storm-ready cities

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Storm-Ready Cities

How Climate Resilience Boosts Metro Areas and the Economy

By Cathleen Kelly and Arpita Bhattacharyya October 2013


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Storm-Ready CitiesHow Climate Resilience Boosts

Metro Areas and the Economy

By Cathleen Kelly and Arpita Bhattacharyya October 2013


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1 Introduction

3 Cities at risk

10 Recommendations

13 Conclusion

15 Endnotes

Contents


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1 Center or American Progress | Storm-Ready Cities

Introduction

In Sepember 2013jus shy o he one-year anniversary o Supersorm

Sandya caasrophic sorm devasaed Colorados ron range, dumping a

years worh o rain in abou 24 hours. Roads in Boulder and nearby owns

washed away, eigh people were killed, and housands o people ed; propery

damages are projeced o oal $2 billion.2

Exreme weaher evens like hese will become more requen wih warmer

emperaures, as documened in he newly released h InergovernmenalPanel on Climae Change Assessmen.3 Auhored by roughly 859 scieniss

rom around he world, his repor oers conclusive evidence ha humans are

causing climae changeprimarily by burning ossil uelsand ha rising

emperaures will escalae drough, sorm, sea-level rise, and oher climae

change rends.4 Te realiy o hese evens is joling many ciy leaders ino

acion o proec public healh, saey, and he local economy.

Ciies are ceners o economic growh, innovaion, and diversiy. Tey are also

home o he majoriy o people across he globe, and heir abiliy o build resil-

ience and achieve susainable economic growh will have a proound impac

on he qualiy o lie in America, oday and ino he uure. Ciies ace a hos

o challenges: growing income inequiies, crumbling inrasrucure, aordable

housing shorages, sruggling school sysems, ununded pension commimens,

and diminishing budges.5 Tese challenges are exacerbaed by damages and

healh risks rom exreme hea, sorms, ooding, drough, and oher impacs

driven by a changing climae. Ciy leaders increasingly recognize ha i hey do

no manage hese risks oday, i will cos more o address hem omorrow.6

Many ciy leaderssuch as hose in New York Ciy, Washingon, D.C.,Houson, and Miami are developing innovaive sraegies o reduce he

risks rom exreme weaher. Tese leaders recognize ha increasing heir ci-

ies resilience o climae change no only keeps people and businesses ou o

harms way, bu alsoi done righdrives economic growh and improves

Around the world

city leaders are

not wasting time

debating the scien

of climate change

waiting around fo

international treat

to be signed; we a

taking action. Ther

simply too much t

do and too much

at stake.

New York Mayo

Michael Bloomber

August 21, 20131


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he qualiy o lie in mero areas.7 Tese leaders are working o mee prioriies such

as upgrading public ransi and oher inrasrucure, providing cleaner and more

reliable energy, creaing jobs, atracing new businesses, improving air qualiy,

and expanding parks and green spaces.8 o adequaely prepare our naion or he

impacs o climae change, more mero areas mus ollow heir lead.9

In his Climae Acion Plan, Presiden Barack Obama acknowledged he risks o

climae change o amilies, businesses, inrasrucure, and waer supplies across he

counry.10 o help mero areas manage hese risks, he presiden pledged o reduce

ood damage by raising ood elevaion sandards or ederally unded inrasrucure

projecs, o suppor communiy resilience hrough exising ederal gran programs,

and o make climae change inormaion more accessible, among oher acions. Bu

given he high cos o srenghening ciies o wihsand exreme weaherwhich

he journal Climate Policy repors could rise o hundreds o billions o dollars per

year by he middle or end o he cenuryand he even higher cos o inacion,

urban and ederal leaders mus do more o increase mero-area resilience.11

In his repor, we ideniy climae change risks o ciies, highligh mero areas ha

are aking he lead o build resilience in ways ha suppor economic growh and

help ackle oher pressing challenges, and recommend local and ederal acions o

urher suppor urban resilience and inclusive, susainable economic growh. Our

recommendaions include:

Increase inrasrucure and communiy resilience in mero areas in ways ha

mee oher prioriies, such as: Improving cos-eeciveness and produciviy o inrasrucure

Increasing access o jobs and clean and reliable elecriciy Reducing air polluion

Improving qualiy o lie in low income areas by expanding public ransi and

green spaces

Increase ederal invesmens in resilience o save billions o dollars in disaser

response.

Make resilience a core aspec o all ederal inrasrucure and disaser-recoveryunding.

Give ciy leaders ready access o necessary climae change risk inormaion.

Curb hea-rapping emissions in ciies and naionally.


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Cities at risk

A vas body o peer-reviewed science reveals ha he climae is changing in

ways ha already impac ciies in he Unied Saes and around he globe. Te

12 hotes years on record all occurred in he pas 15 years.12 Las year was he

warmes year on record or he Unied Saes, and meling ice and warmer ocean

emperaures caused sea levels o rise o a record high, hreaening coasal ciies

such as Boson, Miami, and New Orleans.13 Supersorm Sandy caused signi-

can damage in New York Ciy and is surrounding mero area,

including Alanic Ciy, Hoboken, Jersey Ciy, and Newark inNew Jersey; Ocean Ciy, Maryland; and Faireld, Connecicu.14

More exreme weaher like Supersorm Sandy is likely o srike

communiies along he Gul Coas and easern seaboard as

ocean emperaures coninue o rise.15 Widespread drough in

2012 impaced waer supplies in mero areas such as Litle Rock,

Arkansas; opeka, Kansas; Oklahoma Ciy, Oklahoma; Kansas

Ciy, Missouri; and Alana, Georgia.16 As he plane heas up,

more drough is expeced.17

According o he dra Naional Climae Assessmen, auhored

by 250 o he naions op scieniss, academics, and business

leaders, climae change and is impacs hreaen he well-being

o urban residens in all regions o he Unied Saes.18 A recen

sudy o ciies under hrea rom naural disasers, developed

by he global reinsurance company Swiss RE, ranks he op 10

mero areas in Norh and Cenral America ha ace he highes

value o working days los rom naural perils, nine o which are

in he Unied Saes (see Box). 19

Large populaions and populaion densiy, high raes o povery,

and inrasrucures ha rely on oher sysems o uncion make

ciies paricularly vulnerableo sronger sorms, sea-level rise,

hea waves, drough, and ooding.21

1. Los Angeles, Caliornia

2. New York, New York, and Newark, New

3. San Francisco, Caliornia

4. New Orleans, Louisiana

5. Mexico City, Mexico

6. Miami, Florida

7. Houston, Texas

8. Tampa, Florida

9. Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Mary

10. Boston, Massachusetts

Note: The above ranking captures earthqua

wind-speed, river-ood, and storm-surge ris

Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Mexico City

high risk o earthquakes, which are not linke

climate change. These cities also ace river

and storm-surge risks, which are growing as

global temperature rises.

Top 10 metro areas in North andCentral America with highest

absolute value of working days

due to natural disaster, as compto all other cities globally20


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Storm damage risk on the rise as cities grow

In he Unied Saes, meropolian areas currenly accoun or more han 80

percen o he U.S. populaion; by 2050, he percenage will increase o 89 per-

cen.22 Urbanizaion can boos produciviy, provide residens wih more public

resources, and lower per-capia carbon polluion.23

Mero areas are he drivers oeconomic growh and innovaion in mos regions across he counry. Te New

Jersey and New York mero area, or example, is one o he mos imporan eco-

nomic regions in he world and is home o a diverse array o indusries, including

nance, media, inernaional rade, bioechnology, and ohers.24 Noneheless, wih

very large and dense populaions, mero areas ace greaer risks, hardships, and

damages rom exreme weaher and oher climae change impacs.

Weak infrastructure is risky business for cities

Urban commercial aciviy canno be susained wihou reliable and well-main-

ained inrasrucure. Ye, recen assessmens reveal ha inrasrucures in mero

areas are in desperae need o upgrade and repair and are less likely o wihsand

more exreme weaher and oher climae change impacs.25 In addiion, many

aspecs o urban inrasrucure are inerdependen, and hus vulnerable o ouages

when oher sysems shu down. Commuer rains and ligh rails, waer reamen

plans, hospials, banks, and oher criical services oen canno uncion when he

power is ou.26 Supersorm Sandy caused subsanial physical damage o inrasruc-

ure in New York, New Jersey, and oher impaced saes. Wih 25 percen o he

cellular elephone sies ou o service in he Sandy-aeced region coupled wih

power ouages ha shu down ransporaion sysems and made phone and com-

puer charging and Inerne access difcul, millions o people were unable o com-

municae or ge o work and school.27 Te snowball eec o inrasrucure ouages

caused by Sandy crippled he greaer New York meropolian economy, causing

hundreds o housands o businesses o close and a loss o beween $30 billion and

$50 billion in economic aciviy, in addiion o he coss o physical damages.28

Low-income families at risk in a warming world

Urban areas also have a larger share o low-income communiies; povery raes in

U.S. ciies are 20.9 percen relaive o 11.4 percen in he suburbs.29 A 2012 Cener

or American Progress analysis revealed ha low- and middle-income communi-

ies were disproporionaely harmed by devasaing exreme weaher in 2011 and


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2012.30 A more recen CAP repor idenies he underlying acors ha make

low-income amilies among he mos vulnerable o exreme weaher and oher cli-

mae impacs.31 A combinaion o poor housing and environmenal condiions in

low-income neighborhoods coupled wih economic insabiliy pus disadvanaged

amilies on he ron lines o ood waers, oxic-wase exposure, exreme hea,

and oher climae change risks wihou he means o buy insurance or cope wihincome losses or damage rom more exreme sorms. Power ouages caused by

Supersorm Sandy, or example, le many o New York Ciys low-income, elderly,

and disabled residens sranded in public housing owers wihou backup genera-

ors or he means o ravel elsewhere o secure alernaive sheler. In addiion,

roughly 55 percen o Supersorm Sandy sorm surge vicims in New York Ciy

were low-income reners.32

Exreme hea also disproporionaely impacs low-income communiies. In 2011

and 2012, record hea waves ook more han 181 lives in he Unied Saes.33 Low-

income amilies ha canno aord air condiioning ace a swelering realiy andhigher risks o heasroke in ciies because densely buil mero areas end o be

hoter han rural communiies. Te annual mean air emperaure in a ciy o 1 mil-

lion or more people can be up o 5.4 degrees Fahrenhei warmer han is surround-

ings.34 In he evening, he dierence can be has high as 22 degrees Fahrenhei. Tis

phenomenoncalled he hea-island eecwill drive up emperaures in urban

communiies even urher as climae change coninues o warm he plane.

Hea is also linked o an increase in crime raes and conic. A recen Universiy o

Caliornia, Berkeley, sudy concludes ha climae change could globally increase

inerpersonal conic and crime raes by 16 percen and double conics among

naions and ehnic groups by 2050.35 A hea-ueled spike in crime would hi mero

areas hard, paricularly since urban crime raes in he Unied Saes are already

double hose in rural and suburban areas.36

Many ciies are up agains he challenges o growing populaions, weakening

inrasrucure, and growing income inequaliy, even as hey are increasingly cash

srapped and acing rising demand or public ranspor and oher inrasrucure

and services.37 While srenghening resilience o exreme weaher is no cheap,

ailing o prepare communiies and shore up criical inrasrucure o wihsanduure supersorms and oher climae impacs will cos even more in he long

run.38 Finding cos-eecive ways o build resilience in ciies will save on disaser

aid and reduce damages and economic losses rom uure exreme weaher.39 A

sudy by he Mulihazard Miigaion Council ound ha every $1 ha he Federal

Emergency Managemen Agency, or FEMA, invess in resilience saves he naion

$4 in disaser-recovery coss.40


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What is a resilient city?

Ciy leaders are increasingly recognizing he need o srenghen inrasrucure and

communiy resilience. A 2011 survey showed ha 58 percen o U.S. ciy managers

are aking acion o build resilience o uure exreme weaher evens.41 Mero areas

are resilien when heir communiies and inrasrucure can wihsand exremeweaher and oher climae change impacs and shocks, minimize disrupions, and

recover quickly when disaser srikes.42 Increasing resilience requires looking across

ransporaion, energy, sorm and drinking waer managemen, and oher inra-

srucure sysems and secorso undersand where ciies are he mos vulnerable

In October 2012, Superstorm Sandy swept across the East Coast, caus-

ing more than 150 deaths and $65 billion in damages and economic

losses and destroying 659,000 homes. Power outages caused by the

storm closed 200,000 small businesses, led to 2 million lost working

days, and disrupted millions o lives. In the atermath, ederal and

local leaders led a coordinated eort to rebuild the region to with-

stand more intense storms like Sandy in the uture and other climate

change impacts. The Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force, chaired

by U.S. Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan,

recommended 69 strategies to help metro areas and communities

build resilience to withstand uture extreme weather. Beyond the

East Coast, Sandy served as a wake-up call or cities and communities

throughout the United States to take action to prepare or and man-age climate change risks. Many o the task orce recommendations

are already being implemented, including the ollowing:

New resilience guidelines that will be applied to all ederal inra-

structure investments in the regionand likely nationallyand

increased coordination and ederal support or inrastructure

planning that cuts across key sectors and leverages private and

state unds

$1.3 billion rom the Federal Transit Administration to improve the

resilience o transit systems in the region

Actions to increase energy inrastructure resilience, such as a

partnership among New Jersey, the Department o Energy, an

the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force to explore nancin

microgrids, smart grids, distributed generation, and energy st

New ederal eorts to provide decision makers in the Sandy-i

pacted region with the climate science and other inormation

need to rebuild resilient communities, including updating o

maps, sea-level rise tools, and other data on current and utur

climate change risks; this orward-looking inormation will im

community planning because local decision makers typically

ood and other risks relying only on historical data, which tel

part o the story about what is likely to unold in the uture

New ederal investments and decision-making tools to suppo

green inrastructure, including new guidelines that will allow

to use EPA state revolving loan unds or green inrastructure

improve storm-water management; such investments could i

permeable pavement, green roos, sand dunes, and tidal wetl

to protect against storm surge, among other strategies to red

community ood risks

Recommended building codes or states and cities to enhanc

ience, and increased ederal support or hazard mitigation pla

Learning from Superstorm Sandy

Recommendations rom the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/04/18/60960/infrastructure-and-resilience-forging-a-national-strategy-for-reconstruction-and-growth/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/04/18/60960/infrastructure-and-resilience-forging-a-national-strategy-for-reconstruction-and-growth/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/04/18/60960/infrastructure-and-resilience-forging-a-national-strategy-for-reconstruction-and-growth/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/04/18/60960/infrastructure-and-resilience-forging-a-national-strategy-for-reconstruction-and-growth/


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and o ideniy he bes and mos cos-eecive sraegies o manage climae change

risks.43 Wihou a cross-sysem approach o resilience, mero areas will likely

coninue o ace he cascading disrupions o power and ransi ouages caused by

exreme weaher evens ha leave millions o people sranded and unable o ge o

work or school, seek medical care, or even leave heir high-rise aparmens.

Some ciy leaders are pursuing resilience sraegies ha also improve he local

economy and qualiy o lie. Srenghening grid resilience, or example, improves

energy reliabiliy, which reduces economic losses during sorms and can lower

emissions by increasing he availabiliy o clean disribued power. Planing more

rees and creaing more parks reduces sorm-waer runo while increasing prop-

ery values, carbon sorage, and qualiy o lie. Creaing diverse ransporaion and

energy sysems provide backups and alernaives ha allow people o ge o work,

businesses o say open, and he lighs o say on, and communiies o say sae,

even when pars o hese sysems are damaged by a sorm. Tese sraegies can

also raise living sandards by improving access o employmen opporuniies andgood schools. While increasing climae resilience is no panacea, i done well i can

complimen eors o ackle income inequaliy and oher ough challenges acing

mero areas. In ac, reducing income inequaliy should be a core aspec o all ciy

resilience sraegies because i would give amilies he economic means o aord

insurance and bounce back in he wake o supersorms and oher sresses.

Washingons Susainable D.C. plan maps ou a se o climae acions ha seek o

creae jobs, improve inrasrucure and public healh, promoe diversiy, and help

mee oher environmenal goals. Te Disric Deparmen o he Environmen, or

DDOE, or example, is working wih he Public Service Commission o ideniy

opporuniies or neighborhood-scale renewable energy. Tis eor aims o build

1,000 addiional residenial and commercial renewable energy projecs by 2032 o

diversiy and improve elecriciy sysem reliabiliy during exreme weaher evens.

DDOE, along wih local uiliy Pepco, is also exploring opions o improve energy

ransmission and disribuion reliabiliy, including moving elecriciy inrasruc-

ure underground. Te ciy is also considering a ciywide rollou o smar meers

and smar-grid echnologies ha would allow consumers and uiliies o beter

undersand and manage energy use and reduce power ouage duraion and cos.44

In addiion, he plan seeks o cover 40 percen o he Disric wih a healhy ree

canopy, expand green spaces, and provide parks wihin a 10-minue walk o all res-

idens by 2032.45 Tis green inrasrucure will be designed o reduce he Disrics

ood risks by improved sorm-waer managemen and cool ciy emperaures:


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One healhy ree provides he same cooling as 10 room-sized air condiioners or

20 hours per day.46 Te ciy plans o plan 1,000 rees his all and 5,000 rees per

year over he nex 5 o 10 years.47 More parks and green spaces will also promoe

healhy living o comba obesiy, hear disease, and diabees and drive down

healh care coss. Te Disric has already allocaed more han $1 million o plan

rees, insall green roos, and suppor oher green inrasrucure and $290,000 odevelop a more deailed climae risk assessmen and resilience plan.48

Te plan also seeks o improve air qualiy and reduce rafc congesion by cu-

ing car and axi ravel o 25 percen o all commuer rips by 2032. New biking

and walking pahs and a more resilien ransi sysem will give commuers more

opions o ge o work and school, including when pars o he sysem are down

aer exreme weaher evens. Te Disric Deparmen o ransporaion plans o

add 30 addiional Capiol Bikeshare saions and 10 o 15 miles o bike lanes per

year o reach heir 2032 goal.49

Te D.C. plan seeks o cu unemploymen by 50 percen and increase green

goods and services jobs veold by 2032. Tese acions will creae jobs in energy

audiing, monioring, carpenry, landscaping, mainenance, and oher areas. Te

ciy will suppor access o hese jobs hrough raining and ax credis o employ-

ers who provide on-he-job raining.50 While hese resilience eors alone will

no solve he ciys air qualiy, income inequiy, and oher challenges, hey bolser

oher eors o do so.

Oher examples o how ciies are increasing resilience in ways o suppor eco-

nomic growh and oher prioriies are described below. An online ineracive

map, published by CAP as a companion o his repor, reveals ha a leas 50 U.S.

ciies are aking meaningul seps o build resilience o climae change, including

resoring welands and dunes, building sea walls and levees, and acoring climae

change risks ino inrasrucure, building designs, and public healh planning.51

o help more ciies build resilience, in Augus 2013, he Rockeeller Foundaion

launched a 100 Resilien Ciies Cenennial Challenge.52 Winning ciies will receive

suppor o hire a chie resilience ofcer, creae a resilience plan, and have a pla-

orm o share bes pracices and knowledge wih ohers in he nework.


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Houston

In July 2012, Houston experienced a massive ood and subsequently

launched Rebuild Houston, a city program or comprehensive street

and drainage improvement. This initiative will create inrastructure

jobs and protect Houston properties and businesses rom damages

rom uture storms.53 Mayor Annise Parker also launched the Water

Conservation Task Force in response to the 2011 drought, which

prompted mandatory water-conservation measures. The Task Force

aims to diversiy Houstons water supply, reduce consumers water

bills, and ensure sudden mandatory water-conservations measure do

not disrupt businesses and households in the uture.

Los Angeles

Los Angeles plans to reduce extreme heat risks by upgrading building

codes to promote cool roos and pavements made o materials that re-

ect sunlight and deect heat and increase tree cover by creating newparks and open spaces to bring down city temperatures and provide

new areas or recreation.54 Recognizing drought risks and that extreme

heat drives up energy and water demand, the city will create incen-

tives or energy efciency through customer rebates and will promote

low-ow toilets, showerheads, and aucets to save water. In addition

to increasing the citys climate resilience, these investments will save

businesses and residents money on air-conditioning and water bills.

Miami

Miami is located at sea level and is surrounded by water on both

sides, making it extremely vulnerable to sea-level rise, storm surges,and salt-water intrusion. In addition, many o Miamis key economic

drivers are weather related, including agriculture, tourism, and other

business development on the coast. Together, these actors make Mi-

amis exposed property more vulnerable to ood risks than any other

city in the world.55 Flood and other losses rom climate change or the

city are projected to be $3.5 trillion by 2070.56

The Miami-Dade Board o County Commissioners and County

departments have already adopted many policies and initiatives to

prepare.57 Miami-Dade County is working with the U.S. Geological

Survey, U.S. Army Corps o Engineers, and the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration to map out regional sea-level rise and

hazard-prone areas to help with planning and zoning. This will ensure

that new and existing businesses and other developments can make

inormed decisions on where and how to build in order to prevent

uture oods and other damages to property. The county also has

several water-conservation eorts underway, including a ve-y

water-use efciency plan that will preserve Miamis ecosystems

also saving consumers and companies money.58

New York City

New York City is more at risk o storm surges than any other me

eas in the country and is the 10th-most vulnerable city in the w

The devastation o Superstorm Sandy drove home the urgent n

to prepare New York City or more intense storms and other clim

impacts. The citys comprehensive rebuilding and resilience str

PlaNYC, identies actions to rebuild and strengthen communit

hit by Sandy and to increase inrastructure and building resilien

many o which will also support inclusive economic growth. In

Brooklyn, or example, Coney Island and Brighton Beach buer

nearby neighborhoods rom ooding and storm surges. The cit

work to restore these beaches and improve drainage on Coneyto reduce ood risks to surrounding neighborhoods, allow bus

to open more quickly ater storms, and ensure that residents ca

continue to enjoy these south Brooklyn recreational hotspots.6

In addition, PlaNYC calls or actions to increase the resilience o

citys transportation system, including expanding bus services

adding bike and pedestrian paths to increase connectivity betw

transportation hubs and give commuters more options when t

subway is down. The city will work with utilities and regulators

plement smart-grid technologies to enable real-time assessme

system outages. With public and private partners, the city will ebuilding efciency, distributed generation, and micro grids. Th

aims to reduce storm-water runo and sewer overows by exp

ing green inrastructure and installing new and upgrading exis

sewers. PlaNYC will cost $19.5 billion to implement with rough

o the unds coming rom the ederal government.

Salt Lake City

In Salt Lake City, climate change is projected to decrease raina

the area and the citys drinking water supply, 90 percent o whi

comes rom surace sources. This drop in rainall means that or

will be drier and more susceptible to wildres. To protect drinki

water supplies, the city plans to preserve an additional 10 perc

watershed lands and groundwater resources by 2015. The city w

also invest in roads and trails in and around the watershed rest

projects, improving recreation and transportation opportunitie

residents in the region.61

How some cities are managing their climate risksFor more city actions, see CAPs online interactive map


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Recommendations

While many ciies and he ederal governmen are preparing or more inense hea,

oods, droughs, and oher climae change impacs, much more is needed o sae-

guard public healh and economic prosperiy in mero areas around he counry.

Increase infrastructure and community resilience in metro areas

Ciy ofcials and elecric uiliies should work ogeher o build elecriciy-gridresilience by puting vulnerable power lines underground where i is cos eec-

ive, creaing incenives or consumers o insall smar meers, and disribuing

and decenralizing clean power around he grid so ha communiies are no as

vulnerable o massive ouages.62 Ciies should also develop sound hazard miiga-

ion and climae change resilience plans and updae building codes o minimize

uure sorm damage and keep people, homes, and businesses ou o harms way. 63

o suppor hese seps, he presidens Climae Acion Plan direcs he Naional

Insiue o Sandards and echnology o develop disaser-resilience sandards or

buildings and inrasrucure.64

Ciy ofcials should work closely wih he privae secor o develop inrasrucure

designs ha are cos eecive and boos produciviy by inegraing wih oher

sysems where possible.65 A ciys deparmen o ransporaion, or example,

could require he use o permeable pavemen o upgrade roads and reduce pres-

sure on sorm-waer sysems. Ciy leaders should also use inrasrucure-planning

imerames ha accoun or uure exreme weaher and oher climae change

risks. Aer Supersorm Sandy, or example, he sae o New York exended is

inrasrucure-planning horizon o he year 2080.66

Lasly, leaders in mero areas should look or opporuniies o build resilience in

ways ha mee oher prioriies, such as increasing access o jobs and clean and reli-

able elecriciy, reducing air polluion, and improving qualiy o lie in low-income

areas by expanding public ransi and green spaces.


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Increase federal investments in resilience

to save billions of dollars in disaster response

New sources o ederal nancing are needed o adequaely build mero-area

resilience.67 By underinvesing in resilience oday, we risk acing even higher

disaser-relie and -recovery coss in he uure. Congress and he adminisraionshould increase ederal invesmens in smar resilience sraegies beore and aer a

disaser his. Congress could ose an increase in ederal resilience invesmens by

eliminaing unwarraned ossil uel subsidies, esablishing and using he revenues

rom a carbon ax, and increasing he royaly rae or privae producion o coal,

oil, and naural gas on ederal lands, among oher opions.68

Make resilience a core aspect of all federal infrastructure

and disaster-recovery funding

Te ederal governmen can also use exising ederal unds o improve ciy resil-

ience simply by srenghening exising gran programs. In his Climae Acion Plan,

Presiden Obama direcs ederal agencies o encourage and suppor smarer,

more resilien invesmens, including hrough agency grans, echnical assis-

ance, and oher programs, in secors rom ransporaion and waer managemen

o conservaion and disaser relie.69 o make good on his commimen, he

Deparmen o ransporaion, or DO, he Deparmen o Housing and Urban

Developmen, or HUD, he Army Corp o Engineers, and he Environmenal

Proecion Agency should only und inrasrucure projec designs ha can

wihsand more exreme hea, oods, and sorms. HUD, or example, should

ensure ha he roughly $3 billion available annually or Communiy Developmen

Block Grans, or CDBG, suppor climae-resilien housing and oher projecs.70

Similarly, DO should ensure ha he $500 million available yearly or IGER

Discreionary Granswhich help o improve our naions inrasrucuresup-

por sorm-ready roads, rails, ransi sysems, and pors.71

In addiion, HUD should coninue o apply and enorce is new resilience require-

mens or CDBG disaser-recovery assisance in areas hi hardes by Supersorm

Sandy. DO, he Army Corp o Engineers, and oher agencies should also requireha heir disaser-recovery programs inves in resilien rebuilding projecs ha

can wihsand uure exreme weaher. Building on imporan Sandy Relie Ac

reorms o ederal disaser assisance, Congress mus urher amend he Saord

Disaser Relie and Emergency Assisance Ac o require all FEMA-unded


15/21


rebuilding projecs o be climae resilien. As i sands, FEMA and oher ederal

agencies rely primarily on he poliical will and iniiaive o ederal disaser aid

recipiens o rebuild resilien communiies and inrasrucure.

Give city leaders ready access to the climate changerisk information they need

Te presidens Climae Acion Plan oulines ederal seps o give local decision

makers access o he inormaion hey need o manage exreme weaher and climae

change risks and keep people and propery ou o harms way. Federal agencies will

creae a virual oolki ha cenralizes access o resilience ools and services.72 Bu

more is needed. FEMA should accelerae is work o updae ood maps naionwide

o reec increasing ood risks ied o sea-level rise, uure supersorms, and oher

climae change impacs. Congress and he presiden mus ensure ha FEMA is

given he resources i needs o do so. Despie he urgen need or accurae oodmaps, FEMAs Flood Hazard Mapping and Risk Analysis budge was cu almos in

hal rom $181.6 million in 2011 o $97.7 million in boh 2012 and 2013.73

Curb heat-trapping emissions on urban and national levels

Ciy leaders should look or opporuniies o implemen cos-eecive emission

reducing acions ha can help o mee oher prioriies. Increasing buildings

energy efciency, or example, lowers consumer energy bills, reduces harmul air

polluion, and helps o cu down elecriciy use during peak demand periods.74

Mero areas can also develop long-range ransporaion and land-use plans ha

reduce auo emissions and rafc congesion while supporing more efcien and

equiable growh and improving air qualiy and access o jobs.75

Te presidens Climae Acion Plan direcs he U.S. Environmenal Proecion

Agency, or EPA, o complee carbon-polluion sandards or boh new and exis-

ing power plans. Te EPA unveiled is proposed carbon sandards or new power

plans in Sepember and is expeced o release exising plan sandards in June

2014.76

Te adminisraion should coninue o move expediiously o compleehe carbon-polluion sandard or exising plans by 2015 so ha hey can be

implemened during his adminisraion.77


16/21


Conclusion

Tese and oher acions o build resilien ciies will help ensure ha communiies,

amilies, and businesses are no le vulnerable o exreme weaher damages and

healh risks. Invesing in ciy resilience lowers uure disaser-recovery coss and

economic losses and can suppor economic growh, improve inrasrucure and

air qualiy, and help mee oher ciy goals. More ciy leaders should ake acion

o srenghen mero-area resilience, and Congress and he adminisraion mus

increase ederal resources available o allow hem o do so.


17/21


About the authors

Cathleen Kelly is a Senior Fellow wih he Cener or American Progress. She

specializes in inernaional and U.S. climae miigaion, preparedness, resilience,

and susainable developmen policy. Kelly served in he Obama Adminisraion a

he Whie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy, where she led a more han20-person agency ask orce in developing a naional climae-resilience sraegy.

Tis sraegy ormed he basis o he climae preparedness pillar o Presiden

Obamas Climae Acion Plan. Kelly also helped ormulae he Obama adminis-

raions posiions on inernaional susainable developmen and climae policy

issues.

Arpita Bhattacharyya is Research Associae o Disinguished Senior Fellow

Carol Browner. She works on boh domesic and inernaional climae and

energy issues, wih a ocus on climae adapaion. She was previously a researcher

or American Progresss Climae, Migraion, and Securiy Projec in India andBangladesh, sudying he naional securiy implicaions o climae change in he

region. She has also worked a he Minnesoa Polluion Conrol Agency and he

Universiy o Minnesoa Regional Susainable Developmen Parnerships.

Acknowledgements

Tank you o Dan Weiss, Richard Caperon, Darryl Banks, racey Ross, Mark

Dennin, Jason Mogavero, Anne Paisley, David Hudson, and Kerry Michell or

heir conribuions o his repor.


18/21


Endnotes

1 Michael Bloomberg, Bloomberg: Why Sandy orcedcities to take lead on climate change, CNN, August 26,2013, available at http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/21/world/europe/bloomberg-why-sandy-orce-cities/index.html.

2 Boulder Oce o Emergency Management, 9-19-20138:50 p.m. End-o-Day Figures, available at http://boul-deroem.com/emergency-status/553-9-18-2013-8-50-p-m-end-o-day-gures (last accessed September 2013);Death toll in Colorado ooding rises to 8 as rescuecrew scour rubble in search or missing, Fox News,September 16, 2013, available at http://www.oxnews.com/weather/2013/09/16/colorado-braces-or-more-heavy-rain-deadly-oods/; Keith Cofman, Propertylosses rom Colorado ood projected at about $2billion, Reuters, September 19, 2013, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/19/us-usa-colorado-ooding-idUSBRE98H1BA20130919.

3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ClimateChange 2013: The Physical Science Basis (2012),available at http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5-SPM_Approved27Sep2013.pd; Thomas C. Peterson and others, Explaining

Extreme Events o 2012 rom a Climate Perspective,Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society94(9) (2013): 174, available at http://www.ametsoc.org/2012extremeeventsclimate.pd.

4 A total o 259 authors and review editors were selectedto produce the Working Group I report; they in turnenlisted the help o more than 600 contributingauthors. Hundreds o expert reviewers provided com-ments to earlier drats o the report, which draws onobservations and model runs and cites more than 9,200scientic publications. For the Fith Assessment Reportas a whole, a total o 831 authors and review editorswere selected. Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, Climate Change 2013.

5 Pew Charitable Trusts, Cities Squeezed by Pensionand Retiree H ealth Care Shortalls, (2013), availableat http://www.pewstates.org/research/reports/cities-

squeezed-by-pension-and-retiree-health-care-short-alls-85899457960; Pew Charitable Trusts, 30 Cities: AnIntroductory Snapshot (2013), available at http://www.pewstates.org/research/data-visualizations/30-cities-an-introductory-snapshot-85899380032.

6 U.S. Global Change Research Center, National ClimateAssessment: Urban Systems, Inrastructure, and Vulner-ability (2013), available at http://ncadac.globalchange.gov/download/NCAJan11-2013-publicreviewdrat-chap11-urban.pd; JoAnn Carmin, Nikhil Nadkarni, andChristopher Rhie, Progress and Challenges in Urban Cli-mate Adaptation Planning: Results o a Global Survey(Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute o Technology,2012), available at http://web.mit.edu/jcarmin/www/urbanadapt/Urban%20Adaptation%20Report%20FINAL.pd; Daniel J. Weiss and Jackie Weidman, Goingto Extremes: The $188 Billion Price Tag rom Climate-Related Extreme Weather, Center or American Progress,

February 12, 2013, available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/green/news/2013/02/12/52881/going-to-extremes-the-188-billion-price-tag-rom-climate-related-extreme-weather/.

7 Carbon Disclosure Project, Wealthier, Healthier Cities:How climate change action is giving us wealthier,healthier cities (2013), available at https://www.cdpro-

ject.net/CDPResults/CDP-Cities-2013-Global-Report.pd.

8 PlaNYC, A Stronger, More Resilient New York (2013),available at http://nytelecom.vo.llnwd.net/o15/agen-cies/sirr/SIRR_singles_Hi_res.pd; Death toll in Colo-rado ooding rises to 8 as rescue crews scour rubblein search or missing; ReBuild Houston: 5+5 Plan(FY 2014-2023) Street and Drainage I mprovements

(2013), available at http://www.rebuildhouston.org/images/pd/5_5_plan_overview_07_30_13.pd; City oFlagstaf, Community Sustainability (2012), availableat http://agstaf.az.gov/DocumentCenter/View/41372.

9 Carmin, Nadkarni, and Rhie, Progress and Challengesin Urban Climate Adaptation Planning.

10 Executive Oce o the President, The Presidents ClimateAction Plan (The White House, 2013), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/deault/les/image/presi-dent27sclimateactionplan.pd.

11 Fran Sussman and others, Climate Change AdaptationCost in the US: What Do We Know? (Washington; Cli-mate Policy, 2013), available at http://www.tandonline.com/doi/ull/10.1080/14693062.2013.777604#preview; PlaNYC, A Stronger, More Resilient New York;U.S. Global Change Research Center, National Climate

Assessment; Carmin, Nadkarni, and Rhie, Progress andChallenges in Urban Climate Adaptation Planning.

12 NASA, GISS Surace Temperature Analysis, available athttp://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/Fig.A2.txt(last accessed September 2013).

13 Jessica Blunden and Derek S. Arndt, State o theClimate in 2012, Bulletin of the American Meteorologi-cal Society92 (8) (2013): S1S258, available at http://

journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2013BAMSStateotheClimate.1; Stephane Hallegatte and others,Future Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities,NatureClimate Change 3 (2013): 802806, available at http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/ull/nclimate1979.html; Katie Valentine, Govern-ment Acknowledges 2012 Climate Milestones ShowWeve Reached A New Normal, ThinkProgress,August 2, 2013, available at http://thinkprogress.org/

climate/2013/08/07/2403951/2012-climate-new-normal/.

14 U.S. Department o Housing and Urban Development,Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force ReleasesRebuilding Strategy, Press release, August 19, 2013,available at http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2013/HUD-No.13-125.

15 U.S. Global Change Research Program, Global ClimateChange Impacts in the United States (2009), p. 44,available at http://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pds/climate-impacts-report.pd.

16 Jon Erdman, Drought Disaster 2012 Status, TheWeather Channel, August 16, 2012, available at http://www.b.weather.com/news/drought/drought-disaster-update-20120816; Economic Research Service, U.S.

Drought 2012: Farm and Food Impacts (U.S. Departmento Agriculture, 2012), available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/in-the-news/us-drought-2012-arm-and-ood-impacts.aspx#.UkCzhVPInwl.

17 U.S. Global Change Research Program, Global ClimateChange Impacts in the United States; EconomicResearch Service, U.S. Drought 2012: Farm and FoodImpacts..
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18 U.S. Global Change Research Center, National ClimateAssessment.

19 Swiss Re, Mind the Risk (2013), available at http://me-dia.swissre.com/documents/Swiss_Re_Mind_the_risk.pd.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Center or Sustainable Systems, U.S. Cities (2012),

available at http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS09-06.pd.

23 Guanghua Wan, Why Urbanization May Benet theEnvironment, Business Times Singapore, January 23,2012, available at http://www.adb.org/news/op-ed/why-urbanization-may-benet-environment; AlexisMadrigal, New Report Reveals Huge Variation BetweenCities Carbon Footprints, Wired, May 29, 2008, availableat http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/cities-carbon-/.

24 U.S. Department o Housing and Urban Development,Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force ReleasesRebuilding Strategy.

25 U.S. Global Change Research Center, National ClimateAssessment; Keith Miller, Kristina Costa, and DonnaCooper, How to Upgrade and Maintain Our Nations

Wastewater and Drinking-water Inrastructure(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012),available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/10/11/41233/how-to-upgrade-and-maintain-our-nations-wastewater-and-drinking-water-inrastructure-2/; Bracken Hendricks, CathleenKelly, and Adam James, Inrastructure and Resilience:Forging a National Strategy or Reconstruction andGrowth (Washington: Center or American Progress,2013), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/04/18/60960/inrastruc-ture-and-resilience-orging-a-national-strategy-or-reconstruction-and-growth/.

26 U.S. Global Change Research Center, National ClimateAssessment.

27 U.S. Department o Housing and Urban Development,Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force Releases

Rebuilding Strategy.

28 Ibid.

29 Alan Berube and Elizabeth Kneebone, Parsing U.S.Poverty at the Metropolitan Level, The Brookings Ins ti-tution, September 22, 2011, available at http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/the-avenue/posts/2011/09/22-metro-poverty-berube-kneebone.

30 Daniel J. Weiss, Jackie Weidman, and MackenzieBronson, Heavy Weather: How Climate Destruc-tion Harms Middle- and Lower-Income Americans(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012),available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2012/11/16/45135/heavy-weather-how-climate-destruction-harms-middle-and-lower-income-americans.

31 Tracey Ross, A Disaster in the Making: Addressing theVulnerability o Low-Income Communities to ExtremeWeather (Washington: Center or American Progress,2013), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LowIncomeResilience-3.pd.

32 Ibid.

33 Weiss, Weidman, and Bronson, Heavy Weather.

34 Environmental Protection Agency, Heat Island Efect,available at http://www.epa.gov/hiri/ (last accessedSeptember 2013).

35 Kathleen Maclay, Warmer climate strongly afectshuman conict and violence worldwide, says study,US Berkeley News Center, August 1, 2013, available athttp://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/08/01/climate-strongly-afects-human-conict-and-violence-world-wide-says-study/.

36 Elizabeth Kneebone and Steven Raphael, City andSuburban Crime Trends in Metropolitan America(Washington: The Brookings Institution, 2011), availableat http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/les/papers/2011/5/26%20metropolitan%20crime%20kneebone%20raphael/0526_metropolitan_crime_kneebone_raphael.pd.

37 Elizabeth Kneebone and Jane Williams, NewCensus Data Underscore Povertys Persistence in2012, The Brookings Ins titution, September 19,2013, available at http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/09/19-census-data-poverty-kneebone-williams; Brokest Cities in America: LosAngeles, Chicago, and more, The Daily Beast, July 23,2013, available at http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2013/07/23/13-cities-in-nancial-distress.html#e36539bb-a939-44eb-8d21-1aa778b8444c.

38 Daniel J. Weiss and Jackie Weidman, Pound Foolish:Federal Community-Resilience Investments Swampedby Disaster Damages (Washington: Center or Ameri-can Progress, 2013), available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/green/report/2013/06/19/67045/pound-oolish/.

39 Benets are dened as losses to society avoided andinclude reduced direct property damage, reduceddirect and indirect business interruption loss, reducednonmarket damagemeaning environmental dam-agereduced human losses, and reduced cost oemergency response. Multihazard Mitigation Council,Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves: An IndependentStudy to Assess the Future Savings rom M itigationActivities (2005), available at http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/MMC/hms_vol1.pd.

40 Ibid.

41 U.S. Global Change Research Center, National ClimateAssessment; Carmin, Nadkarni, and Rhie, Progress andChallenges in Urban Climate Adaptation Planning.

42 Ibid.; NYS 2100 Commission, Recommendations toImprove the Strength and Resilience o the EmpireStates I nrastructure (2013), available at http://www.rockeelleroundation.org/uploads/les/7c012997-176-4e80-b9c-b473ae9bbb3.pd.

43 U.N. Oce or Disaster Risk Reduction, The 10 Es-sentials or Mak ing Cities Resilient, available at http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/toolkit/essen-tials (last accessed September 2013).

44 Sustainable DC, Earth Day Baseline 2013 (2013), avail-able at http://s ustainable.dc.gov/sites/deault/les/dc/

sites/sustainable/page_content/attachments/SDC%20Actions%20First%20Year%20Focus_website.pd.

45 Sustainable DC, Sustainability DC (2013), p. 76, avail-able at http://sustainable.dc.gov/sites/deault/les/dc/sites/sustainable/page_content/attachments/SDC%20Final%20Plan_0.pd.
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46 Ibid., p. 72.

47 Sustainable DC, Earth Day Baseline 2013.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 Ibid.

51 Mark Dennin, Cathleen Kelly, and Arpita Bhattacha-ryya Cities that Are Building Resilience to Climate

Change, Center or American Progress, October 22,2013, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2013/10/22/77656/cities-that-are-building-resilience-to-climate-change/.

52 The Rockeeller Foundation, How Resilient Is YourCity?, available at http://www.rockeelleroundation.org/our-work/current-work/100-resilient-cities(lastaccessed September 2013).

53 ReBuild Houston, 5+5 Plan (FY 2014-2023) Street andDrainage Improvements.

54 Los Angeles Oce o the Mayor, Adapt LA- Preparingor Climate Change (2012), available at http://c-change.la/pd/AdaptLA Fact Sheet.pd.

55 R.J. Nicholls and others, Ranking o the Worlds CitiesMost Exposed to Coastal Flooding Today and in the

Future (Paris: Organisation or Economic Co-oper-ation, 2007), available at http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39721444.pd.

56 Ibid.

57 Miami Dade County, Miami-Dade County Sustainabili-ty-Related Legislation (2012), available at http://www.miamidade.gov/greenprint/planning/library/resolu-tions.pd.

58 Ibid.

59 Swiss Re, Mind the Risk.

60 PlaNYC, A Stronger, More Resi lient New York.

61 Salt Lake City, SLCgreen: Salt Lake Citys Guide to aSustainable City, available at http://www.slcgov.com/

slcgreen (last accessed September 2013).

62 Richard S. Caperton and Adam James, How to Keepthe Lights On: M ore Reliable Electricity Will RequireSmart Investments and Clean Energy Solutions,Center or American Progress, July 3, 2012, availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/07/03/11825/how-to-keep-the-lights-on/.

63 Cathleen Kelly and Jackie Weidman, Shelter rom theSuperstorm: How Climate Preparedness and ResilienceSaves Money and Lives (Washington: Center or Ameri-can Progress, 2013), available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/green/report/2013/07/01/68620/shelter-rom-the-superstorm-2/.

64 The White House, Climate Change and PresidentObamas Action Plan, available at http://www.white-house.gov/share/climate-action-plan (last accessed

September 2013).

65 Richard Dobbs and others, Inrastructure Productivity:How to Save $1 Trillion a Year (New York: McKinseyGlobal Institute, 2013), available at http://www.mckin-sey.com/insights/engineering_construction/inrastruc-ture_productivity.

66 NYS 2100 Commission, Recommendations to Improvethe Strength and Resilience o th e Empire States Inra-structure.

67 Weiss and Weidman , Pound Foolish.

68 Ibid.

69 The White House, Climate Change and PresidentObamas Action Plan.

70 Congress appropriated $3.5 billion, $3 billion, and$3.1 billion or this program in 2011, 2012, and 2013,respectively. U.S. Department o Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Community Development Allocationsand Appropriations, available at http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_oces/comm_plan-ning/communitydevelopment/budget (last accessedSeptember 2013).

71 Congress appropriated $500 million or TIGER grants inboth 2012 and 2013. U.S. Department o Transporta-tion, TIGER Grants, available at http://www.dot.gov/tiger (last accessed June 2013).

72 The White House, Climate Change and PresidentObamas Action Plan.

73 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, FiscalYear 2014 Budget Request(U.S. Department o Home-land Security, 2013).

74 Report Ranks U.S. Cities Eforts to Save Energy,American Council or an Energy-Ecient Economy,September 17, 2013, available at http://aceee.org/press/2013/09/report-ranks-us-cities-eforts-save-

75 Amanda Eaken and Justin Horner, A Bold Plan orSustainable Caliornia Communities: A Report onthe Implementation o Senate Bill 375 (Los Angeles:Natural Resources Deense Council, 2013), available athttp://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/sb375/implemen-tation-report/les/implementation-report.pd.

76 Eaken and Horner, A Bold Plan or Sustainable Calior-nia Communities.

77 Richard W. Caperton, Daniel J. Weiss, and AndrewLight, 10 Essential Pollution Reduction and PublicHealth Measures in President Obamas Climate Plan,Center or American Progress, June 25, 2013, availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2013/06/25/67963/10-essential-pollution-reduc-tion-and-public-health-measures-in-president-obamas-climate-plan/; Kelly and Weidman, Shelter rom theSuperstorm.
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