Strategies for Teaching Strategies for Teaching Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy & Physiology

Hugh W. Harling EdD, LAT, ATCHugh W. Harling EdD, LAT, ATCMethodist College, Fayetteville NCMethodist College, Fayetteville NC

hharling@methodist.eduhharling@methodist.eduwww.methodist.edu/athtraining/www.methodist.edu/athtraining/

OverviewOverview

Learning ProcessLearning ProcessCritical ThinkingCritical ThinkingText / Book Based ResourcesText / Book Based Resources Internet ResourcesInternet ResourcesFun Ideas / ExplanationsFun Ideas / ExplanationsQ & AQ & A

LearningLearning

Process of changeProcess of change Acquisition of new knowledge, skills or Acquisition of new knowledge, skills or

attitudesattitudes From study or life experiencesFrom study or life experiences Occurs over a period of timeOccurs over a period of time Lifelong processLifelong process

American Red Cross Fundamentals of Instructor Training, 2001American Red Cross Fundamentals of Instructor Training, 2001

MARSMARS

MotivationMotivationAssociationAssociationRepetitionRepetitionSensesSenses

American Red Cross Fundamentals of Instructor Training, 2001American Red Cross Fundamentals of Instructor Training, 2001

MotivationMotivation

Any suggestions here I would appreciate !Any suggestions here I would appreciate !Difficult since students come to class with Difficult since students come to class with

variety of backgrounds.variety of backgrounds.One of the hardest things to do is motivate One of the hardest things to do is motivate

ALL students.ALL students.Even harder toEven harder to sustain sustain motivation – motivation –

everyone has good days and bad.everyone has good days and bad.Contract for Grade ?Contract for Grade ?

AssociationAssociation

One of the big keys to learning.One of the big keys to learning.Describes how things fit together and Describes how things fit together and

effect each other.effect each other.Often Study systems in isolation and fail to Often Study systems in isolation and fail to

connect from one to others.connect from one to others.As we know, when one system of the body As we know, when one system of the body

fails, it affects the others, some very fails, it affects the others, some very quickly (AMI) others very slowly quickly (AMI) others very slowly (Osteoporosis)(Osteoporosis)

RepetitionRepetition

No substitute for repetitionNo substitute for repetitionAthletes spend hours fielding, throwing or Athletes spend hours fielding, throwing or

hitting, … They are training their BRAIN hitting, … They are training their BRAIN and body.and body.

You are asking your students to train their You are asking your students to train their brains and one must practice to be able to brains and one must practice to be able to perform when needed.perform when needed.

SensesSenses

The more hands-on the betterThe more hands-on the betterMore about this laterMore about this later

Technology has limits ?Technology has limits ?

Free iPods for Duke studentsFree iPods for Duke students College says popular MP3 music players will be used to download College says popular MP3 music players will be used to download lectures and books as well as songs.lectures and books as well as songs.

Stretch studentsStretch students

Use gamesUse games

Brings out competitiveness / pre-test preparationBrings out competitiveness / pre-test preparation Jeopardy – multiple levels, teamsJeopardy – multiple levels, teams Word SearchWord Search Newspaper accuracies & inaccuracies (Bonus Newspaper accuracies & inaccuracies (Bonus

points ?)points ?) Wrong word use – correctionWrong word use – correction Crossword puzzlesCrossword puzzles Songs / sayings – let them make up their ownSongs / sayings – let them make up their own

Use Pictures & Video / DVDUse Pictures & Video / DVD

A picture (or graph, or…) is worth a A picture (or graph, or…) is worth a thousand wordsthousand words

Make use of textbook graphic packagesMake use of textbook graphic packagesLippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

(www.lww.com) Aclund’s Atlas of Human (www.lww.com) Aclund’s Atlas of Human Anatomy Anatomy http://www.lww.com/product/?0-7817-4068-1http://www.lww.com/product/?0-7817-4068-1

Textbook ResourcesTextbook Resources Scott & Fong, Scott & Fong, Body Structures and FunctionsBody Structures and Functions Delmar's Anatomy & Physiology Challenge CD-Delmar's Anatomy & Physiology Challenge CD-

ROM included free with each book. ROM included free with each book. Gross anatomy photos with the line illustrations Gross anatomy photos with the line illustrations

presented throughout the book for a side-by-side presented throughout the book for a side-by-side comparison. comparison.

New Online Companion includes exercises, New Online Companion includes exercises, quizzes, animations, and additional teaching quizzes, animations, and additional teaching hints. A Powerpoint presentation with 25-30 hints. A Powerpoint presentation with 25-30 slides per chapter is also included. slides per chapter is also included.

Lab Activities have been added to each chapter Lab Activities have been added to each chapter to bring a new interactive dimension to learning. to bring a new interactive dimension to learning.

Textbook ResourcesTextbook Resources Gary A. Thibodeau, PhD; and Kevin T. Patton, PhD, Gary A. Thibodeau, PhD; and Kevin T. Patton, PhD, The The

Human Body in Health & DiseaseHuman Body in Health & Disease Included FREE with the softcover text is Included FREE with the softcover text is Body Spectrum: Body Spectrum:

Mosby's Electronic Anatomy Coloring Book CD-ROMMosby's Electronic Anatomy Coloring Book CD-ROM Study Guide - Designed to help students master basic Study Guide - Designed to help students master basic

anatomy and physiology, this study guide provides anatomy and physiology, this study guide provides students with additional self-study aids, including chapter students with additional self-study aids, including chapter overviews, topic reviews, application and labeling overviews, topic reviews, application and labeling exercises, as well as answers to the questions.exercises, as well as answers to the questions.

Softcover text includes FREE CD-ROM and MERLIN Softcover text includes FREE CD-ROM and MERLIN website website at:www.harcourthealth.com/MERLIN/ThibodeauPatton/hat:www.harcourthealth.com/MERLIN/ThibodeauPatton/humanbody/) Study Guide by Swisherumanbody/) Study Guide by Swisher

Other Text ResourcesOther Text Resources

Anatomy Coloring BookAnatomy Coloring BookPhysiology Coloring BookPhysiology Coloring BookMemory Notebook of Nursing: A collection Memory Notebook of Nursing: A collection

of Visual Images and Mnemonics to of Visual Images and Mnemonics to increase memory and learning (Zerwekh, increase memory and learning (Zerwekh, Claborn & Miller, ISBN 0-9628210-5-5)Claborn & Miller, ISBN 0-9628210-5-5)

CD-ROMs – textbook, ADAM, …CD-ROMs – textbook, ADAM, …

Using the InternetUsing the Internet

Evaluate Your SourcesEvaluate Your Sources

Information versus marketing – blurringInformation versus marketing – blurringPharmaceutical ads – are they Pharmaceutical ads – are they

informational or ads or both. informational or ads or both. Skepticism should hold true for the internet Skepticism should hold true for the internet

just like TV – if it is to good to be true it just like TV – if it is to good to be true it probably is just that or very expensive.probably is just that or very expensive.

Evaluate Your SourcesEvaluate Your Sources

Does the author have authority on the topic?Does the author have authority on the topic? What are the author’s credentials?What are the author’s credentials? Is the information accurate for when it was Is the information accurate for when it was

written?written? Is there a consensus of opinion on this topic? Is there a consensus of opinion on this topic? What are the important ideas?What are the important ideas? What is the purpose of the source? What is the purpose of the source? Is the purpose to inform, to entertain, to teach, or Is the purpose to inform, to entertain, to teach, or

to influence?to influence?

Evaluate Your SourcesEvaluate Your Sources

Who is the author writing for?Who is the author writing for? Is it biased in any way?Is it biased in any way? Has the author looked at the material Has the author looked at the material

objectively?objectively? Does the author offer several points of view?Does the author offer several points of view? How does the source help answer your How does the source help answer your

question?question? Does the source provide valuable, relevant Does the source provide valuable, relevant

information?information?

InternetInternet

Google Search – Anatomy -Google Search – Anatomy - 5,130,000 for 5,130,000 for Anatomy (0.16 seconds)Anatomy (0.16 seconds)

Froogle Search – AnatomyFroogle Search – Anatomy - 27,000 - 27,000 confirmed / 204,000 total results for Anatomy. confirmed / 204,000 total results for Anatomy. (0.46 seconds)(0.46 seconds)

Google Search - Physiology - Google Search - Physiology - 6,150,000 for 6,150,000 for Physiology (0.14 seconds)Physiology (0.14 seconds)

Froogle Search - Physiology - Froogle Search - Physiology - 4,280 confirmed 4,280 confirmed / 101,000 total results for Physiology. (0.58 / 101,000 total results for Physiology. (0.58 seconds) seconds)

Numerous Useful WebsitesNumerous Useful Websites

Teach Strategies Newsletter Teach Strategies Newsletter http://www.aw-bc.com/events/strategies/nhttp://www.aw-bc.com/events/strategies/newsletters/index.htmlewsletters/index.html

Advances in Physiology Education Advances in Physiology Education http://advan.physiology.org/http://advan.physiology.org/

Visible Human Visible Human http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/cross_section/index.htmld/GrossAnatomy/cross_section/index.html

More Helpful Internet WebsitesMore Helpful Internet Websites

Emory Medical School – Biological & Emory Medical School – Biological & Physical SciencesPhysical Sciences http://www.medweb.emory.edu/medweb/ http://www.medweb.emory.edu/medweb/

Radiology - http://www.netanatomy.com/Radiology - http://www.netanatomy.com/Radiology - http://www.szote.u-Radiology - http://www.szote.u-

szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/Anatomy of the Eye Anatomy of the Eye

http://www.allaboutvision.com/resources/ahttp://www.allaboutvision.com/resources/anatomy.htmnatomy.htm

Multiple Organ System QuizMultiple Organ System Quiz

University of Minnesota WebAnatomy University of Minnesota WebAnatomy http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/jenshttp://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/jensen/1135/webanatomy/default.htmen/1135/webanatomy/default.htm

Using Other People’s ListingsUsing Other People’s Listings

British Association of Clinical Anatomists British Association of Clinical Anatomists http://www.liv.ac.uk/HumanAnatomy/phd/bhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/HumanAnatomy/phd/baca/bacalinks.htmaca/bacalinks.htm

FUN IdeasFUN Ideas

DoorwayDoorway

Need appropriate key to enter room just as Need appropriate key to enter room just as certain molecules need doorways certain molecules need doorways (channels) and keys (carrier protein) to (channels) and keys (carrier protein) to enter a cell.enter a cell.

Alter key and door no longer opens Alter key and door no longer opens (insulin – diabetes)(insulin – diabetes)

Idea Time - GIIdea Time - GI

Sock or stockinette & golf balls – Shows Sock or stockinette & golf balls – Shows peristalsisperistalsis

Chew food and swallow – shows why Chew food and swallow – shows why chew and cut foods – Fill “stomach”chew and cut foods – Fill “stomach”

Open end of sock now Pyloric Sphincter – Open end of sock now Pyloric Sphincter – can’t empty entire contents at once, but can’t empty entire contents at once, but one piece at a time. one piece at a time.

Can now discuss what is added by what to Can now discuss what is added by what to tract to break stuff down.tract to break stuff down.

Idea Time - CardiacIdea Time - Cardiac

PVC pipe - clogging of artery same as how a PVC pipe - clogging of artery same as how a drain clogs with hair, grim, … Happens over drain clogs with hair, grim, … Happens over time, …time, …

Use playdough for plaque build-upUse playdough for plaque build-up Critical thinking what would cause the clog ?Critical thinking what would cause the clog ? How long to show versus completely clog ?How long to show versus completely clog ? If clog shifts / breaks free now anatomically what is If clog shifts / breaks free now anatomically what is

called , where will it go, …?called , where will it go, …? By-pass – cut section out and rerouteBy-pass – cut section out and reroute Use drain cleaner to represent drugsUse drain cleaner to represent drugs Use pipe (or bottle cleaner) to represent angioblastyUse pipe (or bottle cleaner) to represent angioblasty

Idea Time – Respiratory SystemIdea Time – Respiratory System

Balloons & Garbage bagBalloons & Garbage bagBalloons represent alveoli and garbage Balloons represent alveoli and garbage

bag the lung.bag the lung.Pop balloon lose capacity (alveoli) but lung Pop balloon lose capacity (alveoli) but lung

stays inflatedstays inflatedUse water in balloon to represent mucous Use water in balloon to represent mucous

or debrisor debrisTwo Garbage bags hold corners of Two Garbage bags hold corners of

outermost, suck in inner (Pneumothorax)outermost, suck in inner (Pneumothorax)

Idea Time – Filtration / DiffusionIdea Time – Filtration / Diffusion

Filtration occurs through the body (Liver, Filtration occurs through the body (Liver, Kidneys, Spleen, nutrients from blood into cells, Kidneys, Spleen, nutrients from blood into cells, …)…)

Rocks over drain – small materials slip in and Rocks over drain – small materials slip in and out of vascular system and large (proteins must out of vascular system and large (proteins must stay in) unless can change shape – stay in) unless can change shape –

Can also use a mesh screen formed like a tube Can also use a mesh screen formed like a tube to show flow into or out of (Tube within a tube)to show flow into or out of (Tube within a tube)

Watch out for the messWatch out for the mess

DiffusionDiffusion

Classic ExperimentClassic ExperimentColor / matter moves from high Color / matter moves from high

concentration toward areas of low concentration toward areas of low concentration.concentration.

Food coloring (or tea – sun tea anyone ?) Food coloring (or tea – sun tea anyone ?) into waterinto water

Idea Time – Musculoskeletal Idea Time – Musculoskeletal SystemSystem

1 rope – pulling hand over hand like bring 1 rope – pulling hand over hand like bring up anchorup anchor

2 Ropes and four groups2 Ropes and four groupsOne group back to back each holding pull One group back to back each holding pull

(shorten toward each other – representing (shorten toward each other – representing accordion action)accordion action)

Ideas from OthersIdeas from Others

Cell – light colored jello in cup – add Cell – light colored jello in cup – add candies to represent different organellescandies to represent different organelles

Layers of skin – cake or jello & cool wipe.Layers of skin – cake or jello & cool wipe.

Bridging & SummarizingBridging & Summarizing

Bridging – connecting conceptsBridging – connecting conceptsSummarizing – bring together facts & Summarizing – bring together facts &

conceptsconceptsMUST bring example back to its technical MUST bring example back to its technical

terminologyterminologyWill often remember the example but not why Will often remember the example but not why

it was done or exactly what it showedit was done or exactly what it showedRemember, Everyone will experience the Remember, Everyone will experience the

lesson differently.lesson differently.

Final StopFinal Stop

Methodist College Athletic Training Methodist College Athletic Training WebsiteWebsite

http://www.methodist.edu/athtraining/http://www.methodist.edu/athtraining/

ReferencesReferences American Red Cross. (2001). American Red Cross. (2001). Fundamentals of Fundamentals of

Instructor TrainingInstructor Training.. Bailey, D. (1997). Bailey, D. (1997). Research for the Health Research for the Health

Professional: A Practical GuideProfessional: A Practical Guide, Second Edition. , Second Edition. F.A. Davis.F.A. Davis.

Blessing, J. (2001). Blessing, J. (2001). Physician Assistant’s Guide to Physician Assistant’s Guide to Research and Medical LiteratureResearch and Medical Literature. F.A. Davis.. F.A. Davis.

Zybeck, K. Methodist College Reference Librarian, Zybeck, K. Methodist College Reference Librarian, Portions Adapted from: Portions Adapted from: Teaching Information Teaching Information LiteracyLiteracy. Burkhardt, MacDonald, and Rathemacher. . Burkhardt, MacDonald, and Rathemacher. Chicago: ALA, 2003Chicago: ALA, 2003