Strategies for Developing a Research Active Curriculum

Mick Healeywww.mickhealey.co.uk

“We need to encourage universities and colleges to explore new models of curriculum. … There are

several models that we might explore. They should all: … Incorporate research-based study

for undergraduates” (Paul Ramsden, 2008)

• HE Consultant and Researcher; Emeritus Professor University of Gloucestershire (UoG), UK; Visiting Professor University College London, UK; The Humboldt Distinguished Scholar in Research-Based Learning McMaster University, Canada; Adjunct Professor Macquarie University, Australia; International Teaching Fellow, University College Cork, Ireland; Visiting Fellow University of Queensland, Australia

• National Teaching Fellow and Principal Fellow HE Academy• International co-editor Council on Undergraduate Research Quarterly• Economic geographer and previously Director Centre for Active Learning UoG • Ex-VP for Europe International Society for Scholarship of Teaching and Learning• Advisor to Canadian Federal Government ‘Roundtable on Research, Teaching and Learning

in post-Secondary Education’ (2006)• Advisor to Australian Learning and Teaching Council / Office of Learning and Teaching

Projects on the ‘Teaching-research nexus’ (2006-08), ‘Undergraduate research’ (2009-10); ‘Teaching research’ (2011-13 ); and ‘Capstone curriculum across disciplines’ (2013-15)

• Advisor to League of European Research Universities (2009)• Advisor to EU Bologna and HE Reform Experts on research-based education (2012)• Research interests: linking research and teaching; scholarship of teaching; active learning;

developing an inclusive curriculum; students as change agents and as partners

Brief biography

Embedding research and inquiry in the curriculum

One minute each way

In pairs you each have ONE minute to tell your partner about one way in which you have experience or would like to see research and inquiry embedded in the curriculum.

The job of your partner is to listen enthusiastically but NOT interrupt.

Our argument: a ‘research active curriculum’“All undergraduate students in all higher education institutions should experience learning through, and about, research and inquiry. … We argue, as does much recent US experience, that such curricular experience should and can be mainstreamed for all or many students through a research-active curriculum. We argue that this can be achieved through structured interventions at course team, departmental, institutional and national levels” (Healey and Jenkins, 2009, 3).

Engaging students in research and inquiry

“For the students who are the professionals of the future, developing the ability to investigate problems, make judgments on the basis of sound evidence, take decisions on a rational basis, and understand what they are doing and why is vital. Research and inquiry is not just for those who choose to pursue an academic career. It is central to professional life in the twenty-first century.”

Brew (2007, 7)

Engaging students in research and inquiry

“Developing the Student as Scholar Model requires a fundamental shift in how we structure and imagine the whole undergraduate experience. It requires, as a minimum, the adoption of the Learning Paradigm in everything from the first introductory course through the final capstone experience. It requires a culture of inquiry-based learning infused throughout the entire liberal arts curriculum that starts with the very first day of college and is reinforced in every classroom and program.”

(Hodge et al. 2007, 1)

Embedding research and inquiry

1. Different ways of engaging students

2. Strategies for engaging students at the beginning of their course

3. Strategies for engaging students at the end of their course – capstones and dissertations

4. Going beyond traditional boundaries of undergraduate research

STUDENTS ARE PARTICIPANTS

EMPHASIS ON RESEARCH CONTENT

EMPHASIS ON RESEARCH PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS

STUDENTS FREQUENTLY ARE AN AUDIENCE

Research-tutored Research-based

Research-led Research-oriented

Curriculum design and the research-teaching nexus (based on Healey, 2005, 70)

Engaging in research discussions

Undertaking research and inquiry

Learning about current research in the discipline

Developing research and inquiry skills and techniques

EXPLORING AND ACQUIRING EXISTING KNOWLEDGE

PARTICIPATING IN BUILDING KNOWLEDGE

STUDENT-LED

STAFF-LED

Pursuing(information-active)

Identifying(information-responsive)

Authoring (discovery-active)

Producing (discovery-responsive)

Inquiry-based learning: a conceptual framework

(Based on Levy, 2009)

Strategies for engaging students at the beginning of their coursesIn pairs, each skim read at least ONE different year one case study (1.1 – 1.17 pp 4-9).

Discuss whether and how any of the ideas may be amended for application in your contexts.

5 minutes

Strategies for engaging students in final year and capstone courses

In a different pair, each skim read at least ONE different final year and capstone case study (2.1 – 2.11 pp 9-13).

Discuss whether and how any of the ideas may be amended for application in your contexts.

5 minutes

The developmental journey of the studentUniversity curricula need to support student and citizen development from  “absolute knowing [where] students view knowledge as certain; their role is to obtain it from authorities … (to) contextual knowing [where] students believe that knowledge is constructed in a context based on judgement of evidence; their role is to exchange and compare perspectives, think through problems, and integrate and apply knowledge” (Baxter Magolda, 1992, 75).

The developmental journey of the student

Developmental Level Student traitsReliance on external references

[Foundations]

Knowledge viewed as certain

Reliance on authorities as source of knowledge

Externally defined value system and identity

At the crossroads [Intermediate Learning]

Evolving awareness of multiple perspectives and uncertainty

Evolving awareness of own values and identity and of limitations of dependent relationships

Self-authorship

[Capstone]

Awareness of knowledge as contextual

Development of internal belief system and sense of self capacity to engage in authentic, interdependent relationships

Source: Hodge et al. (2008)

Modes of IBL

• Importance of scaffolding provided by lecturer and development of independence in learner

• Structured – where lecturers provide an issue or problem and an outline for addressing it

• Guided – where lecturers provide questions to stimulate inquiry but students are self-directed in terms of exploring these questions

• Open – where students formulate the questions themselves as well as going through the full inquiry cycle

(after Staver and Bay, 1987)

Conceptual modelDarker shading = strengthening of teaching-research links AND enhanced

learning outcomes (Spronken-Smith and Walker, 2009; Spronken-Smith et al., 2009)

Information-oriented:products of research

Discovery-oriented:process of research

Pursuing Authoring

ProducingIdentifying

Scaffolding inquiry throughout a degree

1st year

1st year

2nd year

3rd year

2nd year

3rd year

Definitions of UGR

Undergraduate research (UGR) is: “An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline.”

(Council on Undergraduate Research, undated)

Ten ways of diversifying UGR

1. Going beyond research – e.g. inquiry-based learning

2. Going beyond selectivity – e.g. embedding in curriculum; course-based UGR journals

3. Going beyond individual students – e.g. group work projects

4. Going beyond conference presentations, posters and UGR journals – e.g. videos, performances, exhibitions, websites, products

5. Going beyond universities – e.g. UGR in College-based HE

Aim - To review the contribution of CBHE in the development of research-based learning

Collected - Over 50 mini-case studies from UK, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand and United States

Ten ways of diversifying UGR

6. Going beyond institutions I – e.g. scholarship of engagement; community-based research and inquiry

7. Going beyond institutions II – e.g. consultancy projects; work-based research and inquiry

8. Going beyond disciplines – e.g. integrated science programmes; addressing grand challenges

9. Going beyond subject-based research – e.g. UG SoTL projects; students as change agents’ projects

10.Going beyond place-based conferences – e.g. International CUR

Source: Healey, Flint and Harrington (2014, 25)

Students as

partners in

learning and

teaching in higher education

© 2014, The Higher Education Academy. All rights reserved

Source: Healey, Flint and Harrington (2014, 25)

Ten ways of diversifying UGR

6. Going beyond institutions I – e.g. scholarship of engagement; community-based research and inquiry

7. Going beyond institutions II – e.g. consultancy projects; work-based research and inquiry

8. Going beyond disciplines – e.g. integrated science programmes; addressing grand challenges

9. Going beyond subject-based research – e.g. UG SoTL projects; students as change agents’ projects

10.Going beyond place-based conferences – e.g. International CUR

International Conference on Undergraduate Research (ICUR)

• A virtual international UR conference

• 2012 - Established by Warwick-Monash alliance in ICUR

• 2014 held concurrently in 21/22 September in Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the States

• Partner institutions - Baruch College; City University of New York; Monash University; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Management University; The University of Warwick; The University of Washington; The University of Western Australia

http://www.icurportal.com/

Different views on undergraduate research

Dimensions of undergraduate research

Student, process centred Outcome, product centredStudent initiated Faculty initiatedHonors students All studentsCurriculum based Co-curricular fellowships Collaborative IndividualOriginal to the student Original to the disciplineMulti-or interdisciplinary Discipline basedCampus/community audience Professional audienceCapstone/final year Starting year one Pervades the curriculum Focussed

(Source: Adapted from Beckham and Hensel, 2007)

Oklahoma University definition of UGR“mentored intellectual engagement using established scholarly processes to make a meaningful contribution to a project, question, or problem, where the outcomes are presented or performed publicly with review, critique or judgment, and both the process and product are based upon disciplinary standards. The work will be at least partially novel, but may result in a preliminary product, a partial solution, or additional questions for future investigation.” (Walden, 2014, 2)

UGR: Challenging the boundaries

In small groups discuss what implications do these and other ways of ‘going beyond’ have for the development of UGR?

3 mins

Mainstreaming research and inquiry

Turn to your neighbour and tell them ONE thing you intend to do in the next academic year to develop an active research curriculum

2 minutes

Mainstreaming undergraduate research and inquiry: conclusionsIf undergraduate research is to be truly integrated into HE then the nature of higher education itself will need to be reconceptualised.

“universities need to move towards creating inclusive scholarly knowledge-building communities. … The notion of inclusive scholarly knowledge-building communities invites us to consider new ideas about who the scholars are in universities and how they might work in partnership.” (Brew, 2007, 4)