Street LawStreet Law

What is law?What is law?

Unit 1Unit 1

The study of lawThe study of law JurisprudenceJurisprudence

““The law must be stable, but it must The law must be stable, but it must not stand still.”not stand still.”

The rules and regulations made and The rules and regulations made and enforced by government that enforced by government that regulate the conduct of people within regulate the conduct of people within a society.a society.

What influences the making of laws?What influences the making of laws?

ValuesValues Our laws reflect our ideas of right & Our laws reflect our ideas of right &

wrongwrong

MoralityMorality The goals of our legal system:The goals of our legal system:

1.1. Human rightsHuman rights

2.2. FairnessFairness

3.3. Resolve conflictsResolve conflicts

4.4. Keep order & promote “good” Keep order & promote “good” behaviorbehavior

5.5. Represent the majority & protect the Represent the majority & protect the minorityminority

Kinds of LawKinds of Law1.1. CriminalCriminal A legal action brought by the A legal action brought by the

government against a person government against a person charged with a crimecharged with a crime

Felony – serious crime with a term of Felony – serious crime with a term of more than one yearmore than one year

Misdemeanor – less serious crimesMisdemeanor – less serious crimes Burden of proof – guilt beyond a Burden of proof – guilt beyond a

reasonable doubtreasonable doubt Defendant – Prosecutor Defendant – Prosecutor

(government)(government)

Kinds of Law (cont)Kinds of Law (cont)2.2. CivilCivil Settle disagreements between Settle disagreements between

people. Civil action (lawsuit) is people. Civil action (lawsuit) is brought by a person who feels brought by a person who feels wronged.wronged.

Burden of proof – preponderance of Burden of proof – preponderance of evidenceevidence

Defendant – PlaintiffDefendant – Plaintiff

3.3. Constitutional lawConstitutional law The basic rules of our governmentThe basic rules of our government

Supremacy clauseSupremacy clause InterpretationInterpretation

Who makes lawsWho makes laws LegislaturesLegislatures

How many lawmakers?How many lawmakers? 435 Congress435 Congress 7382 state7382 state 87,474 local units87,474 local units

Acts, statutes, Acts, statutes, ordinancesordinances

Administrative agenciesAdministrative agencies OSHA, CPSC, zoning OSHA, CPSC, zoning

CourtsCourts Precedents (common law)Precedents (common law)

The Court SystemThe Court SystemThe Supreme Court

1Appellate & original

US Court of Appeals13

Appellate

District Courts94

Original

North CarolinaSupreme court

Chief + 6Elected for 8 yrs

Appeals court15 in panels of 3Elected for 8 yrs

Superior Court8 divisions

Elected for 8 yrs

District Court46 districts

Elected for 4 yrs

JurisdictionJurisdiction

ExclusiveExclusiveStateState

All othersAll others

ExclusiveExclusiveFederalFederal

88

ConcurrenConcurrentt

bothboth

Supreme CourtSupreme CourtHistoryHistory Established by Article III of the Established by Article III of the

ConstitutionConstitution Gave Congress the power to create Gave Congress the power to create

lower federal courtslower federal courts 1789 Judiciary Act1789 Judiciary Act

Established the Federal District Established the Federal District CourtsCourts

1891 Federal Appeals court 1891 Federal Appeals court establishedestablished

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court SessionsSessions

In session from Oct thru Jun or JulIn session from Oct thru Jun or Jul Each month: 2 weeks for oral arguments & Each month: 2 weeks for oral arguments &

2 weeks in recess (studying cases & writing 2 weeks in recess (studying cases & writing opinions) opinions)

4 of 9 justices must agree to hear a case4 of 9 justices must agree to hear a case StepsSteps

1.1. Written argumentsWritten arguments

2.2. Oral argumentsOral arguments

3.3. ConferenceConference

4.4. OpinionsOpinions

5.5. announcementannouncement

Supreme CourtSupreme Court InfluencesInfluences

1.1. The lawThe law ““stare decisis”stare decisis”

2.2. Social conditionsSocial conditions Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 – separate but Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 – separate but

equalequal Brown v. Bd of Ed. 1954 – separate Brown v. Bd of Ed. 1954 – separate notnot

equalequal

3.3. Legal viewsLegal views Active versus restrained courtActive versus restrained court

4.4. Personal beliefsPersonal beliefs

Supreme CourtSupreme CourtJustice Cardoza:Justice Cardoza:

““We may try to see things as We may try to see things as objectively as we please. objectively as we please. Nonetheless, we can never see Nonetheless, we can never see them with any eyes except our them with any eyes except our own.”own.”

Stephen G. Breyer, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Samuel A. Alito, Stephen G. Breyer, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Samuel A. Alito,

Anthony M. Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, John G. Roberts,Anthony M. Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, John G. Roberts, Antonin ScaliaAntonin Scalia, , David H.SouterDavid H.Souter

Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice SystemUnit 2Unit 2

Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice System An act that violates a federal or An act that violates a federal or

state criminal law (penal code)state criminal law (penal code)1.1. ElementsElements2.2. Penalties – why?Penalties – why?

PunishmentPunishment ProtectionProtection DeterrentDeterrent RehabilitationRehabilitation

TypesTypes Against peopleAgainst people Against propertyAgainst property victimlessvictimless

Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice System Procedures:Procedures:

1.1. Arrest – Miranda, booked, lawyerArrest – Miranda, booked, lawyer

2.2. Initial hearing – jail, bail, own recognizanceInitial hearing – jail, bail, own recognizance

3.3. Preliminary hearing and/or grand juryPreliminary hearing and/or grand jury IndictmentIndictment

4.4. Arraignment – guilty, not guilty, nolo Arraignment – guilty, not guilty, nolo contenderecontendere

5.5. Pretrial motions and plea Pretrial motions and plea

bargainingbargaining

6.6. TrialTrial 55thth Amendment - Amendment - GED²SGED²S 66thth Amendment - Amendment - JILSW²JILSW²

CrimesCrimesAgainst peopleAgainst people HomicideHomicide

Felony, 2Felony, 2ndnd degree, degree, voluntary voluntary manslaughter, manslaughter, involuntary, involuntary, negligent homicidenegligent homicide

SuicideSuicide AssaultAssault BatteryBattery raperape

Against propertyAgainst property ArsonArson VandalismVandalism LarcenyLarceny EmbezzlementEmbezzlement RobberyRobbery BurglaryBurglary ExtortionExtortion forgeryforgery

Criminal Law TermsCriminal Law Terms Parties to crimesParties to crimes1.1. PrincipalPrincipal2.2. AccompliceAccomplice

Accessory before the factAccessory before the fact Accessory after the factAccessory after the fact

Preliminary crimesPreliminary crimes1.1. SolicitationSolicitation2.2. AttemptAttempt3.3. ConspiracyConspiracy Crimes of omissionCrimes of omission

DefensesDefenses No crime committedNo crime committed Justified crimeJustified crime Not responsible for his actionsNot responsible for his actions

InsanityInsanity IntoxicationIntoxication EntrapmentEntrapment DuressDuress NecessityNecessity

TrialsTrials JuriesJuries

Most cases do not use juries Most cases do not use juries 12 members – Supreme court ruled 612 members – Supreme court ruled 6 Unanimous decision – not required Unanimous decision – not required

Informed of charges – initial hearing Informed of charges – initial hearing + arraignment+ arraignment

Lawyer – Gideon v. WainwrightLawyer – Gideon v. Wainwright Speedy trial - publicSpeedy trial - public Witnesses – compulsory (subpoena)Witnesses – compulsory (subpoena)

Juvenile JusticeJuvenile Justice Concept of parens patriaeConcept of parens patriae Classification:Classification:

1.1. Delinquent offendersDelinquent offenders2.2. Status offenders – PINS or CHINSStatus offenders – PINS or CHINS3.3. Neglected or abused childrenNeglected or abused children

Parent responsibilityParent responsibility Charged with the crimeCharged with the crime Contributing to the delinquency of a Contributing to the delinquency of a

minorminor Who is a juvenile?Who is a juvenile?

16 – 1816 – 18 Transfer or waiver hearingTransfer or waiver hearing

Juvenile JusticeJuvenile JusticeAdultAdult

CrimeCrime ArrestArrest File chargesFile charges Not guilty pleaNot guilty plea Guilty pleaGuilty plea TrialTrial Found guiltyFound guilty SentencingSentencing JailJail paroleparole

JuvenileJuvenile OffenseOffense Take into custodyTake into custody PetitionPetition DenialDenial AdmissionAdmission Adjudicatory Adjudicatory

hearinghearing Found delinquentFound delinquent DispositionDisposition DetentionDetention aftercareaftercare

Juvenile rightsJuvenile rightsGerald GaultGerald Gault1.1. Informed of chargesInformed of charges2.2. Right to an attorneyRight to an attorney3.3. Right to confront & cross examine Right to confront & cross examine

witnesseswitnesses4.4. Right to remain silentRight to remain silentGet tough vs. “children”Get tough vs. “children”

71 % increase in waivers (1985 – 1995)71 % increase in waivers (1985 – 1995) Violent crime – 300 to 500 per 100,000Violent crime – 300 to 500 per 100,000

GuidelinesGuidelines1.1. Hold juvenile accountableHold juvenile accountable2.2. RehabilitateRehabilitate3.3. Ensure safety of the communityEnsure safety of the community

Civil JusticeCivil JusticeUnit 3Unit 3

Principles of Civil LawPrinciples of Civil Law Criminal law protects society by Criminal law protects society by

punishing people who break the lawpunishing people who break the law Civil law is to settle disputes fairlyCivil law is to settle disputes fairlyTwo principles are used for settling Two principles are used for settling

conflicts:conflicts:1.1. CompensationCompensation

Being “made whole” for harm caused Being “made whole” for harm caused by anotherby another

Awarded Awarded damagesdamages

2.2. EquityEquity General rules of fairnessGeneral rules of fairness Issue an Issue an injunctioninjunction

Types of TortsTypes of TortsCategoriesCategories:: intentional wrong, intentional wrong,

negligence, & strict liabilitynegligence, & strict liability Personal injuryPersonal injury Property Property ConsumerConsumer

contractscontracts HousingHousing Domestic relationsDomestic relations ProbateProbate

Civil ProceduresCivil Procedures1.1. ComplaintComplaint

summonssummons

2.2. AnswerAnswer3.3. DiscoveryDiscovery

SubpoenaSubpoena DepositionDeposition

4.4. TrialTrial Jury?Jury?

Federal – over $20Federal – over $20 NC?NC?

Burden of proof Burden of proof ““preponderance of evidence”preponderance of evidence”

TortsTortsWho can be sued?Who can be sued? Almost anyone – individuals, groups, Almost anyone – individuals, groups,

organizations, businesses, & parentsorganizations, businesses, & parents

Who has immunity?Who has immunity? Generally children & parents; traditionally, Generally children & parents; traditionally,

husbands & wives; federal & state husbands & wives; federal & state governments unless governments unless waivedwaived

Also the President, federal judges, & Also the President, federal judges, & CongressCongress

Terms:Terms: class action, contingency fee, class action, contingency fee, workers’ compensation, exclusive remedy, workers’ compensation, exclusive remedy, insuranceinsurance

Intentional TortsIntentional TortsTypes of damagesTypes of damages Compensatory – hospital bills, lost Compensatory – hospital bills, lost

wages, pain & sufferingwages, pain & suffering Punitive – for malicious, willful, or Punitive – for malicious, willful, or

outrageous actsoutrageous acts Nominal – symbolic awardsNominal – symbolic awards

Intentional TortsIntentional TortsExamples:Examples:

1.1. Injure persons - battery, assault, Injure persons - battery, assault, mental distress, false imprisonment, mental distress, false imprisonment, defamationdefamation

2.2. Harm property Harm property Real property - trespassing, nuisanceReal property - trespassing, nuisance Personal property – conversionPersonal property – conversion Intellectual property – infringementIntellectual property – infringement

Patent – 20 yearsPatent – 20 years Copyright – lifetime + 50 yearsCopyright – lifetime + 50 years

Fair useFair use First saleFirst sale

Intentional TortsIntentional TortsDefenses:Defenses:

1.1. Consent – written, spoken, Consent – written, spoken, assumedassumed

2.2. Privilege Privilege Legal authority – police, parents, Legal authority – police, parents,

ownersowners Self-defense Self-defense Defense of property – Defense of property –

“reasonable”“reasonable”

NegligenceNegligenceWe have established standards of care We have established standards of care

that society expects from people.that society expects from people. NegligenceNegligence is conduct that falls is conduct that falls

short of this standard.short of this standard. Elements Elements (preponderance of (preponderance of

evidence):evidence):1.1. DutyDuty2.2. Breach of dutyBreach of duty3.3. Conduct caused harmConduct caused harm4.4. Damages were suffered Damages were suffered by plaintiffby plaintiff

Duty & BreachDuty & BreachThe reasonable person standardThe reasonable person standard If you are unreasonable & damage is If you are unreasonable & damage is

caused – you are liable for damagescaused – you are liable for damages Law assumes reasonable people don’t Law assumes reasonable people don’t

break the lawbreak the law Therefore, if law is violated, the person is Therefore, if law is violated, the person is

automatically negligent if there is damageautomatically negligent if there is damage Conduct is compared within your fieldConduct is compared within your field

Carpenters are more skilled than ordinary Carpenters are more skilled than ordinary peoplepeople

Minors compared to their age groupMinors compared to their age group

CauseCauseThis element has two parts:This element has two parts:

1.1. Cause in factCause in fact If harm would not have occurred – If harm would not have occurred –

the act is the causethe act is the cause

2.2. Proximate causeProximate cause The harm caused must be The harm caused must be

foreseeableforeseeable

DamagesDamagesMust prove economic harmMust prove economic harm Hospital bills, lost wages, property Hospital bills, lost wages, property

damages, reduced future earningsdamages, reduced future earnings

May also have non-economic harmMay also have non-economic harm Pain & suffering, mental distress, Pain & suffering, mental distress,

permanent physical losspermanent physical loss

Some states require economic loss to Some states require economic loss to get non-economic lossget non-economic loss

Negligence defensesNegligence defenses1.1. Contributory negligenceContributory negligence Plaintiffs can’t recover damages if Plaintiffs can’t recover damages if

their negligence led to the harmtheir negligence led to the harm Is this fair?Is this fair?

2.2. Comparative negligenceComparative negligence Jury compares the degree of faultJury compares the degree of fault

3.3. Assumption of riskAssumption of risk

Strict LiabilityStrict LiabilityThe defendant is liable to the plaintiff The defendant is liable to the plaintiff

regardless of faultregardless of fault Proving negligence requires 4 Proving negligence requires 4

elements – strict liability needs only elements – strict liability needs only 2:2:

1.1. CausationCausation

2.2. Damages Damages

Strict LiabilityStrict LiabilityExamples of unreasonably dangerous Examples of unreasonably dangerous

activities:activities: Demolition companyDemolition company Waste treatment plantWaste treatment plant Chemical manufacturerChemical manufacturer Owning dangerous animalsOwning dangerous animals Defective productsDefective products

Strict LiabilityStrict LiabilityDefenses:Defenses:

1.1. Argue that it should not be a strict Argue that it should not be a strict liability standardliability standard

2.2. There is no causationThere is no causation

3.3. There are no damagesThere are no damages

4.4. That the consumer has misused the That the consumer has misused the productproduct

Tort ReformTort ReformConcerns:Concerns:

1.1. Unreasonably high awards to plaintiffsUnreasonably high awards to plaintiffs

2.2. Expense of going to court (fees, Expense of going to court (fees, lawyers)lawyers)

3.3. Civil cases take too longCivil cases take too long

4.4. Complicated laws. Difficult to Complicated laws. Difficult to determine faultdetermine fault

5.5. Prices have risen due to Prices have risen due to

insurance needed forinsurance needed for

protectionprotection

Consumer LawConsumer LawUnit 4Unit 4

ContractsContracts An agreement between two or more An agreement between two or more

people to exchange something of people to exchange something of valuevalue

ElementsElements

1.1. OfferOffer

2.2. AcceptanceAcceptance

3.3. ConsiderationConsideration

Written – oral – adults - minorsWritten – oral – adults - minors

ContractsContractsConsiderations of the courtConsiderations of the court Illegal acts are not enforceableIllegal acts are not enforceable Minors may cancel contractsMinors may cancel contracts

Cosigner may be requiredCosigner may be required NecessitiesNecessities

Unconscionable contractsUnconscionable contracts FraudFraud

Statute of fraud written contractStatute of fraud written contract Uneven bargaining powerUneven bargaining power

WarrantiesWarranties A promise by the seller concerning A promise by the seller concerning

the quality or performance of a the quality or performance of a productproduct

Also states what remedy will be Also states what remedy will be provided if the product does not provided if the product does not performperform

It is a contractIt is a contract

Types of warrantiesTypes of warranties1.1. ExpressExpress Statements of fact that become part Statements of fact that become part

of the sales agreementof the sales agreement May be oral, written, or demonstratedMay be oral, written, or demonstrated Puffing is not a warrantyPuffing is not a warranty

Magnuson-Moss ActMagnuson-Moss Act Written warranties must:Written warranties must:

1.1. Disclose all terms & conditions in one Disclose all terms & conditions in one documentdocument

2.2. Stated in easy to read languageStated in easy to read language

3.3. Be available before saleBe available before sale

Warranties do Warranties do not have to be not have to be written written

Types of warrantiesTypes of warranties2.2. Implied Implied An unwritten promise that a product will An unwritten promise that a product will

perform as it should. It is a law.perform as it should. It is a law. Only applies to companies, not individualsOnly applies to companies, not individuals

Merchantability – item is of average qualityMerchantability – item is of average quality Fitness – item must meet the stated purposeFitness – item must meet the stated purpose Title – seller must own the productTitle – seller must own the product

VoidanceVoidance If you examine, or have opportunity to – defects If you examine, or have opportunity to – defects

you should have found may not be coveredyou should have found may not be covered

DisclaimersDisclaimers

““as is” “with all faults” “merchantability”as is” “with all faults” “merchantability”

CreditCreditTruth in Lending ActTruth in Lending Act Requires creditors to provide basic Requires creditors to provide basic

information on the cost of creditinformation on the cost of credit

1.1. In writing, before a contractIn writing, before a contract

2.2. Total finance chargeTotal finance charge

3.3. Annual percentage rateAnnual percentage rate

4.4. Copy of the disclosure formCopy of the disclosure form

5.5. Information concerning variable ratesInformation concerning variable rates

6.6. Rules & charges for late paymentsRules & charges for late payments

CreditCreditEqual Credit Opportunity ActEqual Credit Opportunity Act Creditors must tell consumers why Creditors must tell consumers why

credit was denied – specificallycredit was denied – specifically

Fair Credit Reporting ActFair Credit Reporting Act Protection from inaccurate credit Protection from inaccurate credit

bureau reportingbureau reporting Must give you name & address of Must give you name & address of

credit bureaucredit bureau Nature & substance of information on Nature & substance of information on

filefile

Default & CollectionDefault & CollectionProblems payingProblems paying Reassess lifestyle – ask creditor to reduce Reassess lifestyle – ask creditor to reduce

payment or extend time – credit counselorpayment or extend time – credit counselorBankruptcyBankruptcy Places assets under the control of a federal Places assets under the control of a federal

court to be relieved of debtcourt to be relieved of debt Chapter 13 – reduced payments over Chapter 13 – reduced payments over

extended timeextended time Chapter 7 – court sells off assetsChapter 7 – court sells off assets Stays on your record for 10 yearsStays on your record for 10 years Taxes, alimony, child support, student loans Taxes, alimony, child support, student loans

are not wiped outare not wiped out

Default & CollectionDefault & CollectionFair Debt Collection Practices ActFair Debt Collection Practices Act Protection from abusive & unfair Protection from abusive & unfair

collection practices by collection practices by professional professional debt collectorsdebt collectors No harassmentNo harassment No false or misleading statementsNo false or misleading statements

Court actionsCourt actions Creditors can sueCreditors can sue

Default judgmentDefault judgment Wage garnishment (up to 25%)Wage garnishment (up to 25%) Attachment Attachment

Deceptive sales practicesDeceptive sales practicesTelephoneTelephone Scams ($40 billion)Scams ($40 billion)

Prize winner, travel packages, health Prize winner, travel packages, health products, investments, charities, recovery products, investments, charities, recovery from scam, inducement to call long distancefrom scam, inducement to call long distance

Never give your numbers – credit card, Never give your numbers – credit card, social security, driver’s license, address, social security, driver’s license, address, birth datebirth date

Bait & switch vs. lost leaderBait & switch vs. lost leader Adequate supply of product? Disparages Adequate supply of product? Disparages

product?product?

Deceptive sales practicesDeceptive sales practicesMail-orderMail-order 30 days to ship30 days to ship Watch “free” items – commitment Watch “free” items – commitment RepairsRepairs Repair agreement often says that you Repair agreement often says that you

authorize all repairs deemed necessaryauthorize all repairs deemed necessary Repairs not listed need your specific Repairs not listed need your specific

approvalapproval Ask for return of all replaced partsAsk for return of all replaced parts

Don’t refuse to pay – it become a Don’t refuse to pay – it become a lienlien on the itemon the item

Deceptive sales practicesDeceptive sales practicesE commerceE commerce Phony contests, pyramid schemes, Phony contests, pyramid schemes,

fake companies are more prevalent fake companies are more prevalent on the interneton the internet

What to doWhat to do BBB, media, professional association, BBB, media, professional association,

state boards,state boards, FTC, FDA, CPSC, FCC, FTC, FDA, CPSC, FCC, Dept. of Transportation, Dept. of Transportation, U.S. Postal ServiceU.S. Postal Service

Going to courtGoing to courtCriminal courtCriminal court FraudFraudCivil court remediesCivil court remedies1.1. Expectation damagesExpectation damages – difference – difference

between value expected & what you between value expected & what you gotgot

2.2. Rescission & restitutionRescission & restitution – cancel – cancel contract & return money paidcontract & return money paid

3.3. Specific performanceSpecific performance – order seller to – order seller to carry out terms of the contractcarry out terms of the contract

Small claims courtSmall claims court

LeasesLeasesA special contract between A special contract between

tenanttenant and and landlordlandlord TermsTerms

Amount of rent to be paid, length of Amount of rent to be paid, length of time to rent, & the rights and duties of time to rent, & the rights and duties of each partyeach party

Protecting your interestsProtecting your interests Completely inspect the propertyCompletely inspect the property Carefully read the lease agreementCarefully read the lease agreement

LeasesLeasesTypesTypes Month-to-monthMonth-to-month

30 day notice30 day notice Tenancy at willTenancy at will

Indefinite termIndefinite term Tenancy for yearsTenancy for years

Fixed period of timeFixed period of time

LeasesLeasesTenant – landlord Tenant – landlord

dutiesduties Paying rent on timePaying rent on time Raising the rentRaising the rent Quiet enjoymentQuiet enjoyment MaintenanceMaintenance

Warranty of Warranty of habitabilityhabitability

Housing codesHousing codes Duty to notifyDuty to notify

Use of propertyUse of property

Security depositsSecurity deposits Responsible for Responsible for

damagedamage Waiver of tort Waiver of tort

liabilityliability Right of entryRight of entry Rules & regulationsRules & regulations subleasesublease

Constitutional LawConstitutional LawUnit 6Unit 6

Basic Constitutional PrinciplesBasic Constitutional PrinciplesThe U.S. Constitution is the oldest The U.S. Constitution is the oldest

written national constitution in the written national constitution in the worldworld

It is the framework of our governmentIt is the framework of our government

Principles:Principles:

1.1. Rights are not absoluteRights are not absolute Ex. Balancing testEx. Balancing test

2.2. Protects citizens from certain actions Protects citizens from certain actions of the governmentof the government

3.3. Does not contain all of your rightsDoes not contain all of your rights

AmendmentsAmendmentsTwo methods of changing the Two methods of changing the

Constitution:Constitution:

1.1. By 2/3 vote of both houses of By 2/3 vote of both houses of CongressCongress

2.2. By national convention called by 2/3 By national convention called by 2/3 of the statesof the states

Then ratified:Then ratified:

1.1. By ¾ of the state legislaturesBy ¾ of the state legislatures

2.2. By special ratifying conventions in ¾ By special ratifying conventions in ¾ of the statesof the states

Bill of RightsBill of Rights17911791

1.1. RAPPSRAPPS2.2. . . . Too bear arms. . . Too bear arms3.3. Three soldiersThree soldiers4.4. Search for?Search for?5.5. GEDGED²² S S6.6. JILS WJILS W²²7.7. Civil jury over $20Civil jury over $208.8. Cruel & UnusualCruel & Unusual9.9. Rights not enumerated are not deniedRights not enumerated are not denied10.10. Powers not delegated are reserved to Powers not delegated are reserved to

the States or the Peoplethe States or the People

Extending the Bill of RightsExtending the Bill of Rights

13 (1865)13 (1865) Banned slavery & forced laborBanned slavery & forced labor

14 (1868)14 (1868) Citizen = all men born or naturalizedCitizen = all men born or naturalized States must grant equal protection States must grant equal protection

of the laws and can’t interfere w/ of the laws and can’t interfere w/ due processdue process

15 (1870)15 (1870) Can’t deny voting rights on basis of Can’t deny voting rights on basis of

race, color, or previous enslavementrace, color, or previous enslavement

Extending the Bill of RightsExtending the Bill of Rights

17 (1913)17 (1913) Direct election of SenatorsDirect election of Senators

19 (1920)19 (1920) Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage

23 (1961)23 (1961) DC vote for PresidentDC vote for President

24 (1964)24 (1964) Bans poll taxesBans poll taxes

26 (1971)26 (1971) 18 year old vote18 year old vote

Other AmendmentsOther Amendments 11 (1795)11 (1795)

Suits against statesSuits against states 12 (1804)12 (1804)

Election of President and Election of President and VPVP

16 (1913)16 (1913) Income taxIncome tax

18 (1919) and 21 18 (1919) and 21 (1933)(1933) Prohibition and repeal ofProhibition and repeal of

20 (1933)20 (1933) ““Lame duck”Lame duck”

22 (1951)22 (1951) Limit Presidential Limit Presidential

termterm 25 (1967)25 (1967)

Presidential Presidential successionsuccession

27 (1992)27 (1992) Restraint on Restraint on

congressional congressional salariessalaries

Key Civil Rights LegislationKey Civil Rights Legislation

1909 NAACP; 1910 NUL1909 NAACP; 1910 NUL 1948 Truman ends segregation in military1948 Truman ends segregation in military 1954 Brown v. Board of Ed.1954 Brown v. Board of Ed. 1957 Division of Civil Rights in Justice 1957 Division of Civil Rights in Justice

DepartmentDepartment 1963 Equal Pay Act; “I have a dream” speech1963 Equal Pay Act; “I have a dream” speech 1964 Civil Rights Act1964 Civil Rights Act

Public facilities, employment, ed. & voter Public facilities, employment, ed. & voter registrationregistration

Gender, religion, & national originGender, religion, & national origin 1968 Open Housing Act1968 Open Housing Act 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act 1990 Americans w/ Disabilities Act1990 Americans w/ Disabilities Act