strength and durability study of … · fine aggregate • river sand from vijayawada is used in...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 473–487, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_055

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INCORPORATING

METAKAOLIN AND GGBS WITH 10M ALKALI

ACTIVATOR SOLUTION

M. Vijaya Bhargav

M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering,

K. L. University, Vaddeswaram, A. P, INDIA

B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

K. L. University, Vaddeswaram, A.P, INDIA

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Strength and durability study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating

Metakaolin and GGBS with 10M Alkali Activator Solution. Methods/Statistical Analysis:

One of the potential outcomes to work out is the enormous use of geopolymer cement to swing

them to valuable natural well-disposed and innovatively favorable circumstances

cementations materials. Findings: In the present study metakaolin and ground Granulated

Blast heater slag (GGBS) is utilized to deliver geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer cement is

set up by utilizing soluble arrangement of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled

proportion is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 10M. The geo polymer

concrete samples are tried for compressive, Split Tensile and Flexural Strengths for 3, 7 and

28 days and cured at surrounding temperature. Applications/Improvements: This study

helps in gaining knowledge about the morophological composition of concrete which might

result in path-breaking trends in construction industry.

Key words: Geo-polymer, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Metakaolin, Alkali

Activator.

Cite this Article: M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar, Strength and Durability

Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m Alkali

Activator Solution. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017,

pp. 473–487.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. General

Concrete is synthesized with the aid of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as the primary binder which

generates huge amounts of carbon dioxide causing danger to the environment1-4. On the other side,

M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar


the wealth and accessibility of fly fiery debris, GGBS overall make chance to use this by-result of

smoldering coal, as halfway swap for OPC. Nonetheless, within the sight of water and in surrounding

temperature, fly fiery debris is the common hydration procedure of OPC5-7. In another plan,

pozzolans, for example, impact heater slag might be enacted utilizing soluble fluids to shape a folio

and thus absolutely supplant the utilization of OPC in cement8-10.

Cement is a standout amongst the most generally utilized development materials.On the other

hand, natural issues came about because of bond creation has turned into a noteworthy concern

today11.Geopolymer cement is made by responding aluminate and silicate bearing materials with an

acidic activator slag. Geopolymer are inorganic fasteners, which are recognized by the

accompanying fundamental property of Compressive strength has relationship with the time taken

for the process of curing and the corresponding temperature12-16.

Cement is a standout amongst the most generally utilized development material. Portland

concrete generation is a noteworthy giver to carbon-di-oxide emanations. The a worldwide

temperature alteration is created by the emanation of nursery gasses Numerous endeavors are being

made keeping in mind the end goal to lessen the utilization of Portland bond in concrete17-18.

2. OBJECTIVES

• To study GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete (0% cement content) and Conventional Concrete (100%

cement).

• With the hardened GGBS concrete, three properties such as the hardening concrete with GGBS

properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength are found.

• To study the different strength properties of geo-polymer concrete with percentage replacement of

GGBS

3. MATERIALSUSED

3.1. Metakaolin (or) kaolinite

The properties of Metakoalin are shown in Table 1. and Figures 1-3.

Table 1 Physical properties of Metakaolin

Specific gravity 2.40 to 2.60

Color Off white, Gray to buff

Physical form Powder

Average plastic size <2.5 µm

Brightness 80-82 Hunter L

BET 15 m2/g

Specific surface 8-15 m2/g

Table 2. Chemical Composition of Metakaolin

Chemical composition Wt %

SiO2+AlO3+TiO2+FE2O3 >97

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) <0.50

Alkalies (Na2O, K2O) <0.50

Loss of ignition <1.00

Moisture content <1.00

Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m

Alkali Activator Solution


Table 3. Metakaolin properties

Property Metakaolin

Specific gravity 2.5

Mean grain size 2.54

Specific area (cm2/g) 150000-180000

Colour Ivory to cream

Chemical Composition

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 60-65

Aluminum oxide(Al2o3) 30-34

Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.00

Calcium oxide (cao) 0.2-0.8

Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.2-0.8

Sodium oxide (Na2O3) 0.5-1.2

Potassium oxide (K2O)

Loss on ignition <1.4

Figure 1. Metakaolin

3.2. Ground Granular Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Ground-granulated slag (GGBS) is synthesized through the process of quenching. It is amorphous

in nature and formed as a result of slag quenching from blast furnace. It can be seen as auxillary

product during production of steel which can aid in concrete technology19-20, shown in Table 4-5.

and Figure 2.

Figure 2 Ground Granular Furnace Blast Sla



Table 4. Physical properties of GGBS

Table 5. Chemical Composition of GGBS

3.3. Sodium hydroxide

The properties of Sodium hydroxide are shown in Table 6. and Figure 3-5.

Table 6 Specifications of Sodium Hydroxide Flakes

Minimum Assay (Acidimetric)

Maximum limits of impurities 96%

Carbonate 2%

Chloride 0.1%

Phosphate 0.001%

Silicate 0.02%

Sulphate 0.01%

Arsenic 0.0001%

Iron 0.005%

Lead 0.001%

Zinc 0.02%

Figure 3. NaOH Structure

Specific gravity 2.6

Color White

Surface moisture Nil

Average particle size, shape 4.75 mm down, round

S.No Characteristics GGBS (%Wt)

1 Aluminium Oxide 7-12

2 Calcium Oxide 34-43

3 Sulphur 1.0-1.9

4 Magnesium Oxide 0.15-0.76

5 Silica 27-38

6 Manganese Oxide 7-15

7 Iron Oxide 0.2-1.6




Figure 4. NaOH Flakes

Figure 5. NaOH solution

3.4. Sodium Silicate

The properties of Sodium are shown in Table 7. and Figure 6-7.

Table 7 Properties of Sodium Silicate

Figure 6. Sodium Silicate Structure

% Na2O 12

% SiO2 25

% H2O -

PH 12.49

Density 1490 kg/m3

Nature Transparent Viscous Liquid



Figure 7. Sodium Silicate solution

3.5. Fine aggregate

• River sand from Vijayawada is used in this project for casting purpose, shown in Table 8. and Figure

8.

Table 8 Physical Properties of fine aggregate

S. No Property Values

1 Specific gravity 2.63

2 Fineness modulus 2.51

3 Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1564

Figure 8. Fine aggregate

3.6. Coarse aggregate

• Coarse aggregates of sizes 10mm and 20mm are taken, shown in Table 9. and Figure 9.

Table 9 Physical Properties of coarse aggregate

Sieve Size (mm)

20 mm 10mm

Requirement

as per IS:

383-1970

Percentage

passing

Requirement

as per IS: 383-

1970

Percentage

passing

20 95 – 100 % 96.52 % 95-100% 95.6%

10 0 – 20 % 13.72 % 85to100% 41.52%

Specific gravity 2.80 2.80

Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1680 1513

Fineness modulus 7.32 7.32

Water absorption 0.35 0.41




Figure 9. coarse aggregate

3.7. Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H₂SO₄ and

molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid

that is soluble in water at all concentrations, shown in Figures 10, 11.

Figure 10. Sulphuric acid

Figure 11. Structure of H2SO4 Molecule

Formula: H2SO4

Molar mass: 98.079 g/mol

Density: 1.84 g/cm³

IUPAC ID: Sulfuric acid

Boiling point: 337 °C

Melting point: 10 °C

Classification: Sulfuric acids

Sulphuric acid H2SO4Reaction:

H2SO4 + 2H20 → SO42- + 2H3O+



4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Mix

The essential distinction between geopolymer cement and others is the fastener. To frame

geopolymer glue antacid activator arrangement used to respond with silicon and aluminum oxides

which are available in Metakaolin and GGBS. This basic activator arrangement ties coarse total and

fine total to frame geopolymer blend. The fine and coarse total involve about 75% to 80% mass of

geopolymer cement. The fine total was taken as 30% of aggregate. The thickness of geopolymer

cement is taken 2400 kg/m3.The workability and quality of cement are impacted by properties of

materials that make geopolymer concrete.

4.2. Preparation of Alkali Solution

From Table 3. The preparation of solution is done by dissolving the following ingredients in water.

A concentration of 10MNaOHis calculated, shown in Tables10-11.

Table 10. Mix Proportions

Ingredients in

(kg/m3)

Different mixes

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

P.M

=

Metakaolin

+

GGBS

414 414 414 414 414 414

207 165.6 124.2 82.8 41.4 -

207 248.4 289.8 331.2 372.6 414

Coarse

Aggregat

e

10 mm 467 467 467 467 467 466

20 mm 699 699 699 699 699 699

Fine Aggregate 660 660 660 660 660 660

Sodium

Hydroxide Solution 53 53 53 53 53 53

Sodium

Silicate Solution 133 133 133 133 133 133

Table 11. Pozzolanic material proportions

Mix ID Proportion

B1 50% Met kaolin+50% GGBS





B6 100% GGBS

4.3. Test Specimens

4.3.1. Water

Potable water with a PH value of 6 and free from impurities and chemical contaminants was used in

all the mixes. Every 1 part of water content is combined with 3 equal parts of binder for all kinds of

mix proportions.




4.3.2. Mixing

The alkaline activator solution is prepared before 24 hours of casting. Initially, all dry materials were

mixed properly for three minutes. Alkaline activator solution is added slowly to the mixture. Mixing

is done for 5 minutes to get uniform mix.

4.3.3. Casting

The sizes of the moulds used are cube (150mmx150mmx150mm), cylinder (150mm dia and 300mm

height), and prism (500mmx100mmx100mm). Mixing in dry environment is performed for 180-300

seconds and further cubical shape moulds are obtained in the size 150 x 150x 150 mm.

4.3.4. Curing

Moulds were demoded after 1 day. The average temperature recorded during the period of ambient

curing. The curing is done for3, 7 and 28 days. Curing simulates solidification of the material which

is essential requirement for cement setting.

5. RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS

5.1. Compressive strength

The optimal mixture of GGBS to Mk for obtaining maximum rigidity is 9:1. From the results

obtained, the optimal mix is obtained at 7th and 28th day. The cubes of the designated volume for

different percentages of GGBS (0%, 30%, 40% and 50%) are casted, cured for different ages, shown

in Table 12. and Figure 12-13. The testing is carried out at normal operating conditions using

standard testing equipment to obtain the comprehensive strength for different mixtures.

Table 12. Compressive strength with various mixes of Geopolymer concrete

Mix ID

GGBS (%)

Metakaolin (%)

Compressive strength N/mm2

3 days 7days 28 days

B1 50 50 31.23 34.12 35.23

B2 60 40 33.67 35.61 38.34

B3 70 30 41.23 43.75 47.35

B4 80 20 43.65 45.07 49.94

B5 90 10 50.32 52.32 55.5

B6 100 - 52.12 53.8 60.03

Figure 12. Compression testing machine



Figure 13 Split Tensile strength test

5.2. Split tensile strength

The tensile strength of green concrete for given mix proportion varies in direct relation to percentage

of slag (GGBS) at 28days. The optimal mixture of GGBS and Mk is obtained at the 28th day as we

can say from the variation of strength. The specimen shows improved strength of MPs for 10%

replacement of metakaolin, shown in Table 13.

Table 13. Split tensile strength with various Geopolymer concrete

Mix ID

GGBS (%)

Metakaolin (%)

Split tensile strength N/mm2

3 days 7days 28 days

B1 50 50 3.12 3.72 3.90

B2 60 40 3.60 3.71 4.10

B3 70 30 3.71 3.79 4.20

B4 80 20 4.19 4.50 4.61

B5 90 10 5.19 5.77 5.72

B6 100 - 6.12 6.37 6.65

5.3. Flexural strength

The strength of green concrete for 28 days is tabulated in Table 14.The results infer that strength

varies in direct relation to percentage of Meta kaolin. {T = 3P/ BD2.}. The graph is obtained for

various compositions of the mixtures. On the other hand the strength varies in direct relation with

the percentage of GGBS and MK content.

Table 14. Flexural strength with various Geopolymer concrete

Mix

GGBS (%)

Metakaolin (%)

Flexural strength N/mm2

3 days 7 days 28 days

B1 50 50 0.75 0.822 0.87

B2 60 40 0.80 0.90 1.0

B3 70 30 1.9 1.47 1.65

B4 80 20 1.52 1.56 1.61

B5 90 10 1.86 2.46 2.71

B6 100 - 3.0 3.31 3.43




5.4. DURABILITY STUDY

A long service life is considered synonymous with durability. Since durability under one set of

conditions does not necessarily mean durability under another, it is customary to include a general

reference to the environment when defining durability.

Sample Preparation (Casting of GPC Cubes and Curing)

The counterpart Geopolymer concrete specimens were prepared with geopolymer. The concrete

cubes were allowed to set for 24 hours, demoulded and placed in water pond for 15 days for effective

curing, shown in Figure 14-17. We can say that % reduction in weight of proprotion B1 is greater

than B3 and B6, shown in Table 15-17. and Figure 18, % reduction in C.S of proprotion B1 is greater

than B3 and B6, shown in Figure 19-20.

Figure 14. Geopolymer concrete

Figure 15. Specimens for Casting

Figure 16. Specimens for Ambient curing



Figure 17. Specimens ready to use for chemical curing

Figure 18. B1 50%GGBS + 50%MK

Figure 19. Pozzolanic material mix proportions




Figure 20. Mixing of geopolymer concrete

Table 15. Mix Proportions

Ingredients in

(kg/m3)

Different mixes

B1 B3 B3

P.M=

Metakaolin +GGBS

414 414 414

207 124.2 0

207 289.8 414

C.A 10 mm 467 467 467

20 mm 699 699 699

F.A 660 660 660

Sodium Hydroxide Solution 53 53 53

Sodium Silicate Solution 133 133 133

Table 16. Reduction in weight

S.No MIX

ID

Weight of Specimens

(grams) Reduction

in weight

(grams)

% Reduction

in weight No. of days

Dry (d) Dry Saturated (d)

1 B1 8193 8133 60 0.73 20

2 B3 8239 8193 46 0.55 20

3 B6 8471 8420 51 0.60 20

Table 17 Compressive strength of GPC after exposure to sulphate solution

S.No MIX ID

Compressive strength (N/mm2) % Reduction in

Compressive

Strength

No. of days for

chemical curing Initial Final

1 B1 35.23 31.09 11.75 20

2 B3 36.35 33.12 8.8 20

3 B6 53.03 47.07 11.23 20



6. CONCLUSIONS

• Strengths of Geopolymer Concrete are decrease with Decrease in METAKAOLIN (MK) i.e MK 0-

GGBS100.

• Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of green concrete tend to vary in

direct relation to percentage of slag content.

• The strength variation for Compressive strength is 33.5%, split tensile is 30.9%, flexural strength is

25.7%

• Strength and rigidity of the concrete material developed in terms of compressive, flexural and tensile

tends to vary in direct relation with time (age). The green concrete resists the attack of various

chemicals and therefore, it is durable for the given mix proportion.

• Proportion B1obtained the maximum in percentage reduction of 0.73 in weight for 20 days of chemical

curing (H2SO4).

• Proportion B6 obtained the maximum in percentage reduction of 11.23 in Compressive strength for

20 days of chemical curing (H2SO4).

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