strategies for managing the weed seedbank and …strategies for managing the weed seedbank and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Strategies for managing the weed seedbank and encouraging
weed seed predation
Adam DavisUSDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit
Urbana, IL
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Artwork: Cherie Earle
weed seedbank
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Artwork: Steve Deming
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1. How prevalent is weed seed return?2. Does it matter?3. What can we do about it?
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1990 1993 1996 1999 200201990 1993 1996 1999 20020
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000AMARECHEALGRASSOTHER
Time (yr)Seed
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity (s
eeds
m-2
)
CONV
d.ORG
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Survey: weed seeds at harvest time
16 fields (8 corn, 8 sb)30 samples/field
1. undispersed, standing
2. on soil surface
3. in soil seedbank
4. caught by combine
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26 species totalDavis 2008
combin
e soil
standi
ngsur
face
Seed pool
1
10
100
1000
10000
giant foxtail
See
ds m
-2
combin
e soil
standi
ngsur
face
Seed pool
0
0
0
redroot pigweed
combin
e soil
standi
ngsur
face
Seed pool
velvetleaf
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Weed seedbank is persistentYears required for X % reduction in seed number
50%– Common lambsquarters 12– Velvetleaf 8– Common chickweed 3– Smartweed 4– Redroot pigweed 4– Common ragweed 2.5– Crabgrass, giant foxtail < 1– Kochia < 1
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Weed seedbank is persistentYears required for X % reduction in seed number
50% 99%– Common lambsquarters 12 78– Velvetleaf 8 56– Common chickweed 3 18– Smartweed 4 30– Redroot pigweed 4 26– Common ragweed 2.5 10– Crabgrass, giant foxtail < 1 6– Kochia < 1 6
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velvetleaf
0 5 10 15 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80_
ScottsbluffLincoln
LOCATION
Burnside et al. 1996
Seed
ger
min
atio
n (%
)
Burial time (yr)
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redroot pigweed
0 5 10 15 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ScottsbluffLincoln
LOCATION
Burnside et al. 1996
Seed
ger
min
atio
n (%
)
Burial time (yr)
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Why should we manage theweed seedbank?
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Demographic sub-model
Economic submodel
controlcost
lost croprevenue
seeds smallseedlings
matureplants
ss(1-g)
f*spred
g scult
shand
largeseedlings
Liebman and Davis (2009)
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Lower level parameter x
Cos
t ($/
ha) i
n 5t
h yr
Physical control efficacyHandweeding efficacySeedbank declineSeed predation
= base value in model
= realistic parameter range
Liebman and Davis (2009)
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Hand weeding intra-row weeds:
200-500 hours per hectare in carrot and direct sown onion and leek
DIAS
Melander and Rasmussen, 2001
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250
Intra-row weed number (m-2)
Tim
e ha
nd-w
eedi
ng (h
ha
-1)
DIAS
Relationship between weed density and time consumption for hand
weeding
Melander and Rasmussen, 2001
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Davis and Williams. 2007. Weed Sci. 55:502-507
Do seed escapes matter?
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Fec
Pop
Y
CE
MERec0.64
-0.41
0.62Fec
Pop
Y
CE
MERec0.64
-0.41
0.62
2005
Fec
Pop
Y
CE
MERec0.77
-0.40
0.30Fec
Pop
Y
CE
MERec0.77
-0.40
0.30
2006
Wild proso millet fecundity in sweet corn had effects on following snap bean crop.
Davis and Williams. 2007. Weed Sci. 55:502-507
Yes.
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Ecological management of weed seedbanks
biological
cultural
physical
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intact decayedChee-Sanford et al. (2006)
Biological: I. Seed survival in soil seedbank
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-4 -2 0 2 40
20
40
60
80
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
20
40
60
80
-4 -2 0 2 40-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
0
Fungal 18S principal component 1
Wee
d se
ed m
orta
lity
(%)
y = 40.4 - 3.3xR2=0.27, P<0.05
y = 49.3 - 3.3xR2=0.29, P<0.05
velvetleafgiant foxtail
Davis et al. (2006)
organic 3-yr rotation
conventional 3-yr rotation
conventional 4-yr rotation
reduced input 4-yr rotation
old field
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Davis et al. 2008. Weed Sci. 56:676-684
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Photo: Adam Davis
Biological: II. Seed predation
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Common predators of weed seeds…. We need moreof these in our cropping systems!
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0102030405060708090
100
9-Aug 29-Aug 18-Sep 8-Oct
Seed recovery date
Dai
ly %
see
d re
mov
al
Wheat Wheat + red clover
* * * ** NS
Davis et al. (2003)
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Annual rate of seedpredation in field crops
Urbana, IL2004-2008
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Weed seed predation over time(giant foxtail)
0 100 200 300DAYS_ELAPSED
0
20
40
60
80
100
% S
eed
loss
to p
reda
tion
wheat/red clsoybeancorn
CROP_05
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Weed seed predation over time(giant ragweed)
0 100 200 300DAYS_ELAPSED
0
20
40
60
80
100
% S
eed
loss
to p
reda
tion
wheat/red clsoybeancorn
CROP_05
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after Heggenstaller et al. (2006)
spring wintersummer autumn
?
corn, soybean
small grain + legume
alfalfa
Can we maintain high seed predation rates throughout year by diversifying crops?
See
d pr
edat
ion
(%)
0
100
50
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Day of Year
P(s
eed
pred
atio
n) 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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++
=
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Lundgren et al. 2007
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beetle banks
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Cultural: I. Cover crops and mulches
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Williams et al. 2008
crop yield loss:
weed seeds:
Cultural: II. Weed suppressive crop cultivars
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Cultural: III. Crop population and spatial arrangement
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Schreiber 1992
Cultural: IV. Crop rotation and diversification
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Physical: I. Improved intrarow control efficacy to reduce hand-weeding costs
Band-steaming reducedintra-row weeds in sugar beet
Melander & Jørgensen 2005
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More physical and thermal tools: intrarow
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Photo: Adam Davis
Physical: II. Tillage as one-time rescue for massive seed input
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Percentage of seeds at depth
Dep
th (i
nche
s)
moldboard plow
0
468
10
2
rototiller
0
468
10
2
disk
0
468
10
2
chisel plow
0
468
10
2
no-till
0
46810
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of seeds at depth
Dep
th (i
nche
s)
moldboard plow
0
468
10
2
rototiller
0
468
10
2
disk
0
468
10
2
chisel plow
0
468
10
2
no-till
0
46810
2
Percentage of seeds at depth
Dep
th (i
nche
s)
moldboard plow
0
468
10
20
468
10
2
rototiller
0
468
10
20
468
10
2
disk
0
468
10
20
468
10
2
chisel plow
0
468
10
20
468
10
2
no-till
0
46810
20
46810
2
0 20 40 60 80 1000 20 40 60 80 100
Mohler (2001)
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Physical: III. Stale seedbed
Physicalweeding.com
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Physical: IV. Weed seed collection at harvest
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BibliographyDavis, A. S., K. A. Renner, C. Sprague, L. Dyer and D. Mutch. 2005. Integrated weed
management...One year's seeding. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2931. Pp. 112.
Hartzler, R. G. and D. D. Buhler. 1998. Weed seeds and the seedbank: implications for management. Iowa State University. IPM-48. Pp. 1-6.
Menalled, F., J. Dauer, T. Fox and K. Renner. 2001. Managing your farm to increase weed seed predation. Michigan State University. E-2749. Pp. 1-6.
Menalled, F. D., M. Liebman and K. Renner. 2006. The ecology of weed seed predation in herbaceous crop systems. ed. Pp. 297-327
H. P. Singh, D. R. Batish and R. K. Kohli .) Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
*Scientific literature mentioned in presentation available upon request (contact Adam Davis: [email protected] ) or John Masiunas: [email protected] )