storing carbon dioxide in coalbeds a laboratory and ......why is there hysteresis? surface geometry...
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Storing Carbon Dioxide in Coalbeds a Laboratory and Simulation Investigation
A.R. (Tony) KovscekStanford UniversityPetroleum Engineering DepartmentStanford, CA 94305-2220
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Overview
• Stanford’s Sequestration Program• Experimental Program ECBM• Conceptual/numerical model development• Results• Permeability vs Gas Composition (prelim)• Conclusions
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Geologic Storage of CO2GCEP: Global Climate and Energy Project
Project Components:
Site selection and evaluation: effective methods to assess the integrity of geologic seals that limit CO2 migration.
Fluid migration: efficient methods for predicting the flow paths and long-term fate of injected CO2.
Monitoring: appropriate tools for monitoring the state of injection projects at each stage.
Project Components:
Site selection and evaluation: effective methods to assess the integrity of geologic seals that limit CO2 migration.
Fluid migration: efficient methods for predicting the flow paths and long-term fate of injected CO2.
Monitoring: appropriate tools for monitoring the state of injection projects at each stage.
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Site Selectionand Evaluation Mark Zoback and coworkers
• How will CO2 injection affect the reservoir seal?
• Did production and depletion affect the seal?
• What are the geomechanical mechanisms governing capacity?
Trap and Seal Framework
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Fluid Migration : ECBM Prediction Lynn Orr, Tony Kovscek and Coworkers
• Such methods are useful to– predict where CO2 is likely to flow– interpret the volume and space contacted– optimize injection and recovery operations
• What assumptions necessary?
50 x 50 x 10 blocks
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AcquisitionStrategies
Modeling &Simulation
Imaging &Inversion
GCEP 4D:• Continuous imaging, e.g.,
weekly or daily• Adaptable to dynamic
storage conditions• Exploits models for
porous media and flow prediction
ConventionalTime-lapse
High Spatial ResolutionLow Temporal Resolution
GCEP4-D
Lower Spatial ResolutionHigher Temporal Resolution
Monitoring in Real TimeJerry Harris and coworkers
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Experimental Objective
• Establish a feasible CO2/CH4/N2adsorption/desorption model and displacement mechanism so that modeling of CBM production and CO2 storage on field scale is improved.
• Probe:•adsorption/desorption behavior•permeability with respect to gas composition•recovery efficiency and CO2 storage
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Flow Through Apparatus
• Unconfined pack• Gas mixtures made in the lab by weight
Coal Holder
Flow-MeterBack Pressure Regulator
Gas Container
poverburdenp2
pi
To Vent
∆p
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Relevant Coalpack DataPowder River Basin, WY Coal
As received After grinding
Coalpack #1 #2 #3 Size of coal particles, meshes <60 <60 <60 Length of the coalpack, cm 25.0 25.0 25.0 Diameter of the coalpack, cm 4.25 4.25 4.25 Porosity, % 44 37 34 Permeability, md 144.0 43.0 26.3 Weight of coal, g 218.0 231.0 239.4Swi, % 0 0 8-10
Coalpack
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Mixed Gas Injection Data
Temperature: 72oF
Pressure: 600 psia
Initial Water Saturation: 0
Gas Injection Rate: 0.5 cc/min
Injection-gas composition:
-100% CO2, 0% N2 (c100n0)
-85% CO2, 15% N2 (c85n15)
-46% CO2, 54% N2 (c46n54)
-24% CO2, 76% N2 (c24n76)
-0% CO2, 100% N2 (c0n100)
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CO2 Displacing CH4Piston like advance of CO2
coal
& C
H4
CO2
CH4 +CO2
gas analyzer
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Chromatographic Separation of CO2 & N2co
al &
CH
4
46% CO2 54% N2
CH4 +CO2 + N2
gas analyzer
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Adsorption/Desorption/Transport Modeling
• 1D, 2 phase:
• extended Langmuir:
• primary and secondary (grain): φ= φ1+φ2– instantaneous equilibrium– 2%< φ2 <8%
• PR-EOS with
• Finite difference solution
φ∂Ci
∂t+ (1− φ)
∂ai
∂t+ ∇⋅ (vCi) = qi
ai =αiβ iyi
1+ βkykk∑
Vads = zii∑ bi
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CO2, CH4, N2 Adsorption/DesorptionPowder River Basin, WY Coal
• Correct for volume of adsorbate
• All adsorption data (pure) is well fit by Langmuir isotherm
• CO2 adsorbs preferentially
• adsorption hysteresis for all gases
• scanning loops are evident
22 °C
3 CO2 : 1 CH4
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Binary Gas SystemsExperiment and Simulation, φ2=7.4%N2
CH4 + N2
CO2
CH4 + CO2
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Ternary Gas SystemsExperiment and Simulation, φ2=7.4%
76%N2+24% CO2
CH4 + N2 + CO2
CH4 + N2 + CO2
54%N2+46% CO2
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Ternary Gas SystemsExperiment and Simulation, φ2=7.4%
15%N2+85% CO2
CH4 + N2 + CO2
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Permeability Evolution of CoalpackSteady State
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Experimental and Simulation Discrepancy• mass transfer limitations
– no discrepancy in binary results– coal particles are small and times for diffusion
are less than 0.1 s• coal shrinkage/swelling
– no discrepancy in binary results– N2 did not affect permeability
• prediction of sorption– hysteresis, scanning-loops, multicomponent– extended Langmuir
• constant selectivity• selectivity independent of total pressure and gas-
species concentration
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Sensitivity SimulationTernary Gas System
CH4 + N2 + CO2
54%N2+46% CO2
• Case 1: Base case• Case 2: Use only desorption curve for N2
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Permeability Versus Gas Composition (CH4, N2, CO2)
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Core Holder
coalpack: 1 inch diameter, 12 inches long
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Flow Through Apparatus
• Net overburden pressure=400 psi, Pore pressure: 60~1100 psi• Gas mixtures made in the lab by weight
Coal Holder
Flow-MeterBack Pressure Regulator
Gas Container
poverburdenp2
pi
To Vent
∆p
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Steady-State PermeabilityPconfining-Ppore = 400 psi
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Permeability Reduction Correlates With Surface Coverage
Pure Gases
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Coverage vs Permeability ReductionPure and Mixed Gases
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Permeability ReductionPhase Behavior (CO2/N2)
experimental temperature, T
T > Tcno phase behaviorgas-solid interactions dominant
T < Tcphase behaviorvapor-vapor interactions dominant
Tc(°C)CH4 -83N2 -147CO2 31
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Coverage vs Permeability ReductionPure and Mixed Gases
T > Tcno phase behaviorgas-solid interactions dominant T < Tc
phase behaviorvapor-vapor interactions dominant
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Conclusions• The interplay of gas sorption and transport in coal
yields rich dynamical behavior that is sensitive to the details of adsorption
• The transient behavior of binary gas systems is well represented by the numerical model.
• The qualitative behavior of ternary gas systems is well represented in simulation results; however, quantitative agreement of breakthrough times and the elution profiles for gas species remains to be proven.
• Permeability decreases as pore space fills with immobile adsorbed gas– reduction in porosity available for flow– possible correlation to surface coverage– some N2 appears to preserve permeability
• Gas injection enhances CBM recovery significantly (at least 94% OGIP)
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Acknowledgment
• This work was supported by Stanford University Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP). Funding is acknowledged gratefully.
• Collaborators:– Lynn Orr– Kristian Jessen– Tom Tang– Wenjuan Lin– Tanmay Chaturvedi
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Sequestration Time Scales
• Convection–flow between wells (detailed geological description necessary?)
• Dissolution of CO2 in brine• Gravity redistribution• Gravity overturn of dense CO2-brine• Chemical reactions in brine phase• Geologic formation to surface
transport–if applicable (detailed and/or stochastic geological description necessary?)
SL
SL
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Reality check: the volumes are very large!
• At a CO2 density of 500 kg/m3 (1000 m depth at 50˚C), injection of 1 billion tonnes/yr of CO2 is equivalent to ~ 35 million barrels/day.
• At a CO2 density of 700 kg/m3, 1 Gt CO2 is equivalent to ~ 25 million barrels/day.
• Worldwide emissions of CO2, ~ 25 Gt/yr:~ 625 – 825 million barrels/day!
• World oil production is currently ~80 million barrels/day.
• These volumes are large enough that it is unlikely that CO2storage in geologic formations alone will solve the problem of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
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expe
rimen
tsi
mul
atio
nMethane Recovery
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Why is there hysteresis?Surface geometry heterogeneity–Seri-Levy and Avnir (1993)
• Monte Carlo simulation• gas-surface interactions
greater than gas-gas• rough surfaces
• various hysteresis curves obtained by modifying surface geometry
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Why is there hysteresis?Surface geometry heterogeneity–Seri-Levy and Avnir (1993)
rough surface
p/p0=0.13 p/p0=0.13
p/p0=0.61 p/p0=0.61
adsorption
desorption
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Experimental SetupAdsorption/Desorption CO2/N2/CH4
Electronic balance
Coreholder
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge
Reference cell
Gas Cylinder
Vacuum pump
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CH4 Scanning LoopsInitial pressure influences desorption hysteresis
22 °C
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Adsorption on Moist Coal (uncorrected for volume of adsorbate)
22 °C
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Effect of T on Coalpack Permeability
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Data Acquisition Strategies
CO2
Seal
Fault
Injection Well
Our 4-D approach:
• Embedded detectors• Embedded low-power sources• Coded, continuous signals• Adaptive synthetic apertures
- e.g., the Stanford Cross
The Stanford Cross Array