streetcars: the start of the suburbs of baltimore
TRANSCRIPT
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STREETCARS: THE START OF THE SUBURBS OF
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
John J Swabno)Boundaries Conference
Department of Geography, Penn StateMarch 22nd, 2014
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HypothesisThe establishment and growth of a streetcar system in Baltimore enabled the massive outward growth of Baltimore City from the 1850’s-1910’s leading to series of changes in the form, function, and definition of the suburbs.
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Form, Function, Definition of Suburbs• Form-
• Organic Growth• Planned Communities
• Function-• “City needs more room”• “Health and wealth”
• Definition• Anything on the edge of the city• Place with a name
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Growth of the Population in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area
Up to 1818
1853
1874
1918
Key Themes:
a) Constant outward growth
b) Each successive period of growth consumes more land
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Rise of the Omnibus• Omnibus Companies begin operating in and around
Baltimore (1844)• How they work
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1853• Additional growth
around the city center
• Northwest/Northeast expansion
• December 1858:Fells Point/western sections: lots cost $2 per foot to rent. Now cost $8-$12 to rent
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1874
• Growth to the north and west
• 1873- Citizen of Towsontown discusses annexation
• Political boundaries
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1880’s• Streetcars Routes/Companies established
• Difference from Omnibuses• Land Speculation• The Baltimore Sun 7-22-1886
• “The building activity is not confined to any particular section of the city, but is visible on all sides of it, …, stopping in the latter sections only at the water area.”
1888 Annexation
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1890’s• Electrification of lines
• Commitment• Economic feasibility• Greater Reliability
• 1899—Creation of United Railways• Planned Communities vs. “Organic Growth”• Rural Baltimore in The Baltimore Sun
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1900’s1902: 101.7 million passengers, end of horse power
Massive overcrowding
Feb 1906—United Railways absorbs remaining streetcar companies
“’What I want to particularly impress on the public is that it is Baltimore, and not far away territories we now wish to serve.”—President, United Railways
What is Baltimore?
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May 1906—Definition of “suburbs”
Two Observations:A) Most have
neighborhoods that are within the city limits
B) Will formally become part of the city in 1918
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1910’s• The Baltimore Sun
features different suburbs including:• Towson• Catonsville• Gardenville• Brooklyn Park• Halethorpe
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1918
• 1918 Annexation• Complete Electric
Streetcars• Problems with
capacity/decency
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1918 with Streetcar Lines
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FormOrganic Growth
Forty-one, four-story brick dwellings to be build on city block (5/1/1872)
Planned Communities
Dumbarton Estate-496 acres sold in 1893 (5/15/1893)
Vs.
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Function
“City Needs More Room”• Land Prices• Land Use• Limits of Building Materials
“Health and Wealth”• Suburban land is healthier • Convenience of the city, best of the country
Vs.
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Definition Edge of the City
• More growth anticipated• Land use is not geared towards “traditional” suburbs• Becomes part of the city over time
Planned communities, existing communities, organic growth• Discontinuous• Incorporates separate communities• “Filling in”
Vs.
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ConclusionStreetcars in Baltimore led to:
• Massive expansion of developed land• Change in the pattern of land use
• Size and scope• Fundamental changes in transportation in cities• Different from traditional thinking.
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QUESTIONS?
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SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
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• City is growing outwards• Results:
• Annexes more land to subsidize services, meet the needs of the local populations• Fire, water, sewer, people want to be part of the city
• Older suburbs become part of the “true” city (ie 1850’s suburbs are fully part of the city by the 1890’s)
• Reasons:• Omnibus lines allow people to move out of city• Streetcar lines a) speculate on new areas of suburban development, b) provide an
extra mode of transportation for people to use• Desire for people to leave the crowded cities and enter the healthy suburbs while
still having access to city resources• Mode of Growth:
• Piecemeal outward in the 1850’s-suburbs in the fact that they are at the edge of the city, outward growth
• 1880’s-1920’s—suburbs are growing, planned communities, building up existing communities• IMPORTANT: Some are within city limits, some get annexed by the city (Roland Park),
other DO NOT (Towson)• City-County relationship • Changing definition of a suburb from the 1850-1920, both in form, function, and
definition
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Baltimore in 1792
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1818• Annexation of
land 1817