strength of arc-spot weld in sheet steel construction
TRANSCRIPT
Missouri University of Science and Technology Missouri University of Science and Technology
Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
AISI-Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures
01 Jan 1978
Strength of Arc-Spot Weld in Sheet Steel Construction Strength of Arc-Spot Weld in Sheet Steel Construction
Ching Fung
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-aisi-spec
Part of the Structural Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Fung, Ching, "Strength of Arc-Spot Weld in Sheet Steel Construction" (1978). AISI-Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. 148. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-aisi-spec/148
This Technical Report is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in AISI-Specifications for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected].
FINAL REPORT ON
CSICC INDUSTRY RESEARCH
PROJECT 175
STRENGTH OF ARC-SPOT WELD
IN SHEET STEEL COJJSTRUCTION
by
C. FUNG
WESTEEL-ROSCO LIHITED
1978
CSSBt
CONTENTS
Introd.uction ........... " ................... f: . • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
1. Scope . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Test Series I ........................................... ·. ". 4
2.1 RecAp of Test Series I 2.2 The Recommended Welding Procedure
and Technique
3. Test Series II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Objectives 3.2 Description of Test Specimen
and Test Set-Up
4. Test Series III ...................... . ... .. .. , .... , ....... . 9
4.1 Objectives 4.2 Description of Test Specimen
and Test Set-Up
5. Test Results ...................... . ....................... 11
5. 1 Specimen Designations 5.2 Presentation of Data and Test Results
6. Observations and Discussions .•••••.•.•••••..•..•••••••.•.• 12
6.1 Shear Capacity 6. 2 Tension Capacity 6.3 Sheet Thickness/Plate Thickness Ratio 6.4 Yi~ld Strength of Sheet 6.5 Size of Weld 6.6 Surface Condition of Plate 6. 7 Air Gap 6.8 Welder 6.9 Arc Time
7. ConclUsions ...................................... , . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 17
Acknowledgement
References
Figures
Tables
Appendix I
INTRODUCTION
The weld used by the steel deck erectors to anchor steel
decking to structural steel framing is commonly known as "Puddle
Weld". It is formed by arc-welding with stick electrodes to
"melt" through the deck, resulting in puddle of molten steel durinlj
the welding operation. Hence, the weld is commonly referred to in
the trade as "Puddle Weld". Since the inception of this research
projE:ct, this type of weld has been given a new technical name -
the "Arc-Spot Feld" to reflect the actual welding process and the
formation of the weld.
In the past, the arc-spot ·weld was considered to be of no
structural importance. It's prime function is to anchor the deck
to the steel frame to prevent blow-off. Wi th today's sophistication
in the design ·of steel structures, the steel deck is asked to play a
greater role in the stability of the framing, providing lateral
bracing to the compression members and acting as horizontal diaphragms
to distribute the lateral forces. Significant shear forces have to be
transmitted by the weld. As a result, the arc-spot weld is now
elevated to the classification of structural welds and questions to
its strength, quality and consistency are subjects of many recent
researches.
Up to 1969, much of the tests on weldment were conducted by an
individual company. In 1969, a task group was formed under the
auspices of Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute(!) to investigate
the procedures for weldinn steel floor and roof deck to structural
steel members at temperatures below freezing.
The interest at the time was to determine the effect of E6010
electrode, commonly used in welding steel deck, would have on G40-1 2
steel, especially welding under low temperature. No finn conclus ions
were drawn. However, the task group recommended thnt for temperatures
belou (32°) 0° Celsius, a lo~.,, hydrogen electrode (E7018) should be
used.
1
In 1971, American Iron and Steel Institute spon~ored an extensive
testing program on puddle welds and fillet welds on sheet ste:~l. Th.:
testing was conducted and reported by A.K. Dhalla and T. Pekoz of
Cornell UnivG.rsity(2). Although a very detailed description of tlv~ test, along with test data were presented, the report does not contain
any information on the welding procedure ~nd the preparation of the
specimen. Neither does it give recommendations on the: strength of
these welds. This data was later used as e. basis for the development
of the drP-ft of D-1.3 Specifica t ion, American Welding Standard(3) .
In this specification, the use of arc-spot weld is limited to r es ist
in-plane shear. A 'i~elding procedure using the melting rate of the
electrode to guide the welding machine setting has been included,
In 1973, a research program was sponsored by the Canadian Steel
Industries Construction Council to establish the shear strength of
2
the arc-spot weld as produced in the field(4). Due to the inconsistency
of the field welding procedure, the results were too widely scattered
to be conclusive. However, it did point to the need of further study.
This program \Jas instigated in 1975 as a continuation of the
aforementioned research. It consists of three Test Series. Series I
is devoted to the study of the fundamentals of arc-spot welding. The
objective of this test series is to establish controls to be applied
to the current welding practice so that arc-spot weld of consistent
quality ccin be obtained. This series has been reported in detail in
the "Interim Report". In Series II, arc-spot weld produced under a
controlled condition as established in Series I are tested in shear
and in tension. Series III will include supplementary tests to
determine the influence of several field conditions on the strength
of the vreld. These include gap, galvanized and primed surface, weld
size and arc time.
1. SCOPE
This investigation is confined to the manual arc-spot welding
currently used in roof and floor deck installation on structural
steel supports. The weld assumes a circular shape with a specified
diameter of 0.75".
1. Welding Machine (See Figure 1)
Portable diesel DC generator 1dth current range selector and
fine current adjustment.
2. Electrode
E6010, 5/32" diameter.
3. Sheet Steel
ASTM A446, G-90, grade 'A' (gu~ranteed yield 33 ksi) and grade 'D '
(guaranteed yield SO ksi).
Core thickness range = 0.030" to 0.060".
4. Pl:itP. Steel
CSA G40.21 44W (guaranteed yield 44 ksi).
Base thickness range= 0.125" to LOO".
SAE 1010 with guaranteed yield of 45 ksi.
Core thickness rangco = 0.075" to 0.135".
S. Zinc Coating on Plate
ASTI1 A525, G-90 and G-210 (approximate coating thickness 0.0009"
and 0.0018" respectively).
6. Primer on Plate
Air dried oxide red epoxy primer.
Dry film thickness 0.002".
3
2. TEST SERIES I
2. 1 RECAP OF TEST SERIES I
The following paragraphs are only a recap of this test
series. For details, readers are referred to the "Interim
Report on CSICC Industry Research Project 175".
Figure 2 show the section of an ideal arc-cpot weld. The
weldment ie formed by arc weldinE, melting the sheet to fuse
with the plate having a sufficient penetration of p. If the
weld is perfectly round, the fusion betw,~en the weld and the
sheet is equal to the circumference of the ueld times th-2 sheet
thickness (= 11 X D X t). The art.:!a of fusion with plate should
be circular in shape having a diameter d (= D - 2t).
4
It is a recognized fact that the actual arc-spot weld differs
considerebly from the ideal condition because its formation depends
entirely on the skill and judgement of the welder. In order to
produce welds of consistent quality, these human elements must be
eliminated or its effect minimized. Test Series l is thus devoted
to achieving this objective through standardization of the welding
procedure and technique and through good understanding of the
effect of various parameters on the weld.
Ari. in-depth study on the basic parameters that effect the
quality of the arc-spot weld were carried out in Test Series I .
Included are: -
1. Welding machine setting and technique.
2. Sheet Thickness ( t) •
3. Plate Thickness (T).
4. Diameter of the \-Jeld.
A total of 96 welds were sectioned , etched and enlarged for
visual examination to assess the effect of these parameters.
Details and findings of this tesi..: series were reported in the
"Interim Report on Strength of Arc-Spot Weld in Sheet Steel
Construction" to the CISS Industry Research Subcommittee in 1977.
2.1 RECAP OF TEST SERIES I (CONT'D)
The most significant finding is the effect of T/t ratio
on the consistency of the weld. A plot of d/D ratio ver sus
T/t ratio is shown in Figure 4. It reveals that there exists
a region in which drastic reduction i n fusion with plate occurs.
This region is defined by T/t ratio of 2. 5 and d/D ratio of 0.7.
Given the mini.mum weld diameter of 0.63" currently accepted by
most specifications, the minimum vaJ.uA. for d is 0. 45". This
value can be used as n criteria to determine the proper setting
of the welding machine. For example, when proper setting is
achieved, a minimum of 0.45" diameter nugget should rema in
attached to the plate when peP.ling 'i.:est is applied to separate;
the sheet.
5
Results also confirm the importance of having· a proper machine
setting. When the setting is too "hot", it would blow holes on the
sheet instead of fusing the sheet and plate together. Based on the
finding, a procedure has been established and is applied in Test
Series II and III.
2. 2 THE RECOi1MENDED WELDING PROCEDURF. AND TECHNIQUE
As explained in previous section, proper setting of the welding
machine is a prerequisite of a good quality weld. Many variables
affect the machine setting, namely, the T/t ratio, length of cable
and the setting of the machine. The following procedure has been
found to be effective and convenient for field application.
(a) Use "melting r ate" as a guide to achiev:; proper machine setting.
A melting rate of 13" per minute is suggested for 0.75 11 specified
diameter arc-spot weld, weldir..g sheets in 0.030 11 to 0.0611
thickness range, using 5/32" diameter E6010 elE::ctrode (the
maximum length of cable required for the job should be used
in determining th~ melting rate) .
6
2. 2 THE REC0Mt1.E~~DED WC:LD ING PROCEDURE Al\'!]) TECHNIQUE ( COPT' D)
(b) With the greatest sheet thickness and thinnest plate thickness ,
mak~ three (3) arc-spot welds of the specified diameter. Make
a visual inspection of the welds. The ~!eld shall be reasonably
uniform and circular in shape and free of exceBsive undercut
or burning through plate. Apply the peeling test to the weld
sample to separate the sheet. iJhen a nugget of minimum 0. 45"
diameter remnins attriched to the plate, the proper setting is
confirmed.
The above procedure assumes the use of DC current generator
with reverse polarity. The arc-spot weld should be made with a
single pass, starting at the centre of the weld then moving spirally
outwards as shown in Figure 3, to form a circular shaped weld.
3. TEST SERIES II
3. 1 OBJECTIVES
The prime objective of this test series was to establis '.1 tl,e
capacities of the weld in shear and in t~nsion. Shear capacity
of the weld is used in the steel deck diaphragm design. Uplift
on roof steel decking subject the weld to tension. No attem0t
7
was made to establish the capacity ur1der combined shear ar..d tension
forces.
3. 2 DESCRIPTIOH OF TEST SPECH1EN AND TEST SET-UP
Figure 5 shows the typical shear test specimen and the
orientation of the specimen as it is in place in the testing
machine. A force is applied in the plane of the w~ld. Each
specimen consists of a formed sheet in the shape of a channel
and connected to the plate by a single arc-spot weld. The sheet
is formed into a channel section to have sufficient stiffness to
prevent bending of the sheet due to the slight eccentricity of
the force applied. It also provides sufficient strength to the
sheet so that failure is forced to occur at the weld.
A typical tension test specimen is shown in Figure 6. The
applied force in relation to the weld is also shown in the same
figure. Each specimen consists of a short piece of channel formed
from sheet steel. It is welded to the plate at the centre by a
single arc-spot weld. For connection to tensile machine, the
test specimen is first bolted to a test jig consisting of two
parts. The top part is connected to the two flanges of the sheet
channel by a pin. The bottom part is bolted to the plate by four
bolts. Although a force is applied normal to the plane of the
weld, the stresses around the weld is not uniform due to the peeling
effect. As the applied force increases, the sheet channel begins to
straighten out , subj ecting the portion of the weld adjacent. to the
8
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SPECIMEN AND TEST SET-UP (CONT'D)
flange to a higher stress. Since the condition. simulates the acttial
uplift condition of th.:! deck und£.r wind action, no atte1'1p t was made
to subject the weld in pure tension.
All specimens were prepared using the welding procedure and
technique established in Test Series I. Plate thickness used was
constant at 0.5" while sheet thickness varied from 0.031" to 0.059".
Force applied to the specimen was gradually increased. Ult:Lmnte
strength was considered to have been reached when either the sheet
was separated from the plate or the connection offered no further
resistance. The deformation char.acteristics of the welded connection
were not recorded.
9
4. TEST SERIES III
4. 1 OBJECTIVES
In this series, the parar.teters considered to have an effect
on the strength of the Keld w2re investigated. Thef are: -
(a) Plate to Sheet Thickness Ratios (Sub-Series 'A' and 'B')
(b) Yield Stren3th of the Sheet Material (Sub-Series 'B ' )
(c) Size of Weld (Sub-Series 'C'}
(d) Surface Coating (Sub-Series 'D')
(e) Gap between Sheet and Plate (Sub-Series 'E')
(f) Welders
(g) Arc Time
4.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SPECIMEN AND TEST SET-UP
Specimens were prepared and tested in the same manner ~s in
Series II for both shear and tension. With the exception of the
investigation of the effect of plci.te to sheet thickness ratio,
all specimens were welded on plate of 0.5" thick. Sheet thickness
varies from 0.030" to 0.059" with two different grades of steel,
namely Grade 'A' (Fy = 33 ksi minimum) and Grade 'D' (Fy = 50 ksi
minimum).
In the study of the effect of the weld size, the welder was
simply asked to produce welds of 0.5" and 1.0" diameters. No
mechanical guide was used; however, the average diameter of the
weld produced was measured.
Both galvanized and primed surface coatings on the plate were
investigated. Two grades of galvanizing were used, G-90 and G-210,
giving an approximate zinc coating thickness of 0.0009" and 0.0018"
or equivalent to 0.45 oz. and 1.05 oz. per square foot of surface
respectively. The primer used was of air-dried type commonly used
in structural steel fabrication having an average coating thickness
of 0.002".
10
Shims of 0.6", 0.1" and 0.13 11 thickness were used to separate
the sheet frrn; the plate to p·.:-oduce variuus gaps that might exist
in field. The purpose of this investigation is not to study how
the stren3th of the m .. ld varies with gaps but to establish the
ma::;:imum gap that can be tolerated within the. accepted scatter of
the ~eld strength.
Four different experienced steel deck welders were used in
making up the test specimens. The :intent wan to include sufficient
variance due to human judgement so th2.t the results are representt°l.tive
of the welds produced in the field.
It was observed in Test Series I that the size of the weld
was proportional to thP. length of the a rc time. This led to the
belief that this pare.meter might be useful as a guide for welding.
Except for Welder /fl, the arc time was accurately recorded by a
time-voltage plotter as shmm in Figure 7.
5. TEST RESULTS
5. l SPECU1EN DEST.GNATIONS
Each speci11'en was given a nurnber which would identify the
test series, Shear or Tension test and the welder who did the
welding. A typicc~l designati.on, 2AS-302 ir.dicates the specimen
belongs to Test Series l!_, Sub-Series '~', and is a ~hear test
specir.1en. The first number in the last three fir,ures represents
the welder. The last tv.o digits give the sequence the specimen
was w...,lded during the preparation of t h.:! specimen.
5.2 PRESENTATrnN OF DAT.A AND TEST RESULTS
Physical and weldin5 data for each specimen are tabulated
in Table 1 to Table 4 with the exceptfon of Test Series I
which was reported in the 1977 interim report on this project.
Results of the shear and tension tests are tabulated in Table 5
to respectively. The shear strength obtained frow the test
is compared with the theoretical allowable strength determined
by the formula contained in the draft copy of AWSDl. 3-77,
"Welding Sheet Steel in Structure". The formula is reproduced
in Appendix 'I' for easy reference. No formula is available to
determine the tension strength of the weld and, therefore, no
similar comparision was made on the tension test results.
11
The strength test results are also graphically presented in
Figure 10 to 13. Statical analysis has been carried out on the
ultimate shear and tension strengths of the 0.75" specified diameter
arc-spot weld joining ASTM A446 Grade 'A' G-90 galvanized sheet
steel to G40.21 44 Steel Plate. The band of scatter defined by
the standard deviations as upper and lower bounds are used as the
base to determine the effect of other parameters investigated.
These bands are shown on each figure to facilitate a graphical
comparision with the result obtained for the specific parameter
under study.
6. OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
6 • 1 SHEAR CLP AC ITY
Majority of the failures was tearing in the sheet mc>.terio~l
in front of the weld. Figur2 8 shows a typical sample -of such
failure. Equations from AWS Dl.3-77 predict thll occurence of
such fai1.ur-~ i,·hen the d/t ratio is less than 240/ JFY. Since the
maximum d/t ratio is 24 anJ is less t han the minimum 240/py
ratio of 32, it can be observed that the mode of failure 0£ the
weld in shear can be predicted with good accuracy.
12
The allm-1able shear cc:pacity of each specimen is thus
determined in accordance with AWS Dl.3-77. In the calculatj_on ,
the specified diameter of the weld, the actual yield and tensile
strength of the sheet steel were used . The ratio of the ultimate
load to the calculated vrdue represents the safety factor which is
tabulated in the last column. of Table 5 to 9. The range is from
2.00 to 3.7 with a mean value of 3.2 and a standard deviation of t 0.44. Since the measured veld diameters are in general smaller
than the specified diameters, AUS Dl.3-77 appears to be conservetive.
Taking all the results from Sub-Series 'A', the standard
deviation of the test results are }/!. %, 15% and 7% for sheet
thj_ckness of 0.031", 0.035" and 0.059" respectively. Wider
scattEor reflects the difficulty of welding with thinner sheet
steel.
6. 2 TENSION CAPACITY
Under load, the sheet channel began to straighten out
subjecting the weld to a peeling action. The stress was highest
at the locations which uere closest to the legs of the channel.
Failure commences with tearing of the sheet material at these
locations and gradually propagated along the circumference of
the weld. A typical failure is shovm in Figure 9.
'
13
6.2 TENSION CAPACITY (CQclT'D)
AWS Dl.3-77 provides no fonnula for estimating the tension
cape.city of the arc-spot weld. Therefore, no comparision is made.
Statistical analysis of the results from Sub-~eries 'A' yields
standard deviations of 18%, 12% end 18% for sheet thickness of
0.031", 0.036" and 0.059" respectively. It is interesting to
point out tha.t the ratio of th~ LJ.e1.n shear capacity to the mean
tension capacity is reasonably constant for the three thicknesses
tested, i.e. 2.8, 2.5, 2.7 for 0.031 " , 0.03611 and 0.05911
respectively.
6.3 SHEET THICKNESS/PLATE THICKNESS RATIO (FIGURE 10)
Te$tS show that ultimate load increases with sheet thickneEs.
Shear capacity has higher variance for lighter gau~e whereas tension
capacity appears to be the opposite,
Welds made on 3/16 plate (T/t = 3.2) do not appear to be
inferior in capacity. This confirms the observation of Test Series
I, that Plate to Sheet Ratio should be maintained above 2.5.
Tests show that arc-spot welding has higher shear capacity than
tension capacity. In general, shear capacity is well over 2.5 times
the tension capacity.
6.4 YIELD STRENGTH OF SHEET ----·-Tests show that there is little increase in tension or sheP-r
capacity due to higher yield strength of the sheets. This is in
contradiction to ASW Dl. 3-77 which allows the weld capacity to
increase with the strenr;th of the material.
6. 5 SIZE OF WEI .D
Figure 11 shmrn the effect of varying the specified diameter
on the capacity of the ;;ield. The band lines represent the scatter
of the 0.75" specified diameter weld. It can be observed that an
increase in the specified diameter does not increase the capacity
6.5 SIZE OF WELD (CONT'D)
of the weld. On the other hand, a reduction in the specifit:d
diar.1eter: leads to a reduction in the shear capci.city of the weld
in the 0.059" sheet thickness bvt has no significant effect in
lower sheet thicknesses. Nor does it have any effect on the
tension capacity of the weld.
14
6. 6 SURFACE CONDITION OF PLATE (FIGURE 12) ·
Primed Surface: Tests show that although failure loads for
primed plat8s are slightly lowered, the failureloads do not
deviate very much. It is considered that for pritLed surfa.ce,
there is no detrimental effect on capacity.
Galvanized Surface: Shear test results are widely scattered.
It is believed that the wide scattering of results is primarily
due to the heavy galvanizing (G-210) on the plate surface. A
lighter galvanizing (G-90) on the plate is used in tension tests
and the results exhibit the same scattering similar to no coating
on the plate surface.
6.7 AIR GAP (FIGURE 13)
Tests show that air gap generally decreases load capacity
both in shear and tension. It would appear from test results,
maximum tolerable a ir gap acceptable would be 1/1611•
The decrease in load capacity is attributed to the fact
that more pm1er is required to overcome the air resistance.
Badly formed spot welds are common as air gap is increased.
6.8 WELDERS
Welder No. 1 has consistently longer welding time. Despite
this, the load capacity does not appear to be superior. This
was observed to be due to the welder's technique. The technique
was subsequently improved and used by Welders 2, 3 and 4. The
test results of the latter three welders are used to establish
the standard deviation for the weld capacities.
6.8 WELDERS (CONT'D)
This confirms that the Welding Procedure and Techniquc:cs
established in Test Series I will yield welds of acceptable
consistc:_ncy by Minimizing the effect of human judgement.
6. 9 ARC TIM"!!:
In general, the size of the weld, thereby load capacity,
is affected by the duration of arc time. Shorter duration
usually yields smaller weld with lmJer capacity. This is only
true when the welding conditj_on is identical.
15
Mean arc time for 1/2", 3/4" and 1" diameter welds is shown in
table belo·w. It can be obsPrved that arc time is increased
as size of weld is increased. Tests ~o not show any appreciable
amount of arc time increase when sheet thickness is increased
f r0111 0. 035" to 0. 059".
Mean Welding SPECIFIED WELD DIAHETER (IN) Time (sec)
Sheet ~ Thickness (in) 0.50 0.75 1.00
0.035 2.90 5.80 11. 9
0.059 2.90 6.50 10.2
7. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions ca~l be drai·'n from the tests carried
out.
1. The quality and coasistency, hence the capacity of the weld,
depend entirely on the welding procedure and technique.
2. With a minor improvcme::nt on the current welding technique used
16
in installjng steel decking and a standardized welding procedure,
weld of acceptable consistency can be produced. The consistency,
for the purpose of this welding, is defined as a s tandcrd deviation
of ± 15% for shear and ± 18% for tension.
3 . The plate-to-sheet thickness rctio of 2.5 or greater is more
conducive to consistentwelding results.
4. Primed surface commonly used in structural steel fabrication have
little effect on "t-!eld capacity. However, heavily galvanized
surface tend~ to reduce the capacity of the weld.
5 . Air gap between sheet and plate is conducive to poor weld formation
and lower weld c~pacity.
6. The strength of the sheet steel appears to have little effect on
the capacity of the weld.
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
The recomm.ended des i.gn weld capac.i ties for 0. 7.5" specified
diameter arc-spot weld joining sinr;le sheet to plate are.shown
in the following tfible.
Sheet Thick• (in) o.o:;o 0.036 0.048 0.060
Min. Plate Thick . (in.) 0.075 o9n 0.12 0.15 ----
Shear (lbs/weld) 1,200 1,280 1,840 2, ltOO
Tension (lbs/weld) 400 480 6lf0 880
2. Safety Factor
The above ueld capacities are obtained by applying a safety
factor of 2.5 on the mean failure load of the welds tested.
This recomrnLnded safety factor is the same as that used fo r
shear diaphra{:,m design. It is higher than the 2.25 indicated
in CSA S136 for connection design. Higher safety factor is
justified to allow for the scatter of the test results.
3. Welding Procedure and Technique
In order to achieve the desired consistency impli~d in the weld
capacities recommended above, a £tandardized welding procedure
und technique should be instigated. The welding procedure and
technique detailed in Section 2 is recommended .
4. Adoption by Design Standard
It is recommended that the design weld capacit:ies and the welding
procedure and technique be. included in t he ne:~t revision o;:
CSA Sl36.
17
5. Further Research
Installations of steel dec!'.ing at -30°F are not uncommon in
Canada. Questions have be.en raised regarding ho~1 the low
temperature welding would affect the weld capacities and the
steel supporting members. CSA Standard W59.1 requires pre
heating foz weldi.ng at temperatures below 32°F. Is preheating
necessary? Does arc-spot welding fall within the scope of
W59.1? Hany installations of steel de.cl~ have bec-:n successfully
carried out in se~ere winter conditions ~ithout preheating of
the support steel. This fact leads to the belief that preheating
is not required and a separate welding stc:.ndard is necessary for
arc-spot welding. Furth£x research is needed in this area to
verify this point.
18
ACKNOHLEDGEUENT
This research project has been sponsored by the Canadian
Steel Industries Construction Council. Westeel-Rosco Limited
renders the services for co-ordination, preparation, testing
and reporting. Sheet steel and major testing facilities were
provided by Dominion Foundries of Canada. The writer is
indebted to the members of the Steering Committee, Messrs.
J. Biskup (Canadian Welding Bureau), J. Clark (Robertson
Buildins System), G. Webster, R. Gasturan (Dofasco), and
A. Kamarudin (Wt::steel-Rosco) for their critical revieu of this
report.
REFERENCES
1. Report by Task Force on Welding, Canadian Sheet Steel :duilding
Institute, May 1, 1969.
2. "Tests on Puddle and Fillet Weld Connections" by A.I<. Dhalla
and T. Pekoz, Cornell University for the American Iron and
Steel InstitutP., October 1971.
3. "Specification for Welding Sheet Steel in Structures", Draft
of D-1.3 Specification, American Welding Standard.
4. "Shear Strength of Puddle Welds in Gauge Metal Construction"
Industry Research Project 373, Canadian Steel Industries
Construetion Council, 1975.
5. "Cold Formed Steel Structural Members", CSA Standard S136-1974,
Canadian Standards Association.
6. "General Specification for Welding of Steel Structures (Metal
Arc Welding)", CSA Standard W59.1, Canadian Standards Association.
FIGURES
Figure 1 - Typical Welc.ing Machine.
Figure 2 - Section of An Idealized /.re-Spot Weld.
Figure 3 - Welding Technique - Movement of Electrode.
Figure 4 - Effect of T/t Ratio on Weld Penetration.
Figure 5 - Typical Shear Test and Specimen.
Figure 6 - Typical Tension Test and Specimen.
Figure 7 - Voltage/Time Plotter.
Figure 8 - Typical Shear Failure.
Figure 9 - Typical Tension Failure.
Figure 10 - Weld Capacities Vs. Sheet Thickness.
Figure 11 - Effect of Weld Size.
Figure 12 - Effect of Surface Coating on Plate.
Figur~ 13 - Effect of Air Gap.
FIGURE 1 - TYPICAL WELDING MACHINE
-., "\ \·. -\, . ,, '-\\\ •'.,_ '\:- '~' :_, ''. ·,\ " >-. <:, ~·., ~---,--1.---.-~~.~-::::---''~.' ·'°'Z,~ ·~. '\;.:·:-.:_;~ ·-,,,, .. ~- ~ >-, '~,. \.:\~ -:. '~:~<~ l . Gap - . · .. ,_~-~\\'\' "_s_,_S.\ .. -~~~- -- -
d \ Pla te ·-···-·~-------
~Fusion (Plate)
FIGURE 2 - SECTION OF AN IDEALIZED ARC-SPOL WELD
FIGURE 3 - MOVE'!-1ENT OF ELECTRODE
-1 .o
\0 00 J: (") -::t 0 0 . . 0 0
+ + _I 0 0 "' 00 (\') \0 (") -::t
- .. . t • .. .. 0 0 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 II II II II ---- ----- '° .µ .µ .µ .µ rl
o. ):! <} .:~
ii'i:'
-::t ---- - ----rl
·- .
N
--------1--------'.-l
~!' 0 --------- --- ----- - - ··· ----- 7i.· .-l
--f---- -· ------·-· --------+----
-1--------l------1- -· ---- ··---·--- -::t
0 00 N 0 . . . . . .-! 0 0 0 0
smrwr:::>ads OHL • NIH NO S.LN:;IJ.ill1:IQSV3H ao 30V~l'.!I.IW NO m1sva 011.v-a (CT/P)
0 H
~ .µ -
. 0 H ~
----·-----------·-----
~j,___ ____ ... _· --1 ----- --+ "' --·- --- --~-- ----·--'ii :
Figure 5 - SHEAR TEST & SPECIMEN
- ---------- - ·---- ----- --- ------·-----·------------- ---- - · - ·--------
t \TOP PART OF TEST JIG
.· ,, ,/' ,
. / .· / _---41-...,._,.,__,.., ..L-.J~~--
BOTTOM PART OF TEST JIG
Figure 6 - TENSION TEST & SPECIMEN
- -·- ·---- ··-·------------
I.
FIGURE 7 - VOLTAGE/TIME PLOTTER
~
O'
r-.·' .A ·--.• - . ·~.. . ; - .. ,, . ,~,r
-~fof' .,.~ .. -
·: .~ ··~ ·:·~ ({~, ·r-· -:~· · .. {~~ - .,___ ' ..... $. _.,.. -...
1 ~
FIGURE 8 - TYPICAL SHEAR FAILURE
FIG. 10 ULTit~.'.fl~ LOA_!!? VS SHEET THICKNESSES
(0. 75 11 SPECIFU:D HELD DIAMETER)_
7. O - -----·--·- -·'··~\ __ SHE.AR_ ___ )_ _____ -·-·----·· L. ... -----·-···---·--- . -· ·--·- __ _ ! ) 0.5" PL~TE
.Li;;.- TENSILf ) I C) SHEAR I . ) I
! ) 0.188" ~'LATE I 6. O --·-----· -- -·--· .. ~:--1EN"SILf ) -·-----. ----+ ····-···-· ... . -··- 1. _ -· _ _
l
5. 0
I+. 0 ------
3. 0 --- --- --- -------·--
2.0
1. 0 ··· · ---- ·.,· --- ·~-
0
t / / . .::/
------ -- ___ .L__
~ /I . 4~ t ,./ I/
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
0.050
SHEET 1llICK (TN.)
I
0
C.1 lf) 0 . 01
'
/
0.060
- 15%
'!
FIG . 11 EFFECT OF WEI..D SIZE
- ------·- _ .. -·---- --·-----,, .. ·--r--. ·-··-· -·----.. ----··· --...... ----
ITTI SCATTER BA~ FOR 0. 75" L SPECIFIED ntAMETER
7.o ____________ j._~E.~- hr.s~+------------·--- .... --.-·-·-·--Lt\ .._ TENSILE! ) ) s~.:EcIJi'IED .
1 ) W1:LD !
I ) 1. 011 ) . . 4'· c~ snEAR 1·' ) DIAMETER I ~': . > I . . •. /
6. 0 ----- ---··-- ---· ~"tf:· ___ T.EN.SILE -)- --- - -- - ------- -- . -·-'.:....v ,-·-1 I !/; I 1/
~~ I I,)' {; 5. 0 -·--------· ·--- ---.. - ---- -- ~· ---·· · -··t · I..- -.~:.~·-· ··------
/J '"
//
(;.
. ,. \,.. _____ ':. ·-I ·------ -- - --·--··-·-4.0
·~ 3 .0 __ __ ____ ·---- -r+J
v ' --- ·--· -·-·
\,~ I z. o ·- ···-·-·--··-· - -- ___ ,, .. ·- · .... ··-' .... · .. ----- -.. ---~~~s<'.'.'L_ , __ 1--r- ---,, ----!?----·---·
I I I ' I 1~---i I 1
I 1. 0 -- - .. ----·-1·--.. ---
. ~ l 0 ~--· __ ..._I ___ -"- __ o___,_ __ _._ ___ _..l ____ o_ ·<· -'-1 ___ __.
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 . 06
SH:t:ET THICK (IN.)
FIG . 1 2 EFFECT OF SURFACE COATD1G ON I'LATE
--·---- --.. -·----. ·-----. ----------·-------·
[]] SCATTER BAI FOR BARED LATE
1J:. SHEAR ) 7. 0 - --- - -··--· -,---·· -- ---· - - ·-)- . .,T,"-R-I.}iED -U.:Ji:TE-----·--
1'-., TENSIL ~ ) -'r~-
(}' SHEAR G-210 GALV Pi.ATE
6.0 - - ---
5. 0
4.0
3. 0 -· ---· ._ .. _ - ·-··-------
A
2.0 - ----····-------1-·--·-1 .
l.O ·---· i-----·----1 CJ'\ Lr)
. c: I 0 .__ ____ J_ _____ .. ___ · _o __ _;__ _____ ~! ____ o__._I ____ __...
I/'\ (Y)
0
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
SHEET nac:.c (IiL)
FIG. 13 EFFECT OF AIR GAP
---· ... --, ----- ' · -· ----"- ···---- ·- ···--· --·- .... -.... .. -~ ··-·- _ .. . _ -"-----·-··-·-· -~ ·--.. -~ - ·-. ---···- ······ ··- ---·-· ...
[IIJ NO GAP
[1 SHEAR I ) --,--···--··-· .J. .. y--0~-06-"--{l ~P-·- ·--···-· -·-··-··--. ··---···--
~41- TENSI.L ~ )) 1 I/ I tf~ SHEAR
) 0 .10" G P '
. ___ :4"-: .2~NSIL., ) -·--- ]~-- . -+I ~~ r .. 7----. ~ ;J
t; '•i { ;
,;_,
~A I ~I . 5. 0·--· - -··--·., ___ ·----+-$rrr k _ _
_ ] ___ +_· __ 4. 0 -····-- ··-··-·-··--·- ·--··----·--·
7.0----
6 .01----
0 SHEAR ) "
__ ("'!/·• ) o.13" G p
TENS IL~ ) l
3. 0 ---- ·---I -------·· ··~ -~ .. ----·
2. 0
·~~-__.l__.~q~· __ __, ·0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06
SHEET THICK (UT.)
Page 1 of 2
SPECU~EN
NO .
I 2AS-101 -102 -103 -104 -105 -106 -107 -108 -109
2AS-201 -202 -203 -204 -205 -206
I -207 -208 -209 -210 -211 -212
TABLE 1
PHYSICAL Al'ID WELDING DATA OF SPECilffiN . FOR TEST SERIES II
SHEAR TEST
SHZET STEEL \..'ELD DIAMETER
(ASTM A446 G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TD!E
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec)
O.'J31 A 53.0 0.5 G4~4~1 0 .75 .75 7.0 II II 11 11 :r " .75 7.0 II II II " " II .88 8.0
0. 050 II 46.5 II Tl II --- 5.9 II II II " II II .94 6.0 " II II Tl II Tl .88 6.0
0.059 II 43.5 II II Tl .88 6.1 II 11 II 11 II II .75 5.9 II II 11 " Tl II .75 5.7
0.031 Tl 53.0 II Tl " .66 4.3 " II II II II II .63 5.4 II II " " II " .63 4.5
0.050 " 46 .5 II !I II .59 5.3 11 II II " II II .56 5.2 II II II II II II .63 5.3
0.059 11 43.5 II II II • 72 6.0 II 11 II II Tl II .66 5.9 II " II II " " .63 5.7 II II II II " II .69 4.4 II " " II " II .66 4.4 " " " " " II .69 4 .6
WELDING DATA
WELDER MELTING RATE NO. (in/min)
1 13.1 II I II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II "
2 12.7 " II
II II
II II
II II
II II
11 " " II
II " II 14.3 II " II "
I
TABLE 1 (CONT'D)
Page 2 of 2
SHEET STEEL SPECIMEN
(ASTM A446 G-90)
NO. THICK t GRADE ACTUAL Fy
(in) (ksi)
2AS-301 0.031 A 53.1 -302 II II II
-303 " II II
-304 0.035 II 44 . 4 -305 II II II
-306 II II II
-307 II " II
-308 II II II
-309 II II II
-310 11 II II
-311 0.050 II 46.5 -312 II II II
-313 II II II
-314 0.059 II 43.5 -315 II " 11
-316 II II II
-317 " II II
-318 II II II
-319 II II II
-320 II II II
PLATE STEEL
THICK. T MATERIAL
(in) SPEC.
0.5 G4~401 II II
II " !I 11
II II
II II
0.19 II
II II
II II
II II
0.50 II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
0. 19 II
II II
II II
11 II
WELD DIAMETER WELD ING DATA
(in)
SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME WELDER MELTING RA.TE (sec) NO. (b./rain)
0.75 .66 5.0 3 12. 7 II .66 5.2 II II
II • 72 5.0 II II
II .66 5.6 11 II
II .69 6.0 II " " .81 x . 56 6.0 II II
" .66 4.8 II II
II .53 5.2 II II
II .69 4.8 ll " II .75 5.4 I! !I
II .63 5.4 II " " .66 4.8 II II
II .69 5.4 11 11
II .63 5.4 II II
" .47 5.0 11 II
II .81 x .47 5.0 11 II
II ~56 5.0 II II
II .66 5.6 II II
II .50 5.8 II II
II .75 6.0 II II
_Page 1 of 4
SPECIMEN
NO. I
I I 3BS-101 -102
I -103 -104 -105 I
I -106 -107
I -108 -109
JBS-201 -202 -203 -204 -205 -206 -207 -208 -209 -210 -211 -212
TABLE 2
PHYSICAL AND WELDING DATA OF SPECIMEN FOR TEST SERIES III
SHEAR TES'r
SHEET STEEL WELD DIAMETER
(ASTM A446 .G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TJ}1E
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec)
G40.21 0.032 c 57.7 0.50 44W 0 .75 .81 8.0
II II " II II II .88 8.0 1! II II II II II .81 9.0
0.050 A 43.0 II " " .75 9.0 II II II II II II .r1 8.0 II " II II II II .81 9.0
0.072 D 55.6 II " II .81 10.0 II II " " " II .88 9.0 II II II II II II .88 11.0
0.032 c 57.7 II II " .69 6.0 II II II II " " .66 5.0 " II II II " II .66 5.2
0.047 A 41.5 II II I! .56 4.8 II ,, II II II II .66 5.4 " II II II II II .69 6.0
0.072 D 55.6 II II " .66 6.2 II II II II II " .63 5.9 " II II " " " .63 5.8 II II " ,, II IT .69 4.6 II II II II II II .69 4.3 II " II II II " .69 4.6
WELD ING DATA
i-.1ELDER I BELTING RATE NO. I (in/min)
1 13.1 II 11
II ,, II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II " 2 12.7 II II
II II
II II
" II
II II
ll II ,, II
II II
II 14.3 II II
II II
TABLE 2 (CONT'D)
Page 2 of 4
SHEET STEEL
I
WELD DIA.HETER WELDING DATA SPECIMEN
(ASTM A446 .G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
NO . THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TINE WELDER MELTING RATE
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 3CS-401 0.035 A 44. 4 a.so 44W a.so .63 3.2 4 12.7 -402 II II II II II " .66 3.6 II II
-403 II II II II II II .63 3.6 II " -404 II II II 11 II II .59 2.3 II II
-405 II " II Tl II 11 .63 3.0 Tl Tl
-406 fl II Tl II II II .S9 3.0 II II
-407 0.059 II 43.5 II II " .59 2.6 II II
-408 II " II II II " .S3 2.6 II II
-409 II II II II fl " .S3 2.6 II II
-410 II II II II II II .so 2.6 " II
-411 fl II II II II II .S9 2.6 II II
-412 0.03S II 44 . 4 II II 1.00 .88 12.0 II II
-413 II II II II II " .88 11.0 II II
-414 II II II II II II .81 9.6 II II
-415 " II II I I II II .88 11. 6 II II
-l~ l6 II II II 0.19 II II .88 8.8 II It
-417 II II II II II II .81 7.8 II II
-418 II II II 0.50 Tl II .75 9.2 " II
-419 0.059 II 43.5 II II II .81 10. 8 II " -420 11 II II II " II .81 9.6 " II
·-421 II II II II II " .81 10.4 II II
-422 II II II II II II .88 10.8 II II
-423 II I! II II II II .81 9.2 " II
TABLE 2 (CONT'D)
Page 3 of 4
SHEET STEEL WELD DIAMETER WELDING DATA SPECIMEN
(AS™ A446 G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
NO. THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME WELDER MELTING RATE
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 3DS-301 0.035 A 44.4 0.19 44W 0.75 .69 3.8 3 12.7
-302 II II II II II II .66 4.4 II II
-303 II II II ti II II .63 3.6 !I " -304 II II II II II " .66 4.6 " II
-305 0 .059 II 43.5 " II 11 .44 3.6 II II
-306 II II II " II II .47 3.8 II " -307 II II II " II II .47 4.0 II " -308 II II II II II II .41 4.2 II II
3DS-401 0.035 II 44.4 0.135 CSPI 501 II .59 3.0 4 II
-402 II II " 11 II II .69 3.0 " II
-403 II " II II II II 1. x • 63 4.0 II " -404 II " 11 II " II • 72 3.8 11 II
-405 0 .059 II 43.5 II II " .66 3.8 II II
-406 II II II II " II .38 4.0 " II
I -407 " II " " II II • 72 3.6 II " -408 II " " II II II .69 4.0 II II
G40.21 -" II II 0.19 II .88 x .56 5.6 !I II -409 44W
-410 " " " II '' II • 72 4.2 " II
TABLE 2 (CONT'D)
Page 4 of 4
SHEET STEEL I SPECIMEN (AST~ A446 G-90)
NO. THICK t GRADE ACTUAL Fy
i (in) (ksi) I
I I 3ES-401 0.035 A 44.4 I -402 II II II
-403 II II II
I -404 !I II II
-4C5 " II II
-406 II " " -407 II II II
-408 II II II
-409 II " II
-410 " II 11
l -411 II II II
-412 II II " -413 0.059 II 43.5 -414 II II II
-415 II II II
-416 II II II
-417 II II II
-418 II II II
I -419 II II II
-420 II II II
-421 II II II
-'12.2 II II II
-423 II II II
-424 " II II
WELD DIAMETER w"ELDING DATA PLATE STEEL
(in)
THICK. T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME 'WELDER MELTING RATE
(in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 0. 19 44W 0.75 --- 4.0 4 12.7
II !I II .63 3.9 II II
II II II .66 4.5 II II
II II " .53 4.6 II II
II II II .66 4.8 II II
II II II .69 5.0 II II
II II II .69 5.6 " II
II II II .75 5.4 II II
II II II .72 7.2 " " II II II .69 7.0 II 11
II II II .75 6.6 II II
II II II .69 6.0 II II
II II II .59 4.4 II " II II " .50 4.8 II II
II II II .50 4.2 II II
II II II .63 3.8 !I II
II II II .59 5.5 II II
II II .69 7.0 II II
II II .66 5.4 II
II II • 72 5.8 ti
II II .69 6.8 II
II II .66 6.4 II
II II .75 7.6 II
II II .69 7.4 "
Page 1 of 2
TABLE 3
PHYSICAL AND WELDING DATA OF SPECU~N . FOR TEST SERIES III
TENSION TEST
SHEET STEEL I WELD DIAi.'1ETER I SPECIMEN (ASTM A446 G-90) PLATE STZEL
I (in)
NO. THICK GRADE !ACTUAL Fy
THICK. NATERIAL I SPECIFIED
I t T MEASURED TL'!E
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. I (sec) I ! (;4~4~1 I 2AT-101 0.031 A 53. 0 0.5 0.75 .88 7.0
-102 II II II II " II .88 7.0 -103 " II I II II II II .88 7.0 -104 0.050 II 46.5 II " II .81 9.0
I -105 " II " II II i II .Cl 7.0 I
-106 II II II II II I II .75 9.0 -107 0.059 II 43.5 II II II .69 7.0 -108 " " II II II " .88 10.0 -109 II II II " II II .69 7.0
2AT-201 0.031 II 53.0 !I " II • 72 6.0 -202 II II II II II II .69 6.9 -203 II II II II II II .59 3.3 -204 O. 050 I II 46.5 II II II .69 5.0 -205 ti II II II II II .66 5.3 -206 rr " II II II " .63 5.2 -207 0.059 II 43.5 If " " .63 6.3 -208 II II II II " II .63 5.0 -209 II II II II 11 II .66 6.3
I l I
WELD ING DATA
t-.'ELDER I MELTING RATE NO. (in/min)
1 14 " II
II " " II
II " II II
" ti
" " " " 2 12.7 II II
II " II 11
II II
I! " II II
II II
II II
I
TABLE 3 (CONT'D)
Page 2 of 2
SHEET STEEL SPECil'fEN
(ASTM A446 G-90)
NO . THICK I
t GRADE ACTUAL Fy (in) (ksi)
2AT-301 0.031 A 53.0 -302 II II " -303 II 11 " -~04 0.035 11 44.4 -305 II 11 11
-306 11 II " -307 11 " 11
-308 " " 11
-309 11 11 II
-310 fl 11 11
-311 0. 050 II 46.5 -312 11 II II
-313 " 11 11
-314 0.059 11 43.5 -315 11 II 1T
-316 11 II 11
-317 11 11 1T
-318 11 11 1T
-319 11 11 11
-320 11 11 II
WELD DIA.i.'1ETER WELDING DATA PLATE STEEL
(in)
THICK. T N..\TERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME W:ZLDER MELTING RATE
(in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
0.5 G40.21 4f;.W 0.75 .75 --- 3 12. 7
" II " • 72 5.2 II " 11 II II .69 6.0 " 11
11 11 11 • 72 6.2 11 11
11 II " .69 5.2 11 " " " " .69 5.6 11 II
0.19 r1 11 .69 6.0 " II
11 11 II • 72 5.0 1T II
11 11 1T .66 2.8 " 11
II II 11 .66 3.4 11 11
0.50 II 11 .75 5.2 11 II
11 " 11 .81 5.6 11 11
II 11 11 .75 5.2 11 II
II 11 11 .72 5.0 11 II
11 11 1T .75 5.6 tr II
II 11 11 .75 5. 4. 11 11
0.19 II 11 .56 2.8 11 " 1! II II .56 3.0 II 11
11 11 II .59 3.0 !1 11
II II II .59 3.4 11 II
Page 1 of 5
I l SP:3CilfEN
I I
I NO .
L I
3BT-101 -102 -103 -104 -105 -106 -107 -108 -109
3BT-201 -202 -203
) -201~
-205 -206 -207 -208 -209
I I
I I
7ABLZ 4
PHYSICAL AND WELDING DATA OF SPECIMEN FOR TEST SERIES III
TENSION TEST
SHEET STEEL WELD DIAi"1ETER
(ASTII Al~46 G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED Til1E
(in) I (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec)
o. 032 l G40.21 c 57. 7 0.50 44W 0. 75 .81 8.0 I " II II II " " .75 7.0
" II II II II II .75 7.0 0.050 A 43. 0 " II " .e1 9.0
II II " " II II .81 7.0 II II " II " " .~4 11.0
0.072 D 55.6 II " " .88 10.0 II I! II " II II .81 I 9.0 II II II II II !I .88 10.5
0.032 c 57.7 II II n .72 5.2 " II II " II II .63 3.8 II II " II II II .66 4.2
0.050 A 43.0 Tl " II .66 5.4 II II I! II " II .63 6.0 II II II " II " .63 5.7 0.072 D 55.6 II " " .66 5.7
" II Tl II " " .66 6.0 II " II II " II • 72 5.9
WELDING DATA
WELDER MELTING RATE 1m. (in/min)
1 14 11 I!
II II
II " " " " " II " II " II II
2 12.7 II II
II " " " ti " II II
II " II " rr " I
TA"3LE 4 (CO~TtD)
Page 2 of 5
I SHEET STEEL WELD DIA1'1ETER S?ECIHEi.~ I WELDING DATA (ASTM A446 G-90) PLATE STEEL
(in)
NO. THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T XATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME WELDER MELTING RATE
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 3CT-401 0.035 A 44.4 0.50 44W 0.50 .69 2.6 4 12.7 -402 II II II II " II .56 2.2 II II
-403 I! " " II II I! .59 II 2.8 II
-404 Tl II !I II " II .75 x . 56 3.2 II " -405 II " " II II II .69 2.6 II II
-406 11 II 11 11 11 II .63 2.4 " II
-407 0.059 " 43.5 " II II .47 2.8 II " -408 II " ti " ti II .75 11 3.2 " -409 II II " " II II .59 ti 3.8 " -410 II II rr II II 11 .53 2.6 II " -411 0.035 II 44.4 II II 1.00 .88 II 11.6 " -412 rr II " II " II .81 II 12.6 " -413 II II II II II II .75 II 11.4 " -414 rr II n. II II II .94 II 16.5 II
-415 II " II II ti II .81 II 14.8 " -416 II " 11 11 ti II .88 II 12.2 II
3DT-301 II rr II 0.19 " 0.75 .50 --- 3 rr -302 " II II II " II .66 4.0 II ti
-303 ti " " II II " .63 3.8 rr rr
I
TABLE 4 (CONT'D)
Page 3 of 5
SHEET STEEL \.:'ELD DIAMETER WELDD~G DATA SPECIHEN
(ASTM A446 G-90) PLATE STEEL (in)
NO. THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T NATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TillE WELDER MELTING RATE
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 3DT-401 0.035 A 44.4 0.19 44W 0.75 .69 5.6 4 12.7
-402 " II " " II " .69 6.2 II " -403 " " " II " " .59 5.0 II " -404 0.059 " 43.5 II " II .50 6.2 I " II
-405 II " II " " II .56 5.5 II II
-406 It " " II II fl .65 6.2 " " -407 " " II " " " .63 6.0 " II
-408 " " " II " " .53 5.6 " " -409 " " " " II " .69 5.4 II " -410 0.035 " 44.4 0.164 AS™ A44E " --- 4.8 " "
" " II II Grade C
II .66 4.6 II " -411 " -412 II II II " " II .63 3.6 II " -l~ 13 II " :r " " " .59 4.4 I II
-414 II II II " II II .59 4.4 II
-415 " " II " " II .63 4.8 " -416 0.059 " 43.5 II " " .63 4.2 " -417 " II II " " " .59 5.4 ?I
-418 " " " " " " .59 5.4 II
I -419 II " II Tl " " .6G --- I " -420 " II " " " " .59 4.6 " " -421 " " " " " " .56 5.0 " II
I
TABLE 4 (CONT'D)
Page 4 of 5
SHEET STEEL I SPECIMEN
(ASTM A446 G-90)
NO . I THICK
I t GRADE ACTUAL Fy (in) (ksi)
I
3ET-401 0.035 A 44.4 -402 II " " -403 II II " -404 II II " -405 II !I 11
-406 " " " -407 " II " -408 II II II
-409 " " " -410 II II " -411 II II II
-412 " II II
-413 II II II
-414 " II " -415 " " II
-416 " " II
-417 0.059 II 43 . 5 -418 II II II
-41<.) II II ti
-420 II II II
-421 II " " -422 II II " -423 II II II
PLATE STEEL
THICK. T MATERIAL
(in) SPEC.
G40.21 0.19 44W
" II
II : r
II II
II " II " II " II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
II II
" " " II
II II
" " 11 II
II II
" II
II II
WELD DIAMETER '\o.7ELDING DATA
(in)
I SPECIFIED HEASURED TINE WELDER NELTING RATE I
(sec) NO. (in/min)
0.75 .66 4.6 4 12.7 " .63 5.0 " II
II .66 4.0 II tr
II .66 4.2 " II
" .53 4.8 tr " I I
" .69 4.8 II II
rr .69 5.2 II tr
" .66 4.8 II " " .66 4.8 " II
II .69 5.2 " tr
II .63 5.2 II II
" .66 5.4 II " " .69 6.0 " II I " .69 5.6 II II I II .66 5.2 ti II
II • 72 " II ---II .63 4.0 II II
II .53 4.0 " " II .66 4.6 II " II .63 4.6 11 II
I II .63
I 5.2 " II
II .66 5.5 11 II
II .63 s.o II " I
TABLE 4 (CONT'D)
rage 5 of 5
SHEET STIEL WELD DIA:IETER WELDING DATA SPECJ::HEK (ASTM A446 G-90) PLATE STEEL
(in)
NO . THICK THICK. t GRADE ACTUAL Fy T MATERIAL SPECIFIED MEASURED TIME vtELDER MELTING RATE
(in) (ksi) (in) SPEC. (sec) NO. (in/min)
G40.21 3ET-424 0.059 .A 43.5 0.19 441'! 0. 75 .66 5.8 4 12.7
-425 11 11 11 II 11 II .66 5.2 II II
-426 II I! ll 11 II II .63 5.0 II 11
-427 II 11 11 II II II .63 5.4 II II
-428 II II II If 11 II .69 7.0 " II
-429 II II II II II II .59 6.0 II II
-430 II 11 II II II II .66 6.0 II I!
-431 II II II II II II .66 5.8 II II
-432 II II II II II II .66 6.6 11 II
I
TABLE 5
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES A
SPECIMEN t T/t *YIELD ALLOWABLE ULT. SHEAR S.F.=Vu/V NUHBER SHEET RATIO SHEET SHEAR (V) Vu
THICK (KSI) (LBS) (LBS). (IN)
53.0 2AS - 101 0.031 (60.1) 1180 3450 2.9
102 II II " 3260 2.0 - 103 " " II 3610 3.1 - 201 II II II 3400 2 .9 - 202 " 16.1 II II 3505 3.0 - : 203 " II II 2310 2.0 - 301 II " II 3160 2.7 - 302 u " II 2580 2.2 - 303 II II II 3300 2.8
2AS - 304 0.035 14.3 44.4 1200 3400 2.8 (54.6)
- 305 " " " II 3060 2.5 - 306 II II II II 2520 2.1 - 307 II 5.4 II II 2680 2.2 - 308 II II II " 3800 3.2 - 309 " II II " 3580 3.0 - 310 II II II II 3640 3.0
43.0 1540 2AS - 104 0.049 (51. 0) 5550 3.6
- 105 II " II 5680 3,7 - 106 " II II
5620 3.6 - 201; " II " 5340 3.5 - 205 " 10.2 II u
5180 3.4 - 206 II II II
5270 3.4 - 311 " 11
5140 3.3 - 312 " II " 5200 3.3 - 313 " " " 5380 3.5
2AS - 107 0.059 8.5 43.5 1863 6200 3.3 - 108 " II II II 5630 3.0 - 109 II II II " 6340 3.4 - 207 II II II II 6430 3.5 - 208 " II II " 6340 3.4 - 209 II II II II 6190 3.3 - 210 " 11 II II 6330 3.4 - 211 II II II II 6280 3.4 - 212 II II II II 6450 3.5 - 314 II II " II 6160 3.3 - 315 II II II " 6480 3.5 - 316 II II II II 6600 3.5 - 317 II 3.2 II 11 5960 3.2 - 318 II II II " 4880 2.6 - 319 II II II " 5980 3.2 - 320 II II II " 6400 3.4
* FIGURES IN BRACKET INDICATES THE TENS IT~E STREI!GTH
SPECIMEN NUMBER
3BS - 101 - 102 - 103 - 201 - 202 - 203
3BS - 104 - 105 - 106
204 - 205 - 206
3BS - 107 - 108 - 109 - 207 - 208 - 209 - 210 - 211 - 212
t SHEET THICK (IN)
0.032 " II
II
" II
0.047 " II
II
11
II
0.072 " II
11
" II
II
11
II
TABLE 6
SHEt\.R STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES B
T/t
RATIO
15.6 II
II
" II
II
10.6 II
" II
" II
6.9 " II
II
" II
II
II
"
,'<YIELD SHEET
(KSI)
57.7(64.4) II II
II II
" II
" " II II
41. 4 (50. 0) II " II II
" " " " II II
55.6(68.5) " " II " II 11
" II
II II
II II
II " 11 "
ALLOWABLE SHEAR (V) "(LBS)
1300 II
" II
" II
1450 II
" " II
II
2940 II
II
" II
II
II
II
"
* FIGURES IN BRACKET INDICATES TENSILE STRENGTH
ULT. SHEAR Vu
(LBS)
3780 3880 4060 3850 3790 3740
4760 4560 4860 4590 4790 4830
9600 9520 9180 9740 7040 8980 9660 9540 9760
s:F.=-Vu/V
2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9
3.3 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3
3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.4 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3
SPECIMEN NUMBER
3CS - 401 - 402 - 403 - 404 - 405 - 406
- 412 - 413 - 414 - 415 - 416 - 417 - 418
3CS - 407 - 408 - 409 - 410 - 411
- 419 - 420 - 421
422 - ·423
t SHEET THICK (IN)
0.35 II
II
" " " II
" " II
" II
II
.059 " " " II
II
II
II
II
"
TABLE 7
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST P.ESULTS
SUB-SER~
T/t RATIO
14.3 " " II
" II
" " "
5.4 " "
14.3
8.5 11
11
" " II
II
II
" "
*YIELD SHEET (KSI)
44.4(54.6) II " II " " II
" II
II "
" II
" " " II
" II
" II
II " " "
l13.5(52.0) " II
" II
" II
II II
II II
" " " II
II II
" II
ALLOVTABLE SHEAR (V)
(LBS)
.782 " " " II
"
" " II
" II
II
II
839 " II
" II
2537 II
II
" "
* FIGURE IN BRACKET INDICATES TENSILE STRENGTH.
ULT. SHEAR Vu
(LBS)
3530 3620 2820 2800 3040 3100
2980 4150 4050 4220 3040 3200 3820
4420 4920 5100 5110 4800
6340 6440 6280 6180 6080
S.F.=Vu/V
4.51 4.63 3.61 3 . 58 3.89 3. 96
1. 84 2.56 2.49 2.60 1. 87 1. 97 2.35
5.27 5.86 6.08 6.09 5.72
2.50 2.54 2 .48 2 .44 2 ,40
SPEC IMEN NUMBER
3DS - 301 - 302 - 303 - 304
401 - 402 - 403 - 404
3DS - 305 - 306 - 307 - 308 - 405
406 - 407 - 408 - 409 - 410
t SHEET THICK (IN)
0.035 II
II
II
" " II
"
0.059 II
" " II
" II
" II
It
TABLE 8
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES I)
T/t RATIO
5.4 " " II
II
II
II
"
3.2 II
II
" 2.3
II
" 3.2
II
"
*YIELD SHEET (KS!)
44.4 (54 . 6) II II
II II
II " II II
II II
II II
" II
43. 5 (52 . 0) II " II II
II II
" " " II
II II
II II
II II
II "
ALLOWABLE SHEAR (V)
(LBS)
1202 II
II
" " II
II
II
1863
II
II
* FIGU::IBS IN BRACKET INDICATES TENSILE STRENGTH.
ULT. !:iHEAR Vu
(LBS)
3060 3040 2220 3360 2920 3120 2500 3500
5640 5820 5560 5660 5640 4080 5220 5480 6020 5820
S.F .=Vu/V
2.6 2.5 1.9
2.4 2.6 2.1 2.9
3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.1
SPECIMEN NUMBER
3ES - /f01 - 402 - 403 - 404 - 405 - 406
407 - 408 - 409 - 410 - 411 - 412
3ES - 413 - 414 - 415 - 416 - '417
418 419
- 420 - 421 - 422 - 423
424
t SHEET THICK (IN)
.035 II
II
" " II
II
II
II
" " "
. 059 " " " II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
TABLE 9
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES E
T/t RATIO
5. Li. II
II
" " II
II
It
" " II
·"
3.2 II
II
" II
" " II
" II
II
II
*YIELD SHEET (KSI)
44.4 (56.6) II II
" II
" " II " " " II " " " " II
It " II " ,.
"
43.5 (52. 0) " " 11 II
" II
" " It " " " " II
II " II II
II II
II II
ALLOWABLE SHEJ\R (V)
(LBS)
1202 " " " " II
" II
II
" " "
1863 " " " " II
" II
II
II
II
II
.* FIGURES IN BRACKET INDICATES TENSILE STRENGTH.
ULT. SHEAR Vu
(LB.S)
3440 3100 4120 1660 2200 2780 3620 281 .. 0 1880 2820 1840
5800 5320 3740 5580 5520 4460 5660 5000 5520 5400 5760 4200
S.F.=Vu/V
2.9 2.6 3.4 1.4 1.8 2.3 3.0 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.5
3.1 2.9 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.3
SPECIMEN NUMBER
2AT - 107 - 108 - 109 - 207 - 208 - 209 - 314 - 315 - 316 - 317 - 318 -· 319 - 320
./'/ ./ AT - 101 (/ - 102
- 103 - 201 - 202 - 203 - 301 - 302 - 303
"J ~AT - 304 - 305 - 306
307 - 308 - 309 - 310
_N~AT - 104 - 105 - 106 - 204 - 205 - 206 - 311 - 312 - 31.3
TABLE 10 TENSION TEST RESULTS
SHEET THICK. t (IN)
.059 II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
If
II
II
ti
. 031 II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
• 0.35 II
" II
" II
II
.049 II
II
It
II
II
II
" II
SUB-SERIES A
T/t RATIO
8.5 II
II
II
II
II
II
II
3.2 II
II
II
II
16.1 II
II
II
II
II
II
" "
" II
5. 4 II
II
10. 2 II
11
II
II
II
II
11
II
YIELD SHEET (KSI)
43.5 II
II
II
11
If
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
53. 0 II
II
II
II
II
" II
"
II
II
II
II
II
43. 0 II
II
II
II
11
II
" If
·ULTIMATE Pu
(LBS)
1620 2420 2560 2360 2080 2560 2920 1630 2140 1893 2586 1864 2745
740 630 870
1260 ll6G
760 1070 1350 1110
1380 1310 1210 1425 1164 1429 1014
1400 1680 1620 1680 2lli0 1620 1860 1950 1930
SPECIMEN Nill1BER
3BT-101 -102 -103 -201 -202 -203
JBT-104 -105 -106 -204 - 205 -206
3BT-107 -108 -109 -207 -208 -209
TABLE 11
SHEET THICK. t (IN)
.032 II
II
II
II
II
.047 " II
II
II
II
.072 II
II
11
II
II
TENSION TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES B
T/t RATIO
l.'>. 6 II
II
II
II
"
10.6 II
II
II
II
II
6.9 II
II
II
II
II
YIELD SHEET (KSI)
57.7 II
II
II
II
II
41.4 II
" II
II
" 55.6
II
II
II
II
II
ULTIMATE Pu
(LBS)
1040 910
1170 1340 1060
8/f0
2120 1855 2130 1680 2140 1620
2780 2680 2680 3380 2460 3140
SPECIMEN NUMBER
'3CT-401 -402 -403 -404 -405 -406 -411 -412 -413 ...1414 -415 -416
3CT-407 -408 -409 -410
TABLE 12
SHEET THICK. t (IN)
.035 II
If
II
II
II
If
II
II
II
II
II
.059 II
'' II
TENSION TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES C
T/t RATIO
14.3 II
II
II
II
II
If
II
II
II
II
II
8.5 II
II
II
YIELD SHEET (KSI)
44.4 II
II
II
II
II
II
II
If
II
II
"
43.5 II
II
II
.ULTIMATE Pu
(LBS)
800 980
1570 1000
890 970
1100 910
1600 1470 1470 1270
1778 1879 2866 1944
SPECIMEN NUMBER
3DT-301 -302 -303 -401 -402 -403 -410 -411 -412 -413 -414 -415
3DT-404 -405 -406 -407 -408 -409 -416 -417 -418 -419 -420 -421
TABLE 13
SHEET THICK. t (IN)
.035 " " II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
.059 II
II
II
II
II
II
" " " It
II
TENSION TEST RESULTS
SUB-SERIES D
T/t RATIO
5.4 " " II
II
II
4.7 II
II
II
II
II
3.2 II
" II
II
II
2.9 II
II
II
II
11
YIELD SHEET (KSI)
44.4 II
" II
" II
II
II
II
II
II
II
43.5 II
" II
II
II
II
II
" " " II
ULTIMATE Pu
(LBS)
10ll1 981 967
1025 1291 1118 1337
885 1398 1610 2031
937
2014 2577 2435 2778 2153 2033 2853 2839 2137 2336 17.75 3037
SPECIMEN NUMBER
3ET-101 -402 -403 -404 -405 -406 -407 -408 -409 -410 -411 -412 -413 -414 -415 -416
3ET-417 -418 -419 -420 -421 -422 -423 -424 -425 -426 -427 -428 -429 -430 -431 -432
TABLE 14 TENSION TEST RESULTS
SUB-SEH.IES E
SHEET THICK. t (IN)
.035 II
Ii
II
II
II
II
" II
11
II
II
II
II
II
II
.059 ti
" II
II
ti
II
II
II
II
II
II
" " II
It
T/t RATIO
5.4 " II
" " II
II
II
" II
ti
" " " " II
3.2 II
" It
" " 11
11
" II
II
II
II
" II
II
YIELD SHEET (KSI)
44.4 II
II
II
II
II
II
" " II
II
II
II
" II
II
43.5 II
" It
" " II
II
II
II
II
II
" II
II
II
ULTIMATE Pu
(LBS)
1141 1068
864 1129
535 1292
650 1209
617 780 549 6l1'7 502 1~10
616 396
1918 2122 2241 1816 1542 1858 1464 2053 1726 1852 1587 1586 1817 1251~
1505 2006
APPENDIX I
The following formulae are reproduced from AWS Dl.3-77
"Welding Sheet Steel in Structures"
Where d/t < 240 Ip; p = 2.2 td F
a t
Where d/t ~ 240 ·/ fi'i'
P = 1.4 td F a t
or
P :::: 1i d 2
F /4 e w
(whichever is smaller)
(1)
- - - - - - - - - - (2)
- - - - - - - - - - (3)
Where P = allowable load capacity of an arc spot weld (kips)
Ft = permi£sible unit tensile stress in sheet steel
(O. 40 Fu) (ksj_)
F = permissible unit shear stress in sheet steel s
(0. 30 Fu) (ksi)
F = permissible unit shear stress in weld metal = 0.30 w
of the minimum specified tensile strenzth of the weld
metal (ksi)
F = specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of sheet u
steel (ksi)
F yield strength of sheet steel (ksi) y
t = thickness of sheet base steel exclusive of coatings
for single sheet or combined thickness of sheet steel
for double sheet (inches)
d = diameter of the outer surf ace of arc-spot weld or
width of arc seam weld (inches)
d = average diame.ter of arc-spot weld or width of arc seam a
d a
weld (inches)
d t (for a single sheet)
d = d a
2t (for a double sheet)
d = effective diameter of arc-spot weld or effective width e
of arc seam weld at fused surface (inches)
0.7d - 1.5t