@stri_panama#smithsonian

[email protected]

DEPARTURES

Page 5: Strinews may 02 2014

STRI NEWS, MAY 2, 2014

Ceron-Souza, I., Turner, B. L., Winter, K., Medina, E., Bermingham, E. and Feliner, G. N. 2015. Reproductive phenology and physiological traits in the red mangrove hybrid complex (Rhizophora mangle and R. racemosa) across a natural gradient of nutrients and salinity. Plant Ecology, 215(5): 481-493. doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0315-1

Colautti, R. I., Franks, S. J., Hufbauer, R. A., Kotanen, P. M., Torchin, M. E., Byers, J. E., Pysek, P. and Bossdorf, O. 2014. The Global Garlic Mustard Field Survey (GGMFS): challenges and opportunities of a unique, large-scale collaboration for invasion biology. Neobiota, 21: 29-47. doi:10.3897/neobiota.21.5242

Debyser, C. and Hoffmann, F. 2014. Evolving landscapes of Colon: Land use change and the politics of development. Final Report ENVR 451 Canada]: McGill University, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 86 pages.

Flink, L. G., Allen, R., Barnett, R., Malmström, H., Peters, J., Eriksson, J., Andersson, L., Dobney, K. and Larson, G. 2014. Establishing the validity of domestication genes using DNA from ancient chickens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1308939110

Fuller, D. Q., Denham, T., Arroyo-Kalin, M., Lucas, L., Stevens, C. J., Qin, L., Allaby, R. G. and Purugganan, M. D. 2014. Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1308937110

Gremillion, K. J., Barton, L. and Piperno, D. R. 2014. Particularism and the retreat from theory in the archaeology of agricultural origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1308938110

Heckadon-Moreno, S. 2014. Notas del Geologo Robert Stewart sobre Rio Bayano, 1963. Epocas, 29(3): 10-11.

Heckadon-Moreno, Sy. 2014. R.H. Stewart: Geologia de Rio Ipeti, Bayano 1963. Epocas, 29(4): 10-11.

How, M. J., Christy, J., Roberts, N. W. and M., N. J. 2014. Null point of discrimination in crustacean polarisation vision. The Journal of Experimental Biology, doi:10.1242/jeb.103457

Kerr, K. A., Cornejo, A., Guichard, F. and Collin, R. 2014. Planktonic predation risk varies with prey life history stage and diurnal phase. Marine Ecology Progress Series, doi:10.3354/meps10735

Kraft, K. H., Brown, C. H., Nabhan, G. P., Luedeling, E., Ruiz, J. L., d’Eeckenbrugge, G. Coppens, H., R. J. and Gepts, P.. 2014. Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111

Larson, G., Piperno, D. R., Allaby, R. G., Purugganan, M. D., Andersson, L., Arroyo-Kalin, M., Barton, L., Vigueira, C. Climer, D., Tim, D., Keith, D., Andrew N., G., Paul, G., M. T., Gremillion, K. J., Lucas, L., Lukens, L., Marshall, F. B., Olsen, K. M., Pires, J. C., Richerson, P. J., Casas, R. Rubio de, Sanjur, O. I., Thomas, M. G. and Fuller, D. Q. 2014. Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.1323964111

Lin, F., Comita, L. S., Wang, X., Bai, X., Yuan, Z., Xing, D. and Hao, Z. 2014. The contribution of understory light availability and biotic neighborhood to seedling survival in secondary versus old-growth temperate forest. Plant Ecology, doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0332-0

Mitchard, E. T. A., Feldpausch, T. R., Brienen, R. J. W., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Monteagudo, A., Baker, T. R., Lewis, S. L., Lloyd, J., Quesada, C. A., Gloor, M., ter Steege, H., Meir, P., Alvarez, E., Araujo-Murakami, A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Arroyo, L., Aymard, G., Banki, O., Bonal, D., Brown, S., Brown, Foster I., Cerón, C. E., Chama M., V., Chave, J., Comiskey, J. A., et al. 2014. Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites. Global Ecology and Biogeography, doi:10.1111/geb.12168

Rebollar, E. A., Hughey, M. C., Harris, R. N., Domangue, R. J., Medina, D., Ibáñez, R. and Belden, L. K. 2014. The Lethal Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Is Present in Lowland Tropical Forests of Far Eastern Panamá. Plos One, 9(4): 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095484

Réjou-Méchain, M., Muller-Landau, H., Detto, M., Thomas, S. C., Le Toan, T., Saatchi, S. S., Barreto-Silva, J., Bourg, N. A., Bunyavejchewin, S., Butt, N., Brockelman, W. Y., Cao, M., Cárdenas, D., Chiang, J. -M, Chuyong, G. B., Clay, K., Condit, R., Dattaraja, H. S., Davies, S. J., Duque, A., Esufali, S., Ewango, C., Fernando, R. H. S., Fletcher, C. D., Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N., et al. 2014. Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks. Biogeosciences Discussions, 11(4): 5711-5742. doi:10.5194/bgd-11-5711-2014

Sal-Moyano, M., Lagos-Tobias, A., Feller, D. L. and Mantelatto, F. L. 2014. Relative growth and reproductive parameters in a population of ̂ Microphrys bicornutus ̂(Brachyura, Majoidea) from Bocas del Toro, Caribbean Sea, Panama. Revista De Biologia Marina Y Oceanografia, 49(1): 81-90.

Schmidt, L. K., Zimmermann, A. and Elsenbeer, H. 2014. Ant mounds as a source of sediment in a tropical rainforest? Hydrological Processes, doi:10.1002/hyp.10222

Sekerka, L., Windsor, D. and Dury, G. J. 2014. Cladispa Baly: revision, biology and reassignment of the genus to the tribe Spilophorini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Systematic Entomology, doi:10.1111/syen.12070

Slot, M., Rey-Sanchez, C., Gerber, S., Lichstein, J. W., Winter, K. and Kitajima, K. 2014. Thermal acclimation of leaf respiration of tropical trees and lianas: response to experimental canopy warming, and consequences for tropical forest carbon balance. Global Change Biology, doi:10.1111/gcb.12563

Thampy, G.. 2014. Loci of Greed in a Caribbean Paradise: Land Conflicts in Bocas del Toro Panama. Economic Anthropology. Economic Anthropology, 1(1): 139-153. doi:10.1002/sea2.12009

Wood, Aaron and MacFadden, Bruce. 2014. Discovering the ancient biodiversity of tropical America: A once-in-a-century opportunity along the Panama Canal. In: Oldham, Chuck, 100 years of the Panama Canal. Tampa, Florida: Faircount Media Group, pp.128-133.

Ventocilla, J. 2013. Cebaco! La historia de Isla Cebaco, Panama, contada por sus pobladores Panama: Editorial Futuro Forestal. 111 pages.

Prado, A., Sierra A., Windsor D., and Bede, J.C. 2014. Leaf traits and herbivory levels in a tropical gymnosperm, zamia stevensonii (zamiaceae) American Journal of Botany 101(3): 1–11.

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