Child care and guidance practices have changed through the years

Parents who depend on child care want to be assured that their children will receive proper guidance

Early PioneersJohn Comenius (1592-1670) The desire to learn can be excited by teachers, if they are gentle

and persuasive and do not alienate their pupils from them by roughness.

Johann Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Teachers need to look first at the system if there are behavioral

problems.

Robert Owen (1771–1858) Punishment is never required, and should be avoided as much as

giving poison in their food.

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Early PioneersFriedrich Froebel (1782-1852)

Father of Kindergarten The teacher should see the natural impulses of the child not

as a tendency toward evil but as the source and motivation for human development that with guidance leads to character in the adult.

Maria Montessori (1870–1952) Children educate themselves through absorption in

meaningful tasks. In this process they learn both self-discipline and responsible decision making.

John Dewey (1859–1952) Out of the occupation, out of doing things that are to

produce results, and out of doing these things in a social and cooperative way, there is born a discipline of its own kind and type.

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Mid-20th-Century InfluencesJean Piaget (1896-1980)Constructivism

The modern ideal is cooperation—respect for the individual and for general opinion as elaborated in free discussion.

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Healthy development of the child results in an

adult ability for interconnectedness with social groups, to the benefit of both society and the individual.

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Mid-20th-Century InfluencesSelf Psychologists (1960s-1970s)

The developing self is the dynamic in human behavior. Schools must address not just academics, but also the self-concepts of learners.

Rudolph Dreikurs (1897-1972)Teachers need to be leaders, not bosses. When their

attempts to achieve social acceptance fail, children show antisocial behavior for a purpose, to achieve any of four mistaken goals.

Haim Ginott (1922-1973)The “psychology of acceptance” means that the

teacher’s task is to build and maintain positive relations with each child.

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Discipline Trends in the 1980sEmphasis on academic programming with

younger children lent itself to tightly controlled classrooms (Elkind).

Obedience-based disciplines Effects on children: humiliation, stigmatism, ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ Effects on teachers: reduced ability to use professional judgement Effects on parents: discourages involvement in school if parent

disagrees with policy

Keeping guidance alive: Early childhood education Conflict resolution movement

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

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Guidance Practice TodayGuidance means teaching children to learn from

their mistakes, rather than punishing children for making mistakes.

A guidance approach teaches children democratic life skills—the skills individuals need to function as productive citizens and healthy individuals. Democratic life skills include the ability to: see oneself as a worthy individual and capable member of the group. express strong emotions in nonhurting ways. make decisions ethically and intelligently. work cooperatively in groups to recognize and resolve common

problems. be understanding of human qualities and characteristics in others.

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Parent-Teacher RelationsPositive parent-teacher relations contribute

at a fundamental level to the success of the guidance approach.Froebel—mothers should take leadership in organizing

kindergartensMontessori—teachers as model for children and parents alikeChild study movement—nursery schools administered by

parentsHead Start—home visits, classroom volunteeringPublic schools—individual relationships between teachers

and parents for those with older children, ECFE for those with younger kids

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Social Constructivist ViewAlfred Adler’s analysis of behavior.

Human beings are capable of working cooperatively, living together peacefully, striving for self-improvement and self-fulfillment, and contributing to the common welfare of the community

Effective Interpersonal SkillsCarl Rogers’ theory of personality is based on

humane and ethical treatment of persons

To reach full potential, human beings must have positive regard from others that eventually leads to the development of positive self-regard

Robert Carkhuff and George Gazda refined Rogers’ theories into practical, hands-on techniques beneficial to therapists and educators

Predetermined Stages of Mental Growth

Jean Piaget’s theory

Children’s mental development proceeds in distinct stages qualitatively different from the thinking of adults

Like John Dewey and Maria Montessori, Piaget believed that early learning experiences have tremendous impact on children’s long-term cognitive development

Zone of Proximal DevelopmentIdentified by Lev Vygotsky

Believed adults play an important role in children’s development and learning

Scaffolding

Constructivists hold the Piagetian view that…

Children construct their own learning from innate cognitive structures and external experiences

INTERNAL LEARNING EXTERNALSTRUCTURES

EXPERIENCES

Montessori

Montessori

Maturationists believe…Internal predispositions

Physiological characteristics are inherited traits

Essential psychological makeup of a human being is inborn

Behaviorists believe…Environment is the primary determinant of human behavior

Objectively observable behavior constitutes the essential psychological makeup of a human being

Bronfenbrenner

Concept of CitizenshipBeing cooperative

Having sense of fair play

Respecting rights of others

Initiative and self-relianceself-starter, lifelong learner, creative problem-

solver

Responsible work habitsestablished habits of promptness, effort, and

pride

Sense of loyaltyrecognizes that sometimes one’s own

immediate interests and desires may need to be pushed aside for the good of the community

Autocracycontrol by a single person having unlimited

power

Anarchyabsence of any form of controlchaos and disorder

Democracyprinciples of social equality and respect for

the individual within a cohesive community

Persistence and PatienceA gentle rippling

stream etches deep patterns in solid rock

Pounding on rocks with a sledge hammer changes the shape of rocks quickly, but causes a lot of damage in the process

Persistence and patience are key to success in

positive guidance!