strategi & kebijakan teknologi informasi
TRANSCRIPT
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Computer Science Centre
University of Indonesia
InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Chapter 1:
Role of IS/IT in Organizations
Arrianto Mukti Wibowo
Ward & Peppard (2003)
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Course Objective
• Able to evaluate several IS/IT strategies to
achieve business objectives
• Understand the potential & strategic use
of information technology to organization
& banking industry
• Understand the aspects of managing
IS/IT from CIO‟s perspective
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Course Outline
Open word document
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
SYSTEM
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK
1.11
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK
INFORMATION SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
Customers Suppliers
Regulatory Stockholders Competitors
Agencies
ORGANIZATION
1.12
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Perbedaan
• Sistem Informasi?
• Teknologi Informasi?
• Application: the use of IT to address a
specific business process. Maybe
custome tailored, maybe generic.
• Why some organization fail to realize any
benefit from IT investment?
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (CBIS)
• FORMAL SYSTEMS
• FIXED DEFINITIONS OF DATA,
PROCEDURES
• COLLECTING, STORING, PROCESSING,
DISSEMINATING, USING DATA
*
1.13
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• HARDWARE
• SOFTWARE
• STORAGE
• COMMUNICATIONS
• NETWORK
*
1.16
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Demam “e-”
• E-business
• E-commerce
• Lantas apa bedanya dengan SI/TI? Adakah
perbedaan dalam cara mengelolanya?
• Yang membuat Internet signifikan:
– Pervasive
– Interactive
– Media penghubung banyak pihak
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
• 1950s: TECHNICAL CHANGES
• 60s-70s: MANAGERIAL CONTROL
• 80s-90s: INSTITUTIONAL CORE
ACTIVITIES
GROWING IMPORTANCE
*
SCOPE OF INFO SYSTEMS
1.20
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DATA WORKERS
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR
MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE
MANAGERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN
RESOURCESMARKETING2.5
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
MAJOR TYPES OF SYSTEMS
• EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)
• MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
• DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
• KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)
• OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS)
• TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS)
*
2.6
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
• Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing”
• OPERATIONAL LEVEL
• INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS
• PROCESSING: UPDATING
• OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS
• USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL
EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS)
TPS2.7
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
• MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA
• PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS
• OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS
• USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS
EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
2.15
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED
DECISIONS
• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED
• PAST & PRESENT DATA
• INTERNAL ORIENTATION
• LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS
*
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
2.16
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
MIS
MIS FILES
SALES
DATA
UNIT
PRODUCT
COST
PRODUCT
CHANGE
DATA
EXPENSE
DATA
MISREPORTS
MANAGERS
TPS
Order Processing
System
Materials Resource
Planning System
General Ledger
System
ORDER FILE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
ACCOUNTING FILES
2.17
TPS DATA FOR MIS APPLICATIONS
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Perbedaan DP dan MIS
TPS/DP MIS
Objectives Efficient transaction Effective problem resolution &
decision making support
Information
sources
Internal & external
transaction
Internal & external transaction
+ research data
Information time
frame
Recent history, current &
near future
Historical data, current &
future
Process Algorithmic (very
predefined)
Sometimes need human
intervention (esp. for decision
making)
Users Operators Professionals & middle
managers
Technology Mainframe/mini
computers
Local processing linked to
information resources
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Lessons from DP era
• Understanding process, not just programming
• Requirement analysis is important
• IT investment financial justification
• Disciplined software engineering process
• Project management in software development
• Planning of interrelated set of systems in
organization
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Lessons from MIS era
• IS/IT investment can not be justified only
in financial means
• The need for organizational policy (not
just DP methodology)
• From producing data to serving users
• Data integration is important: using very
large database
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Strategic IS/IT Management
Difference with „traditional IT‟ management:
• External factors has significant pressure on the
IS/IT management, not just internal factors
• Senior management is involved in making IS/IT
investment decision that will drive
organization‟s future business strategy
• IMPROVE COMPETITIVENESS BY CHANGING
THE NATURE / CONDUCT OF BUSINESS
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Strategic systems
• Connection to supplier & customer
• Effective use of information in the value
adding process
• Enable to deliver new product/service
• Provide executive with strategic
information
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Revolutionary use of IT
• Business process redesign
• Business network redesign
• Business scope redefinition
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Success factors in strategic IS
• External, not just internal focus
• Adding value, not cost reduction
• Sharing the benefits: internally, with
supplier & customer
• Business driven not technology driven
• Incremental development
• Use information to develop business
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Business, IS & IT Relationship
• Business decisions
• Objectives and direction
• Change
Business Strategy
• Business based
• Demand orientation
• Application focused
IS Strategy
• Activity Based
• Supply oriented
• Technology focused
IT Strategy
Where is the business
going & why?
What is required?
How can it be realized?
External &
Internal
Factors
Direction for
business
Needs &
priorities
Supports
business
Infrastructure &
service
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
• Focusing on technology does not lead to
success
• Must consider IT as part of the business
solution
• Should be business driven!
• IS/IT strategy must also consider
strategies of other functional units
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Pertanyaan
• Apa perbedaan dari:
– Strategic Information System, dengan
– Information System Strategy?
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Definitions
• IS strategy defines the organization‟s
requirement or „demand‟ for information &
systems to support the overall strategy of the
business. It includes what applications to
develop in the future.
– Defines applications portfolio along with its priority
• IT strategy is concerned with outlining how the
organization‟s IS demand will be supported by
the technology („supply‟)
– IT architecture, systems development,
infrastructure, user support, operations, etc…
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Definitions
• Strategic IS:
– Adalah sistem informasi yang dipakai
perusahaan untuk mendukung pencapaian
keunggulan kompetitif mereka.
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Understanding the
Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix
STAR WILDCAT
CASH COW DOG
Funds $$
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
The IS Application Portfolio
STRATEGIC
Applications that
critical to sus-
taining future
business strategy
HIGH POTENTIAL
Applications that
may be important
in achieving
future success
KEY OPERATIONAL
Applications on
which the orga-
nization currently
depends for success
SUPPORT
Applications that
are valuable but
not critical to
success
Closely
related and
derived from
“McFarlan
Matrix”
Future
Present
Important Less critical
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
Failures from not having IS/IT strategy
• Systems not integrated
• Poor management information: not readily
available, inconsistent, inaccurate, too slow
• Misunderstand between users and IT specialist
• Technology strategy incoherent
• Inadequate infrastructure investment
• Localized justification of IT investment can
result in inefficiency of overall business context
• Systems has shorter than expected usage
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InformationManagementR E S E A R C H G R O U P
External Context of IT
Business Environment
& Competitions in
Industry
The
Organization
Information
Technology IT Innovations
Supports
Redefines
Provides novel
opportunities
Impact of
competitor’s
strategy
Disrupts