stress and health 1. stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,...
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Stress and Health
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Stress – the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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twolia.com
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General Adaption Syndrome – Hans Selye’s concept of the bodies adaptive response to stress (ex. physical or emotional trauma) in three stages – alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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en.wikipedia.org
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Type A – competitive, impatient, super motivated, verbally aggressive, easily angered
Type B – easy going, non-competitive, slow to anger
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cartoonstock.com
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In relaxed situations – reactions are the same.
When challenged or threatened with loss of control, Type A individuals are more physiologically active
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colinfarrelly.blogspot.com
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Problem-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress directly – change the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor (sense of control and can change the circumstances)
(Hate your job, quit….)
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Emotion-focused coping – attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction (damaging relationship) (Mother-in-law)
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8shop.advancedsuccess.co.uk
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Biofeedback – a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
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maximenterprises.org
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An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
13Each dwarf has a distinct personality.
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective Exploring the Unconscious Exploring the Neo-Freudian
and Psychodynamic Theories Assessing Unconscious
Processes Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective14
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In his clinical practice, Freud
encountered patients suffering
from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained
in terms of purely physical causes.
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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
Sigmund
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Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first
comprehensive theory of
personality, which included the
unconscious mind, psychosexual
stages, and defense mechanisms.
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Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
gloriamundi.blogsome.com
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A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free
association) in order to tap the unconscious.
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http://w
ww.english
.upenn.edu
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Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through
interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.
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wallcoo.net
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The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to
painful, embarrassing unconscious
memories. Once these memories are
retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.
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neoneocon.com
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The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious
stores temporary memories.
pierce.ctc.edu
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The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id
and superego.
The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for
future aspirations.
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Personality develops as a result of our
efforts to resolve conflicts
between our biological
impulses (id) and social restraints
(superego).
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kabbalahmeditation.org
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Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these
stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas
called erogenous zones.
Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual
stages.
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A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and
feelings of jealousy and hatred for the
rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the Electra complex.
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hedogbarks.blog124.fc2.com
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Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying
with the rival parent. Through this process of
identification, their superego gains strength that
incorporates their parents’ values.
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ncrc.org
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The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Underlies all other defense mechanisms. Freudian slips2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage. Homesick college students
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3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.
4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (He doesn’t trust me --- I don’t trust him.)
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5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. (I only drink to be sociable.)6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (The reason I failed the test is because my teacher doesn’t like me.)
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Jung believed in the collective
unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our
species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a
symbol of nurturance.
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Carl Jung (1875-1961)
notablebiographies.com
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Today’s psychologists discount the idea of inherited experiences.
However, many believe that our shared evolutionary history shaped some universal dispositions.
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ozarksunbound.com
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Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an
inferiority complex during growth and
strives for superiority and power.
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Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
psychology.wikia.com
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Like Adler, Horney believed in the
social aspects of childhood growth and development.
She countered Freud’s
assumption that women have weak
superegos and suffer from “penis
envy.”37
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
bothbrainsandbeauty.com
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Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would
require a psychological
instrument (projective tests) that
would reveal the hidden unconscious
mind.
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tsnormaltobeweird.blogspot.com
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Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their
inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous
scenes.
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Lew
Merrim
/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
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The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was
designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the
blots.
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Lew
Merrim
/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
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Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results)
and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).
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1. When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability).
2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).
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1. Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.
2. Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence. 42
Modern Research
hws.edu
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3. Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.
4. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment.
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chucksigars.com
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4. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices.
5. Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.
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Modern Research
compudesign.com.br
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the repression of painful experiences
into the unconscious mind.
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The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are
unable to repress painful experiences
into their unconscious mind.
vicshayne.com
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Freud was right about the unconscious mind. Modern research shows the existence
of nonconscious information processing.
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1. Schemas that automatically control perceptions and interpretations
2. Parallel processing during vision and thinking
3. Implicit memories
4. Emotions that activate instantly without consciousness
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The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have
been criticized. Psychoanalysis is
meagerly testable. Most of its concepts arise out
of clinical practice, which are the after-the-
fact explanation.
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stateofformation.org