Strategies Adopted for Municipal Solid Waste

Management in Kerala: An Overview

M.DILEEP KUMAR

Director

Suchitwa Mission

Local Self Govt. Dept.

Govt. of Kerala

Kerala at a GlanceArea - 38863 Sq. kmPopulation - 33,387,677 (2011 Census)

Density of Population - 860 /sq.kmMunicipal Corporations - 5Municipalities - 60Grama Panchayats - 978

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Sanitation

Sanitation refers to way of life expressed through

• Personal hygiene

• Home hygiene

• Institution hygiene

• Community hygiene

for better health and environment

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STRATEGY FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Creation of awareness

• Focus the message on waste management to household level

• Capacity building by imparting right information on technology

• Involvement of all sections of society

• Appropriate partnerships with local NGOs, women SHGs and private sector

• Preparation of action plan by involving local community

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Basic Requirements for Sanitation

• House is the basic unit• Safe disposal of excreta

– Prevent human contact– Prevent contact with flies– Prevent animal contact

• Safe disposal of solid waste• Safe disposal of grey water

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APPROACH• Safe disposal of excreta

• Safe disposal of solid waste

• Safe disposal of liquid waste

HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Available Technological options for Excreta Disposal• Simple pit toilet• Ventilated improved pit (VIP) toilet• Eco – san toilet• Pour flush toilet• Sanitary Sewer

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Simple Pit Toilet

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Conventional Simple Pit Toilet

• Does not require water for its functioning

• Temporary super structure (fencing)

• Suitable for open defecating areasAdvantages- Affordable– Simple– Helps to develop a

culture on use of toilets

– Appropriate for low income group

Disadvantages

– Not fully sanitary latrine

– Fly breeding– Odour– Risk of falling into pit– Risk of ground water

pollution

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine

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Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine

• Does not require water for functioning• Suitable for water scarce areas• Vent pipe with fly – screen• Superstructure

Advantages• Little odour• Less chance of

transmission of diseases

• Good health & hygiene• Built with locally

available materials• Easy construction and

maintenance• Can be upgraded to

pour flush latrine

Disadvantages• Risk of ground water

and surface water contamination

• Once filled the latrine has to be moved to another place

• Odour nuisance is not fully solved

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Eco – San Toilet

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Eco – San Toilet(Double Vault Compost Latrine)

• Based on recycling principle• Excreta and urine collected separately

in two water tight chambers• A layer of absorbent organic material is

put in chamber• Faeces is covered with saw dust or ash

after each use• Anaerobic decomposition• Large enough to hold one year faeces

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Pour Flush

Latrine

• Water dependent latrine• Water flushes out excreta from

bowl• Water seal prevents odour

– Pour flush uses 1 – 2 L water– Some water always at the

bottom of pan as water seal

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Twin Pit Ventilated Improved Latrine

• One pit at a time• One year for one pit• Clearing content after one year• Alternating cycle of operation

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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1. Twin Pit Water Seal ToiletIt is a complete excreta disposal systemIt has

– Water Closet Pan– Water Seal and Trap– Junction Chamber– Drain Pipes– Leach Pits

2. Single Pit Water Seal Toilet

– Water Closet Pan– Water Seal and Trap– Junction Chamber– Drain Pipes– Leach Pits

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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CONTRIBUTOR FECAL COLIFORM

FECAL STREPTOCOCCI

RATIO FC / FS

TURKEY 130 1300 0.10

CHICKEN 240 620 0.40

DUCK 11000 18000 0.60

PIG 8900 230000 0.04

COW 5400 31000 0.20

SHEEP 18000 43000 0.40

HUMAN 2000 450 4.40

MICROORGANISMS CONCENTRATIONMICROORGANISMS CONCENTRATION

millions per capita per daymillions per capita per day

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TOILET

SEWERAGE

SEPTIC TANK SOAKPIT

SEWAGETREATMENTPLANT

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Septic Tank

• Water tight settling tank with one or two compartment

• Helps to separate solid and liquid part• Scum floats at top• Anaerobic bacteria acts and forms sludge –

settle down• Liquid effluent is as dangerous as raw

sewage• Soak pit or connection to sewer line is a must

EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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Septic tank : IS Code 2470 (Part 1)

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Soak Pit

• Honey comb Brick work• Filled with Brick bats / boulders• Sand (2 mm size) envelop of 45 cm thick

all around

STRATEGYSTRATEGY

Management Promotion

Awareness, IEC Enforcement

Approach- Constituted a separate Mission called Clean Kerala

Mission in 2003

- Constituted Suchitwa Mission by merging Clean KeralaMission and Total Sanitation and Health Mission inJanuary 2008

- Emphasis on De-centralized Waste Management andestablish one Common Facility for each LSGIs

- Emphasis on source segregation, source storage andprocessing of biodegradable at source

- Management of non-degradables, e-waste and domestichazardous waste through centralized facility

Specific Initiatives

Mission Approach

•Intensive sanitation campaign- October 2006; May 2007, July 2007; October 2007 & April-May 2008

•Extensive & participative surveys in 999 GPs-Scenario appraisal

•Vision document & approach paper

•Special Gramasabha on sanitation- 1.6 million people attended

•District level Technical Support Group (420 experts)

•Health Promotion Teams (One male & one female volunteer)

•Popular Committees (40%)

Strategy for Liquid Waste Management

Rural

•Promotion of on - site sanitation

•Promotion of de-centralized eco-friendly systems

•Selection of cost effective,operationally sustainable technologies

•Adoption of ECOSAN and other innovative technologies in problem areas

Financial Assistance

Integrated Solid Waste

Management System

100% of Project Cost

Waste Management in

hotspots

75% of Project cost

Household level ring compost unit / vermi compost unit / biogas plant

90% subsidy for Compost units 75 % subsidy for Biogas plants

Mechanism for Implementation

i) Accredited Agencies : LSGIs can avail service directly without tender formalities Enlisted Agencies – 2

ii) Government Approved Service Providers : 125 ( Including private agencies)

iii) Rural Sanitary Mart for Solid Waste Management – Trained manpower for technical service to LSGIs

IV. O&M through

• Accredited Agencies• Service Providers• Kudumbashree• Societies

V. Guidelines onspecification, standards, unit cost andO&M protocols for Solid Waste ProcessingTechnologies

Mechanism for Implementation

Urban

Centralised Processing Plant: 30 No.sSource level treatment (partial): in 65 urban local bodies

Rural

Centralised Processing Plant: 11 No.sSource level treatment (partial): in 800 Grama Panchayats

Status of Solid Waste Management

in Kerala

Solid Waste Management Best Practices in Kerala

Adopted TechnologiesComposting• Aerobic Windrow Composting• Vermi Composting

Biogas plants• Source level• Institutional level• Community level

Management of non-degradables• Plastic shredding units• Plastic granule making units• Road Tarring• Handover to re-cyclers etc.

Adopted TechnologiesComposting• Aerobic Windrow Composting• Vermi Composting

Biogas plants• Source level• Institutional level• Community level

Management of non-degradables• Plastic shredding units• Plastic granule making units• Road Tarring• Handover to re-cyclers etc.

Solid Waste Management Best Practices in Kerala

• Windrow composting

Reception

Windrow under roof

Screens

CompostRejects

landfillMaterial movement with Loader / dozer

† Stabilizes organic wastes

† Reduces moisture

Manual Turning of the Windrow

Aerobic Windrow Composting

Windrow Compost Plant

Compost Plant in a GP

• Windrow composting

Reception

Windrow under roof

Screens

CompostRejects

landfillMaterial movement with Loader / dozer

† Stabilizes organic wastes

† Reduces moisture

Aerobic Windrow Composting

Manual Turning of the Windrow

Compost Plant in a GP

Manual sieving of Compost

Vermi composting in GP

Vermi composting in GP

Vermi composting in GP

Matured Compost

Pit Composting

75 cm

100cm

Cover Slab

Inner cover

RING COMPOSTING

Concrete Ring

Vermi composting

Vermi composting Unit

Biopedastal Composting

Home Polymer Composting

Bucket Composting

Household Level Biogas Plant (1 m3 )

Household Level Biogas Plant (0.5 m3 )

Household Level Biogas Plant (0.5 m3 )

Aerobic Ferro Cement Composting

Community level Biogas plants

LIST OF URBAN LOCAL BODIES TO WHOM TECHNICAL APPROVAL IS ALREADY ISSUED

Sl. No. Urban Local Body Date of submission of

DPR

Total Estimated Project Cost (in

lakh)

Approved Cost(in lakh)

Technical Approval No. with date of issue

1 Kollam Corporation 11.02.2010 77.30 77.30 SM(C2)/1213/2010 dated 20.04.2010

2 Kayamkulam Municipality 05.02.2010 85.00 85.00 SM(C2)/2549/2009 dated 30.03.2010

3 Aluva Municipality 05.01.2010 61.30 50.00 SM(C2)/174/2010 dated 16.04.2010

4 Koothuparamba Municipality

24.02.2010 53.50 44.00 SM(C2)/2921/2009 dated 29.03.2010

5 Malappuram Municipality 27.01.2010 84.50 84.50 SM(C2)/18/2010 dated 30.03.2010

6 Kannur Municipality 08.12.2009 118.00 118.00 SM(C2)/2382/2010 dated 22.05.2010

7 Changanassery Municipality

05.03.2010 85.00 85.00 SM(C2)/2850/2009 dated 28.06.2010

8 Mavelikkara Municipality 08.03.2010 31.22 28.40 SM(C2)/996/2010 dated 28.06.2010

9 Kunnamkulam Municipality (Revised)

05.06.2010 116.00 115.00 SM(C2)/664/2010 dated 23.07.2010

10 Thalassery Municipality 29.01.2010 85.00 85.00 SM(C2)/434/2010 dated 20.07.2010

11 Payyannur Municipality 10.03.2010 40.00 35.50 SM(C2)/138/2010 dated 20.08.2010

12 Vadakara Municipality 05.02.2010 40.00 35.00 SM(C2)/3124/2010 dated 20.07.2010

13 Vaikom Municipality 03.02.2010 30.00 30.00 SM(C2)/61/2010 dated 20.07.2010

14 Mattannur Municipality (Revised)

10.08.2010 38.50 37.60 SM(C2)/1382/2009 dated 18.11.2010

15 PalakkadMunicipality

19.10.2010 90.50 89.50 SM(C2)/646/2009 dated 05.03.2011

16 TirurMunicipality

09.02.2012 71.11 65.38 SM(C2)/343/2010dated 03.03.2011

17 NedumangaduMunicipality

14.03.2011 25.90 22.10 SM(C2)/763/2011 dated 30.03.2011

18 Kozhikode Corporation 03.02.2011 150.00 100.98 SM(C2)/513/2010 dated 26.03.2011

19 Manjeri Municipality

71.50 61.00 SM(C2)/3657/2010 dated 07.11.2011

Solid Waste Management Scheme for Urban Areas

Sl.No

Name of the Scheme Amount(Rs in crore)

1 Solid Waste Management Scheme for Urban Areas

a) Construction/ Modifications of Solid Waste processing plant in Municipalities (15)

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a)Establishment of Plastic Shredding Units (50) 3a)Capping/ remediation of existing solid waste dump sites (30)

3

a)Facilitation for preparation of DPRs, etc (10) 0.50a)Capacity Building 0.50

Sub Total 30.00

2 Solid Waste Processing Plants based on modern technology

(Establishment of Modern Solid Waste Processing Plants at Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Thrissur, Kozhikode and Kannur Urban Local Bodies under PPP mode)

a) Procurement of land for setting up plants 71.50

a) Procurement of Mobile Incinerator and O&M costs) 6.00

a) Procurements of Modern Vehicles for transportation of waste (6)

3.00

a) Capping / remediation of existing dump sites 10.00

a) Pre- monsoon cleaning and campaign (support to LSGIs) 20.00

a) Providing tipping fee and payment of electricity charges for Waste Treatment Plant at Thiruvananthapuram (to be commissioned by November 2012)

2.00

a) Establishment of one Modern Plastic Shredding/Recycling unit.

1.00

a) Advertisement charges and transaction fee for PPP Advisor.

0.50

a) Capacity Building 0.50

a) Awareness creation, educational activities, publicity materials etc.

0.50

3 Solid Waste Processing at Sources (Urban)

a) Subsidy for source level treatment in urban area at Households, Institutions, Flats, Resident’s Associations, Charitable Organizations, Youth Clubs, Government Quarters, Educational Institutions, Govt.Offices, Hotels, Restaurants, Chicken Stalls, etc in 65 ULBs.

74.00

a) Meeting awareness programmes, Publicity, Brochure,etc

1.00

Establishment of Liquid Waste Treatment Plants

a) Establishment of Model Liquid Waste Treatment Plant/ Septage Treatment Plants at Elamkulam, Ernakulam, Govt. District Hospitals & Taluk Hospitals (24 Hospitals)

13.00

b) Establishment of Model Liquid Waste Treatment Facility at Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centre, etc (20 hospitals)

0.50

c) Establishment of Model Low cost Liquid waste Treatment and Disposal Facility to markets

owned by Local Bodies (20 LSGIs)

0.50

d) Capacity Building 0.30

e) Awareness Creation 0.50

a) Studies initiated by Suchitwa Mission in collaboration with Research institutes

0.20

Sub Total 15.00

Sl.No

Name of the Scheme Outlay(Rs. in rore)

1 Solid Waste Management Scheme for Urban Areas 30.00

2 Solid Waste Processing Plants based on Modern Technology

15.00

3 Solid Waste Processing at source (Urban) 74.00

4 Solid Waste Processing at Source (Rural) 24.00

5 Establishment of Liquid Waste Treatment Plants 14.50

6 Suchitwa Keralam Project 9.05

7 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Project 0.61

8 Restructured Central Rural Sanitation Programme (TSC) (CSS 75:25) (State Share)P

10.00

9 Comprehensive Awareness Programme 0.50

Total 177.66

Annual Plan 2012-13