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Acknowledgement We would like to express our success gratitude to allthose who have been associated with us indevelopment of this project. We would like to thankour teacher who guided us through out the way andour parents without there support we could not beenable to come up with such a wonderful project andalso our colleagues whose vibrant energy inspired usand kept us going.

Thank you,Ketan K Vasudeo

Krishna ChoudharyPriya Mistry

Roshan Gawde

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STORE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Storage is an unavoidable activity. It increases the value of thematerial by simple carrying it. No transformation of any type is to be done.Stores, has vital role to play. In a majority of manufacturing organizationsmaterial constitutes the fraction of cost, like 60% to 80% of total cost. Thecost of capital blocked in inventories is substantial. This working capital hasto be property managed. Otherwise organization will face heavy losses.Efficiency of storage of material leads to better profitability. Material

pilferage, deterioration, theft and careless handling may lead to reduced

profits.

Stores management is supposed to be, carrying the right kind of materials in right quantity, neither in excess nor in short supply. Material hasto be provided quickly to right person and at right time and place whenever required.

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FUNCTIONS OF STORES

The functions of store management are as follows

1. Receive the materials:Receiving and according of low materials, bought out parts,

spares, tools, and equipment other items. Counting for proper quantityas per the documents.

2. Store the material properly :Provide the right and adequate storage and preserves the

material properly. Ensure that the material do not suffer from damage,

pilferage or deterioration.

3. Remove the material when required :Facilitating easy location and removing materials.

4. Deliver the material to right place:Fulfilling the demand of consumer departments by proper issue

of items on the receipt of authorized purchased requisition.

5. Keep the records perfectly in discipline:To maintain proper record and update receipts and issue of materials.

6. Maintain housekeeping:Keeping the store clean and in good order so that handling,

preservation, stocking, receipt and issue can be done satisfaction.

7. Keep proper control:

Keeping a vigil on the discrepancies, abnormal consumptions,accumulation of stock, pilferation, theft etc. exercising controlmeasures control measures.

8. Manage the people in perfect discipline:The people working have to be work in perfect discipline. The

procedures have to be followed as per the written policies and manual.

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9. Avoid keeping surplus material:Minimization of scrap, surplus and obsolescence through

proper inventory control, and effective disposal of surplus andobsolete items.

10. Erification of stocks at regular interval:Verifying the bin card balances with the physical quantities in

the bins and initiating the purchasing cycle at appropriate time so asto avoid the out of stock situations.

11. Coordination and cooperation:To coordination and cooperate with the interacting departments

such as purchasing, manufacturing, production planning and control,inspection, etc.

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How does someone in a Store Management position get organized?

It is very challenging to say the least. A regular, run of the mill calendar,

journal or other time management product or organizer will not provide youwith the help you need to stay focused on the business. With any of the usualorganizer products a Store Manager has to customize to the point whereany resemblance to the original product is unlikely. And more often thannot, the organizer turns into a simple note book with notes scribbled all over the place and pieces of paper hanging out of the sides.

As a Store Manager you have unique requirements and you need a uniqueorganizer. It needs to be portable, sturdy, complex in design while simple touse, and all for a reasonable price.

DMSRetail offers this unique organizer for Store Managers. TheDMSRetailer is the only organizer you will ever need.

Most organizers assume that Store Managers do not schedule any, or veryfew, meetings, tasks or events for evenings and weekends. Whats with that?The Retail Manager absolutely needs an organizer that accommodates their work schedulean organizer that works when they do.

Internet impact 19th century warehouse in Frankfort , Kentucky , United States used to age

bourbon whiskey casks , seen closely through the warehouse windows

The internet has had an influence on warehouses. Internet-based stores donot require physical retail space, but still require warehouses to store goods.This kind of warehouse fills many small orders directly from end customersrather than fewer orders of many items from stores.

Having a large and complex supply chain containing many warehouse can be costly. It may be beneficial for a company to have one large warehouse per continent, typically located centrally to transportation. At thesecontinental hubs, goods may be customized for different countries. For example, goods get a price ticket in the language of the destination country.Small, in-warehouse adjustments to goods are called value added serve.

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STORES ORGANIZATION:

This is a major materials function. It is having the main sections as

receiving, component stores, finished goods stores. The movementdepartment is often reporting to materials manager. However, it has link with stores management. POUS section (POINT OF USE STORES) is oftenmade available beside production shops. This is administratively reporting tostores management but functionally it is with production determinants. In

big companies each production shop may have individual POUS.

From the total control point of view the receiving and stores activitiesmay get included with the rest of materials activities. This facilitates thecoordination among related material activities from the point of view of operation. Further, the inter-relationships between stores, inventory controland purchase function will receive, proper attention in this type of organizational arrangement.

Stores activities are considered to be more significant and thus store isclubbed with or strongly related with the production department. That is

because of the following: In order to run the production operation smoothly the production

management must have control over the immediate material supply

from stores. This will ensure the smooth delivery of materials to the production centers as and when required.

In order to avoid/discourage any kind of collusion and embezzlementof materials, the receiving & storing should be kept separate from the

purchase department. The objectives of the organizational decision regarding store could be

to store and manage the materials so that they are available in goodconditions according to the need. To efficiently supply the materialsaccording to production schedules, and to perform stores functions atminimum cost.

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STORE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A store management system , or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain

and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials withina warehouse and process the associated transactions, including shipping,receiving, put away and picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock

put away based on real-time information about the status of bin utilization.

Store management systems often utilize Auto ID Data Capture (AIDC) technology, such as barcode scanners , mobile computers , wireless LANs and

potentially Radio-frequency identification (RFID) to efficiently monitor theflow of products. Once data has been collected, there is either a batchsynchronization with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a centraldatabase. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the warehouse.

The objective of a store management system is to provide a set of computerised procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into awarehouse facility, model and manage the logical representation of the

physical storage facilities (e.g. racking etc), manage the stock within thefacility and enable a seamless link to order processing and logisticsmanagement in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility.

Store management systems can be stand alone systems, or modules of anERP system or supply chain execution suite.

The primary purpose of a WMS is to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse you might even describe it as the legs at theend-of-the line which automates the store, traffic and shipping management.

In its simplest form, the WMS can data track products during the production process and act as an interpreter and message buffer between existing ERP

and WMS systems. Store Management is not just managing within the boundaries of a warehouse today, it is much wider and goes beyond the physical boundaries. Inventory management, inventory planning, costmanagement, IT applications & communication technology to be used areall related to warehouse management. The container storage, loading andunloading are also covered by warehouse management today. Storemanagement today is part of SCM and demand management. Even

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production management is to a great extent dependent on storemanagement. Efficient warehouse management gives a cutting edge to aretail chain distribution company. Store management does not just start withreceipt of material but it actually starts with actual initial planning whencontainer design is made for a product. Warehouse design and processdesign within the warehouse (e.g. Wave Picking ) is also part of warehousemanagement. Warehouse management is part of Logistics and SCM .

Store Management monitors the progress of products through thewarehouse. It involves the physical warehouse infrastructure, trackingsystems, and communication between product stations.

Store management deals with receipt, storage and movement of goods,normally finished goods, to intermediate storage locations or to final

customer. In the multi-echelon model for distribution, there are levels of warehouses, starting with the Central Warehouse(s), regional warehousesservices by the central warehouses and retail warehouses at the third levelservices by the regional warehouses and so on. The objective of warehousing management is to help in optimal cost of timely order fulfillment by managing the resources economically.

Store management = "Management of storage of products and servicesrendered on the products within the four wall of a warehouse"

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Automated Storage and Retrieval System

ASRS at the Defense Visual Information Center which is used for the

storage of media items such as film canisters.

ASRS (automated storage and retrieval systems) or AS/RS refers to a varietyof computer-controlled methods for automatically placing and retrievingloads from specific storage locations.

An ASRS environment, would encompass many of the followingtechnologies: Horizontal Carousels, Vertical Carousels, Vertical LiftModules (VLM) and/or the traditional Crane-in-Aisle Storage & Retrievalsystems that utilize a storage retrieval (SR) crane.

AS/RS (asrs) are categorized into three main types: single masted, doublemasted and man-aboard. All are generally supported on a track and ceilingguided at the top by guide rails or channels to insure accurate verticalalignment:

Some single-mastered and man-aboard models are supported from theceiling to hang in a pendulum mode. The vertical mast of a typical S/R machine guides and supports a carriage on which unit loads are carried.

One or more lateral shuttles or telescoping extraction devices attached to thecarriage inject and retrieve loads, one or two loads deep in and out of thestorage rack. Storage systems depths greater than two leads deep on either side of the aisle are classified as deep-lane storage systems.

Such storage systems use roll-through storage racks with multiple gravitylanes. Loads are placed in at one end and gravity fed to a take- out positionat the opposite end. If the loads consist of small binnable items that can be

placed either on shelves or directly into containers, the design of the AS/RS

(ASRS) crane is modified.A man aboard style is equipped with a picking platform or the container is

brought to the order picker at a work counter. These types of cranes areknown as ministackers.

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To provide a method for accomplishing through put to and from the AS/RS(ASRS) and the supporting transportation system, stations are provided to

precisely position inbound and outbound loads for pickup and delivery bythe crane. ASRS Pick Up Station A pickup and delivery station can be asimple elevated structural pedestal to accommodate the Product pageconfiguration of the load. They can be designed to convey, rotate, or elevateloads if required. The interface to these stations can be by forklift truck,

powered conveyor, in-floor towline, or automatic guided vehicle system.These can be integrated into a total system to provide additional functionsincluding counting, automatic weighing, size and profile checks,identification, and labeling.

In more sophisticated automatic operations, the optimum level of asrssoftware can include: Monitoring and controlling the complete

transportation system moving loads into and out of the AS/RS (asrs)equipment, including operation of conveyor systems transfers, palletaccumulators/dispensers, weigh scales, elevators, turntables, and profilechecks, also rejecting those loads outside of allowable tolerances1.

Visibly identifying loads for quantity, part number and manufacturer andupdating the inventory plus other applicable readable data.

Assigning specific addresses for each individual load. locating material tospecific aisles according to classification.

Retrieving loads on a FIFO or LIFO basis.

Communicating on a real-time basis with other host or computers.

Scheduling shift output hourly or daily along with updating purchasing, production, shipping, and accounting procedures.

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How it works

Each operator is given a voice-enabled RF device. These devices need nothave screens or keypads operators communicate with the system via

headset.Managers use the Warehouse Management System (WMS) or middleware toassign operators work jobs such as picking, put-away, replenishment, andtruck loading. How this assignment process takes place is largelyimplementation specific. For example, operators might be assigned to pick specific orders or load specific trucks - or they might simply be assigned to

picking, and be automatically placed on the highest-priority job.

Picking

With voice picking, the voice system directs the operator to perform each pick, giving them directions to the pick location. Depending on systemconfiguration, the operator may be prompted for a location check-digit or acontainer check-digit as well as a count-back. Following is an example

picking dialog:

The system then directs them to the location to put their pallet (onto a truck,into a staging area) and then tells them to take a new pallet and start the next

pick. Unique license plates can be assigned to each picked pallet so that theycan be easily located in the warehouse and so that the voice system candirect the process of loading staged pallets onto trucks.

Putaway

In voice directed put-away, the system asks the operator for the license(s)that they will be putting away. The system then directs the operator to putaway each license, requesting a location check-digit from the put-awaylocation.

Some systems can also take advantage of quicker multi-pallet walkies by performing two-phase putaway. Walkie operators are directed to takereceived pallets to the appropriate aisle where reach operators pick them upand complete the operation.

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Replenishment

In voice directed replenishment, the system directs the operator to pick up a particular skid from a particular location, and then directs them to theappropriate picking location.

The WMS coordinates which pallets are scheduled for replenishment, andwhere they are to be put a sophisticated WMS may assign SKUs to

pickfaces dynamically according to SKU velocity, available space, proximity to door, etc.

Truck Loading

With voice directed truck loading, the voice system directs the operator toeach picked pallet in the proper sequence. In full-pallet DCs, operators may

be directed to take entire pallets from the racking directly to the truck.Voice-directed truck-loading can help ensure that trucks are loaded in thecorrect sequence and that all pallets make it onto the truck.

Voice Training

Apart from training users to use the voice system, the system must be trained

to understand each user. This training process takes roughly 30-45 minutes -during this time, the user is asked to repeat aloud the words they will beusing when they communicate with the system. The voice system learns howthe particular operator speaks, and saves a template of their speech patterns.This allows voice systems to understand users with heavy accents thesystem knows how each individual user pronounces each word.

Security

With the additional security provided by voice, it is easier to enforce particular rules. For example, you could (if your WMS supports it) create job templates for each user. This means that you could, specify which userswere qualified to use a reach truck and prevent others from receiving theseassignments.

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WMS or middleware

Being a relatively new technology, only a few WMS systems are specificallydesigned to support voice direction. Middleware is often required to act asan agent between the WMS and the voice system and to provide additionalfunctionality such as job assignments, productivity monitoring, etc., thatmost WMS systems cannot provide out of the box.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

rising quality of life, and high rates of resource consumption patternshave had a unintended and negative impact on the urban environment- generation of wastes far beyond the handling capacities of urbangovernments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the

problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposaltechnologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the localand global environment.

But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions - involving the community and the private

sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal methods; andinvolving behaviour changes and awareness raising. These issues have

been amply demonstrated by good practices from many cities aroundthe world.

There is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyse if waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for

WASTE to become WEALTHREFUSE to become RESOURCE

TRASH to become CASH *

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that isfocussed on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, tomove more towards waste processing and waste recycling (thatinvolves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual wasteminimization - driven at the community level, and using lowenergy/low technology resources. Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include deeper

community participation, understanding economic benefits/recoveryof waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions),decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmentalimpacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.

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Waste management is the collection , transport , processing , recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. [1] The term usually relates tomaterials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reducetheir effect on health , the environment or aesthetics . Waste management isalso carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involvesolid , liquid , gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods andfields of expertise for each.

Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations ,for urban and rural areas , and for residential and industrial producers.Management for non- hazardous residential and institutional waste inmetropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrialwaste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

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Principles of Waste Management

The various waste management options can be placed in an order known asthe Waste Management Hierarchy which reflects the relative sustainability

of each. One of the key principles underlying waste management policy inthe UK is to ensure that waste is dealt with as high up the WasteManagement Hierarchy as possible. Since all waste disposal options havesome impact on the environment, the only way to avoid impact is not to

produce waste in the first place, and waste reduction is therefore at the top of the hierarchy. Re-use, followed by recovery techniques (recycling,composting and generating energy from waste) follow, while disposal tolandfill or by incineration, the worst options, are at the bottom of thehierarchy.

Although the hierarchy holds true in general terms, there will be certainwastes for which the waste management options are limited or for which theBest Practicable Environmental Option (i.e. the option causing leastenvironmental impact) lies towards the bottom of the hierarchy. In decidingwhat is the most appropriate disposal route, both environmental andeconomic costs and benefits need to be considered. This decision should bereached taking into account all the costs and impacts associated with wastedisposal, including those associated with the movement of waste.

Wherever possible the Proximity Principle should be applied. Thisrecognises that transporting waste has environmental, social and economiccosts so as a general rule, waste should be dealt with as near to the place of

production as possible. This has the added benefit of raising awareness aboutwaste and encouraging ownership of the problem at the local level.

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Diagrams

The Waste Management Hierarchy

Waste Management Roles and Responsibilities

The Waste Producer

It is important to understand that as we all produce waste, we all have to takeresponsibility for it; waste is not just the responsibility of someone whomoves it around for us or who manages or disposes of it for us. Wastemanagement legislation clearly places certain responsibilities on the

producer of waste so it is important to be clear under what circumstancesyour institution is acting as a waste producer. Guidance is given in WasteManagement: The Duty of Care - A Code of Practice. This defines a

producer as:

the person who made the substance become waste e.g. by breaking or contaminating it

the person who decided that a substance was unwanted and thereforewaste

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For example, where construction work is taking place, the waste producer isthe person actually doing the work that produces the waste, not the personwho issued the contract or gave instructions for the work to be carried out.You can of course, specify within the contract how you want the waste to bemanaged e.g. reused or recycled.

METHODS

DISPOSAL METHOD

Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remainsa common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established inabandoned or unused quarries , mining voids or borrow pits . A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relativelyinexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-designedor poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmentalimpacts such as wind-blown litter , attraction of vermin , and generation of liquid leachate . Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostlycomposed of methane and carbon dioxide ), which is produced as organicwaste breaks down anaerobically . This gas can create odor problems, killsurface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas .

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to containleachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normallycompacted to increase its density and stability, and covered to preventattracting vermin (such as mice or rats ). Many landfills also have landfill gasextraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas . Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine togenerate electricity .

Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of wastematerial. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systemsare sometimes described as " thermal treatment ". Incinerators convert waste

materials into heat , gas , steam , and ash .

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a largescale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. Itis recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste ). Incineration is a controversial

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method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants .

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is morescarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills.Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam and/or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have

been concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organics suchas dioxins which may be created within the incinerator and which may haveserious environmental consequences in the area immediately around theincinerator. On the other hand this method produces heat that can be used asenergy.

RECYCLING METHOD

PVC , LDPE , PP, and PS (see resin identification code ) are also recyclable,although these are not as commonly collected. These items are usuallycomposed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy torecycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such ascomputers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additionaldismantling and separation required.

Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, foodscraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting anddigestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organicmaterial is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping

purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can becaptured and used for generating electricity. The intention of biological

processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.

There are a large variety of composting and digestion methods andtechnologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, toindustrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (seeMechanical biological treatment ). Methods of biological decomposition aredifferentiated as being aerobic or anaerobic methods, though hybrids of thetwo methods also exist.

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An example of waste management through composting is the Green Bin Program in Toronto , Canada, where household organic waste (such askitchen scraps and plant cuttings) are collected in a dedicated container andthen composted.

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by usingthem as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them intoanother type of fuel. Recycling through thermal treatment ranges from usingwaste as a fuel source for cooking or heating, to fuel for boilers to generatesteam and electricity in a turbine . Pyrolysis and gasification are two relatedforms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to hightemperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process typically occursin a sealed vessel under high pressure . Pyrolysis of solid waste converts thematerial into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt

to produce energy or refined into other products. The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon . Gasification andadvanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materialsdirectly into a synthetic gas ( syngas ) composed of carbon monoxide andhydrogen . The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam .

Avoidance and reduction methods

An important method of waste management is the prevention of wastematerial being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken itemsinstead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (suchas cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoidusing disposable products (such as disposable cutlery ), removing anyfood/liquid remains from cans, packaging, ... [2] and designing products thatuse less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans ).

Waste handling and transport

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Waste collection methods vary widely between different countries andregions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by localgovernment authorities, or by private industry. Some areas, especially thosein less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system.Examples of waste handling systems include:

In Australia, curbside collection is the method of disposal of waste.Every urban domestic household is provided with three bins: one for recyclables, another for general waste and another for gardenmaterials - this bin is provided by the municipality if requested. Also,many households have compost bins; but this is not provided by themunicipality. To encourage recycling, municipalities provide largerecycle bins, which are larger than general waste bins. Municipal,commercial and industrial, construction and demolition waste is

dumped at landfills and some is recycled. Household waste issegregated: recyclables sorted and made into new products, andgeneral waste is dumped in landfill areas. According to the ABS, therecycling rate is high and is 'increasing, with 99% of householdsreporting that they had recycled or reused some of their waste withinthe past year (2003 survey), up from 85% in 1992'. This suggests thatAustralians are in favour of reduced or no landfilling and therecycling of waste. Of the total waste produced in 200203, '30% of municipal waste, 44% of commercial and industrial waste and 57% of construction and demolition waste' was recycled. Energy is producedfrom waste as well: some landfill gas is captured for fuel or electricitygeneration. Households and industries are not charged for the volumeof waste they produce.

In Europe and a few other places around the world, a fewcommunities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac ,which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuumsystem.

In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common

method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclablesand/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people oftendispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Wastecollected is then transported to a regional landfill.

In Taipei the city government charges its households and industriesfor the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected

by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish

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bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste thecity produces and increased the recycling rate.

Technologies

Traditionally the waste Management industry has been slow to adopt newtechnologies such as RFID tags, GPS and integrated software packageswhich enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimationor manual data entry.

Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on presentation rates for curb-side pick-ups which is useful when

examining the usage of recycling bins or similar. Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering theefficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where thecollection is done on a consumer request basis.

Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for use in optimisation of operations for waste collection operations .

Waste management concepts

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There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-usedconcepts include

Waste hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce , reuse andrecycle , which classify waste management strategies according totheir desirability in terms of waste minimization . The waste hierarchyremains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. Theaim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical

benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

Extended producer responsibility

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughouttheir life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market priceof the product. Extended producer responsibility is meant to imposeaccountability over the entire lifecycle of products and packagingintroduced to the market. This means that firms which manufacture,import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the productsafter their useful life as well as during manufacture.

Polluter pays principle

The Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to wastemanagement, this generally refers to the requirement for a wastegenerator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

Education and awareness

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Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management isincreasingly important from a global perspective of resource management .The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned aboutthe unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution anddegradation , and the depletion of natural resources . Local, regional, andglobal air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes;destruction and depletion of forests, soil , and water ; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humansand thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its

biodiversity , the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations.Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration byestablishing environmental management and waste management programs,e.g. the waste management university project. University and vocational education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and

Chartered Institution of Wastes Management . Many supermarkets encouragecustomers to use their reverse vending machines to deposit used purchasedcontainers and receive a refund from the recycling fees. Brands thatmanufacture such machines include Tomra and Envipco .

Environmental impacts of waste management

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The environmental impacts of waste management are directly or indirectly relevant to a number of Swedens nationalenvironmental objectives, as indicated in the table. ReducedClimate Impact and A Non-Toxic Environment are the twoobjectives for which the achievement of an ecologicallysustainable waste management regime is of greatest relevance.Waste management also contributes to impacts under theobjectives Clean Air, Natural Acidification Only, A ProtectiveOzone Layer, and Zero Eutrophication.

IVL 2005. The study includes household waste and a large fraction of

industrial (non-manufacturing) waste. It excludes construction anddemolition waste. The figures under A Non-Toxic Environment excludeemissions from crematoria and from fires at landfill and intermediate storage

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sites.

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Where do emissions come from?

Handling waste means dealing with numerous substances that are harmful tohealth and the environment. Some are handled separately as hazardous

waste, others occur as pollutants in the non-hazardous waste stream. Some,such as dioxins, are formed as unintended by-products of waste incineration.

Hazardous substances are released in flue gases from incineration plants andin water leaching from landfills. They can enter the ecological cycle throughthe recycling of waste in which they are present in low concentrations. Theycan also be released by accident, by dumping at sea, and through other poor management practices.

Emissions of heavy metals and toxic organic pollutants from waste

management activities, primarily incineration, have fallen. The amount of dioxins released into the atmosphere from waste incinerators in 2004 was0.7 gram, down almost 99 percent since 1985. Of greater significance todayare dioxin emissions from industry, which in 2001 totalled 44 grams. Levelsof toxic pollutants in treated leachate from landfill sites are generally low.

The volume of greenhouse gas emissions due to waste managementactivities is small compared to those generated by energy use and transport.The latter sources account for 75 percent, agriculture for 13 percent andwaste management for just 3 percent of all Swedens greenhouse gasemissions.

Toxic pollutants will continue to enter the waste management system as products containing them continue to be manufactured and discarded, aswell as from the clean-up of contaminated sites. A large reservoir of themost common heavy metals still exists in products that have not yet beendiscarded as waste.

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CONCLUSION

STORE MANAGEMENT

From all our research and studies we have reached to the conclusion thatstore management is a responsibility of efficient store keeper for a safe andtechnically physical storage f all production material. In some companiesstore keeper is also responsible for finished goods storage. The store keeper must protect materials in the custody against pilferage, unauthorized usage,& unnecessary damage & deterioration.

Store system is the one in which all materials are physically stored in aclosed or controlled area. General practice is to maintain physical control bylocking storage. As a rule, no one other than store personnel is permitted inthe stores area. This system is designed to afford maximum physicalcheckup & to ensure tight accounting control of inventory material.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

In India there is a good awareness to recycle the waste. The NationalCommittee on Science & Technology (NCST) has taken up recycling projects. Waste collection has got a significant effort on a subsequentfunctional elements, public help, aesthetics and House Keeping & Publicattitude concerning the operation of system.

As a collection & transportation a major cost in waste treatment. That may be to 70 to 80%. Improving & stabilizing the collection techniques can helpthe efficiency it can yield good saving in the Waste ManagementProgramme.

store and weast management

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