strength characteristics for limestone and dolomite rock matrix using tri-axial system
DESCRIPTION
Propagation of hair cracks, existing fissures into a rock mass is most common process associated in mining and tunneling operation. The propagation of these features cracks or widening joints into a rock mass can be simulated into common approach known as matrix formation into rock mass. This research study is an attempt to overcome this deficiency by postulating both longitudinal and transverse cracks with wide range of degree of orientation, fissures into cylindrical rock specimen through various specified geometrical rock matrix patterns. Limestone and Dolomite which comes under a category of soft to medium hard strength where used for this study using microfine cement as a binder material to obtain strength characteristics and failure mechanisms. Also it is intended to determine modulus of elasticity (secant modulus) for various rock matrix and its comparison with intact rocks specimens. Series of triaxial test and compression test were carried out for both type of rock specimen using automated triaxial conventional testing machine. The results indicate that there is a considerable effect of rock matrix and its orientation both on shear parameters and failure mechanisms as compared to intact rock specimen.TRANSCRIPT
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IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 1 | Issue 11 | May 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-784X
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114
Strength Characteristics for Limestone and
Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System
Miteshkumar Bharatbhai Patel Dr. M. V. Shah
PG Student Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Mechanics Department of Applied Mechanics
L D College of Engineering L D College of Engineering
Abstract
Propagation of hair cracks, existing fissures into a rock mass is most common process associated in mining and tunneling
operation. The propagation of these features cracks or widening joints into a rock mass can be simulated into common approach
known as matrix formation into rock mass. This research study is an attempt to overcome this deficiency by postulating both
longitudinal and transverse cracks with wide range of degree of orientation, fissures into cylindrical rock specimen through
various specified geometrical rock matrix patterns. Limestone and Dolomite which comes under a category of soft to medium
hard strength where used for this study using microfine cement as a binder material to obtain strength characteristics and failure
mechanisms. Also it is intended to determine modulus of elasticity (secant modulus) for various rock matrix and its comparison
with intact rocks specimens. Series of triaxial test and compression test were carried out for both type of rock specimen using
automated triaxial conventional testing machine. The results indicate that there is a considerable effect of rock matrix and its
orientation both on shear parameters and failure mechanisms as compared to intact rock specimen.
Keywords: Rock Matrix, StressStrain Curves, Tri-Axial Test, Jointed Specimens, Microfine Cement ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
For practical purposes, rock mechanics is mostly concerned with rock on the scale that appears in engineering and mining work,
and so it might be regarded as the study of the properties and behavior of accessible rock due to changes in stresses or other
conditions. Two distinct problems are always involved: (i) The study of the orientations and properties of the joints, and (ii) The
study of the properties and fabric of the rock between the joints. Joints are the most significant discontinuities in rocks. Joints are
breaks of geological origin along which there has been no visible relative displacement. A group of parallel or sub-parallel joints
is called a joint set, and joint sets intersect to form a joint system. The propagation of these features cracks or widening joints
into a rock mass can be simulated into common approach as, matrix formation in to rock mass. Sedimentary rocks often contain
two sets of joints approximately orthogonal to each other and to the bedding planes. These joints sometimes end at bedding
planes, but others, called master joints, may cross several bedding planes. Some research works are required in the area of rock
matrix. There is no general equation that exists, which adequately defines completely matrix properties of all types of rock. This
property varies from rock to rock and other factors also.Resist the thrust generated by the excavation. focuses has been made
towards rock matrixes, thats why efforts has been made to study the behavior of different rock matrix of different patterns which actually simulates crack and joints patterns when rock mass is under stress due any external disturbance. The different types of
matrixes are available on site such as (1) Polyhedral block (2) Equidimensional block (3) Prismatic block (4) Tabular block (5)
Rhombohedral block (6) Columnar block.
Fig. 1: Types of Matrix
In present investigation two types of rock viz. Millionite limestone and Dolomite are used for laboratory investigation to know
the shear and compression capacity of this rock samples with three simplest matrix pattern are used viz. (1) single vertical cut
(90), (2) one vertical and one horizontal cut at H/2, (3) one vertical and two horizontal cut at H/3 are adopted (Figure 3). The microfine cement is used as binding material to join this rock matrix for testing purpose.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 2: Cylindrical Sample under Confining Pressure
Fig. 3: Matrix Pattern
II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Rock Sample: A.
Source of the Millionite limestone and Dolomite was procured commercially from Saurashtra coastal area, and Chotta udaipur,
Baroda, Gujarat respectively.
Test Methodology: B.
The rock triaxial test is performed according to IS-13047-2010 and shear parameters are obtained for three different confining
pressures viz. 3, 5 & 7 N/mm2 for the intact and for different rock matrix pattern specimens of Millionite limestone & Dolomite
at the constant strain rate of 0.315 mm/min. The usual procedure for conducting a tri-axial compression test is first to apply the
confining pressure 3 all around the cylinder is held constant & then to apply axial load 1 (Figure 2). Through plunger vertical load is applied which causes failure in the sample.
III. LABORATORY TESTING
Index Properties: A.
Cylindrical samples having 54mm diameter and 108mm height was obtained in accordance with IS 13030-1991 as shown in
table 1, 2, 3, 4.
Index properties of Millionite limestone: 1) Before Jointing:
Fig. 4: Intact Rock Fig. 5: 1-Vertical Cut
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 6: 1-Vertical and 1-Horizontal Cut at H/2 Fig. 7: 1-Vertical and 2-Horizontal Cut At H/2
2) After Jointing:
Fig. 8: 1-Vertical Cut Fig. 9: 1-Vertical and 1-Horizontal Cut at H/2 Fig. 10: 1-Vertical And 2-Horizontal Cut At H/2
Table - 1 Index Properties of Millionite Limestone with Binding Material
Type of matrix Sample no. Water content Void ratio Density
w = (Mw/Ms)*100 (%) e =Vv/Vs =M/V (kN/m3)
Intact rock
13 0.30 0.10 2115
14 0.20 0.11 2118
15 0.20 0.10 2141
1- vert. cut
4 2.09 0.12 1972
5 1.90 0.12 2094
6 2.05 0.13 2026
1-vert.
1-horiz. Cut
7 4.51 0.14 2051
8 4.39 0.14 2031
9 4.60 0.13 2023
1-vert.
2-horiz. Cut
10 5.77 0.16 2004
11 5.90 0.16 2006
12 5.70 0.15 2007
Index properties of Millionite limestone without binding material
Type of matrix Sample no. Water content Void ratio Density
w = (Mw/Ms)*100 (%) e =Vv/Vs =M/V (kN/m3)
1- vert. cut
1- vert. cut
16 2.10 0.13 2000
17 1.97 0.14 2135
18 2.12 0.14 2083
1-vert.
1-horiz. cut
19 4.28 0.10 2000
20 4.62 0.11 2090
21 4.50 0.11 2034
1-vert.
2-horiz. cut
22 5.75 0.14 2045
23 5.80 0.16 2063
24 5.98 0.20 2097
Index properties of Dolomite: 3) Before Jointing:
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 11: Intact Rock Fig. 12: 1-Vertical Cut
Fig. 13: 1-Vertical and 1-Horizontal Cut at H/2 Fig. 14: 1-Vertical and 2-Horizontal Cut At H/2
4) After Jointing:
Fig. 8: 1-Vertical Cut Fig. 9: 1-Vertical and 1-Horizontal Cut at H/2 Fig. 10: 1-Vertical and 2-Horizontal Cut At H/2
Table - 2
Index Properties of Dolomite
Index properties of Dolomite using cement as a binding material
Type of matrix Sample no. Water content Void ratio Density
w = (Mw/Ms)*100 (%) e =Vv/Vs =M/V (kN/m3)
Intact rock
51 0.35 0.017 2492
52 0.35 0.017 2496
53 0.35 0.022 2471
1- vert. cut
54 0.50 0.020 2485
55 0.53 0.018 2476
56 0.54 0.023 2476
1-vert.
1-horiz. cut
57 0.60 0.023 2449
58 0.62 0.014 2454
59 0.65 0.021 2442
1-vert.
2-horiz. cut
60 0.70 0.024 2411
61 0.73 0.025 2435
62 0.68 0.025 2437
Index properties of Dolomite without using cement as a binding material
Type of matrix Sample no. Water content Void ratio Density
w = (Mw/Ms)*100 (%) e =Vv/Vs =M/V (kN/m3)
1- vert. cut 63 0.40 0.020 2475
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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64 0.35 0.021 2487
65 0.35 0.020 2473
1-vert.
1-horiz. cut
66 0.48 0.023 2452
67 0.50 0.021 2445
68 0.54 0.024 2447
1-vert.
2-horiz. cut
69 0.73 0.026 2439
70 0.72 0.025 2430
71 0.73 0.024 2441
Strength of Cubes: B.
The Unconfined compressive strength and Compressive strength of microfine cement + 3% sodium silicate slurry is obtained by
casting cylindrical cubes and 70*70mm square respectively in accordance with IS 9143:1979 and results are obtained which is
shown in table 5. For U.C.S and Compression test microfine cement + 3% sodium silicate slurry has high strength then without
sodium silicate as per table 5. Table - 3
Compressive Strength of U.C.S and Compression Test
Compressive strength of binder material (microfine cement) 7 day(N/mm2)
Sample no. U.C.S 70 X 70mm square cube
With 3% sodium silicate Without sodium silicate With 3% sodium silicate Without sodium silicate
1 0.245 0.204 1.09 0.94
2 0.245 0.163 1.17 0.87
3 0.286 0.163 0.95 0.86
IV. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mohrs Circles: A.
Fig. 4: Mohrs Circles for Millionite Limestone Using Binding Material
Fig. 5: Mohrs Circles for Millionite Limestone without Binding Material
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 6: Mohrs Circles for Dolomite Using Microfine Cement as Binding Material
Fig. 7: Mohrs Circles for Dolomite without Binding Material
Table - 4
Cohesion (C) and Internal Friction Angle ()
Matrix
pattern
Intact
rock
1-vert.
cut
1-vert
1-horiz.
Cut
1-vert.
2-horiz.
Cut
Types
of rock
Millionite
limestone
With binding
material
c (N/mm2) 7.3 5.8 3.2 0.9
() 26 30 33 34
E (N/mm2) 1271.65 1195.48 696.82 632.80
Compressive strength
(N/mm2) 29.05 - - -
Without
binding
material
c (N/mm2) - 4.9 2.8 0.4
() - 13 15 23
E (N/mm2) - 757.52 747.76 421.53
Dolomite
With binding
material
c (N/mm2) 9 6 2.7 1.1
() 24 29 31 33
E (N/mm2) 1123.43 1064.61 837.21 738.96
Compressive strength
(N/mm2) 80.18 - - -
Without
binding
material
c (N/mm2) - 5.4 2 0.6
() - 21 24 28
E (N/mm2) - 840.06 631.52 610.06
From the above table it is observed that for the Millionite limestone if we use cement as a binding material then as the no. of
joints increasing viz. intact, 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
cohesion (c) is observed as 20.54%, 56.16%, 87.67% respectively, the percentage increment in internal friction angle () is observed as 15.38%, 26.92%, 30.76% respectively, the percentage decrement in Modulus of elasticity (E) is observed as
5.98%,45.20%, 50.23% respectively with respect to intact rock, & if we dont use cement as a binding material then the
percentage decrement in c is observed as 42.85%, 91.30% respectively, the percentage increment in internal friction angle () is observed as 15.38%, 76.92% respectively, the percentage decrement in Modulus of elasticity (E) is observed as 27.69%, 44.35%
respectively with respect to 1-vertical cut.
From the above table it is observed that for the Dolomite if we use cement as a binding material then as the no. of joints
increasing viz. intact, 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in cohesion
(c) is observed as 33.33%, 70%, 87.67% respectively, the percentage increment in internal friction angle () is observed as 20.83%, 29.16%, 37.5% respectively, the percentage decrement in Modulus of elasticity (E) is observed as 5.23%, 25.47%,
34.22% respectively with respect to intact rock, if we dont use cement as a binding material then as the no. of joints increasing viz.1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in cohesion c is observed as
62.96%, 88.88% respectively & the percentage decrement in internal friction angle ()14.28%, 33.33%, respectively, the percentage decrement in Modulus of elasticity (E) is observed as 24.82%, 20.23% respectively with respect to 1-vertical cut.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Stress-Strain Curves: B.
Fig. 8: Comparison of Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 3 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Millionite limestone at 3 N/mm2 confining pressure, as
the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to intact rock is observed as 13.64%, 51.13%, 66.77% respectively.
Fig. 9: Comparison of Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 5 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Millionite limestone at 5 N/mm2 confining pressure, as
the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to intact rock is observed as 6.17%, 42.83%, 55.74% respectively.
Fig. 10: Comparison of Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 7 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Millionite limestone at 7 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no. of joints
increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with respect to intact rock is
observed as 2.06%, 38.04%, 46.74% respectively.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 11: Comparison of Not Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 3 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Millionite limestone at 3 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no. of
joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with respect to 1-
vertical cut is observed as 14.63%, 72.56%, respectively.
Fig. 12: Comparison of Not Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 5 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Millionite limestone at 5 N/mm2 confining pressure,
as the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to 1-vertical cut is observed as 7.13%, 57.67%, respectively.
Fig. 13: Comparison of Not Jointed Millionite Limestone Matrix Pattern at 7 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Millionite limestone at 7 N/mm2 confining pressure,
as the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to 1-vertical cut is observed as 6.92%, 47.10%, respectively.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 14: Comparison of Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 3 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Dolomite at 3 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no. of
joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with
respect to intact rock is observed as 17.58%, 51.57%, 68.39% respectively.
Fig. 15: Comparison of Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 5 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Dolomite at 5 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no. of
joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with
respect to intact rock is observed as 12.75%, 43.53%, 54.91% respectively.
Fig. 16: Comparison of Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 7 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the jointed Dolomite at 7 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no. of joints increasing
1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with respect to intact rock is observed as
11.70%, 33.68%, 47.10% respectively.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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Fig. 17: Comparison of Not Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 3 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Dolomite at 3 N/mm2 confining pressure, as the no.
of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in stress with
respect to 1-vertical cut is observed as 16.65%, 62.04%, respectively.
Fig. 18: Comparison of Not Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 5 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Millionite limestone at 5 N/mm2 confining pressure,
as the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to 1-vertical cut is observed as 44.26%, 50.63%, respectively.
Fig. 19: Comparison of Not Jointed Dolomite Matrix Pattern at 7 N/Mm
From the above stress-strain curves it is observed that for the not jointed Millionite limestone at 7 N/mm2 confining pressure,
as the no. of joints increasing 1-vertical, 1-vertical & 1-horizontal, 1-vertical & 2-horizonatal cut, the percentage decrement in
stress with respect to 1-vertical cut is observed as 9.43%, 41.73%, respectively.
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Strength Characteristics for Limestone and Dolomite Rock Matrix using Tri-Axial System (IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 020)
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V. REASONS
The most noteworthy seen from stress-strain curve is the occurrence of the downward concave behavior in the early stages of
loading indicating the development of non-uniform normal stresses. The failure has been observed instantaneously because the
failure of intact rocks can be identified as brittle material.
VI. CONCLUSION
The above study reveals that value of cohesion (c) is observed to be decreasing while angle of internal frication angle () is increasing with increases in number of joints. The Normal stress is found to be decreasing as numbers of joints are increasing.
Strength of jointed rock is dependent on the direction of applied loading with respect to orientation of joints. In jointed rock
specimen the failure is observed in terms of hair cracks surrounding the jointed rock area where as in unjointed specimen the
failure is observed in terms of broken pieces of specimen. The strength of the rock specimen jointed by microfine cement is
higher than the unjointed specimen. The load carrying of vertical cut specimen is higher than the horizontal cut specimen and
also with increase in number of horizontal cut the load carrying capacity of specimen decreases. Observed that shear angle was
dependent on confining pressure and the spacing of joint in the specimen.
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[7] IS:-9143-1979:- Method for the determination of unconfined compressive strength of rock materials. [8] IS:-9179- 200:-, Method for preparation of rock specimen for laboratory testing. [9] IS:-9179- 200:-, Method for preparation of rock specimen for laboratory testing. [10] IS:-11315 (part 2)-1987:- Methods for quantitative description in discontinuous rock mass. [11] IS:-13030-1991, Method of test for laboratory determination of Water content, porosity, density and Related properties of rock material. [12] IS:-13047-2010, Method for determination of strength of rock materials in tri-axial compression.