Storage and the Electrity Grid of the Future

George CrabtreeDirector, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research

Argonne National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago

Midwest Energy Storage SummitUniversity of Minnesota

September 15, 2017

OutlineLi-ion Battery Trajectory

Storage and the GridChallenges

Webpagehttp://www.jcesr.org/

Further Reading

Review ArticleGeorge Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey

MRS Bulletin 40, 1067-1076 (Dec 2015)http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FMRS%2FMRS40_12%2FS0883769415002596a.pdf&code=932

4c4d620e316a0e051a6bcc1b17fc3

Polymer Intrinsic Microporous (PIM)

membrane

Redox Active Polymer Flow

Lithium-Sulfur electrolyte

The Energy Storage TrajectoryPersonal Electronics

Lithium-ion batteries enabled the personal electronics revolutionForever changed the way we interact with people and information

Transportation: $20K electric cars Diversity transportation fuelsReduce energy useLower operating costs Lower carbon emissions

Grid-scale electricity storageWidespread deployment of wind and solar

Enhance reliability, flexibility, resilienceUncouple instantaneous generation

from instantaneous demand

~ 2% of US energyPersonal electronics

28% of US energyTransportation

39% of US energyElectricity grid

Crabtree, Kocs, Trahey, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015)

Can Lithium-ion Batteries Conquer Transportation and the Grid?

Much higher safety, cost and performance targets than for

personal electronics

Recycling Li-ion batteries is crucial

Discontinuous improvements in cost and performance

may be needed

Li-ion

Li-ion

Lithium-ion Batteries

1991-2015

Gravim

etric Energy D

ensity (W.h/kg)

Cos

t (U

S$/

kW. h)

3000

2000

1000

0

300

200

100

0

Year

20151990 2000 2010

Ni-MHNi-Cd

Storage: Game Changer for the Electricity Grid

Storage breaks the historic constraint of instantaneously

balancing generation and demand

Storage time-shifts electricity generation and load

Enables new functionality, new operating paradigms, new business plans

Li-ion Battery Replaces Gas Peaker Plant Jan 2017

Aliso Canyon Mira Loma

Generation Transmission Distribution

Customer“behind the meter”

Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup

Replace Gas Peaker PlantsEnergy Market ArbitrageFrequency Regulation

Spinning/Non-spinning ReservesVoltage Support

Black Start

Peak Efficiency OperationCongestion Relief

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Demand ManagementManaging Two-Way

Current Flow

Time of UseDemand Charge

Demand ResponsePV Management

Virtual Power PlantsBack-up Power

Customized Micro-grid Services

The Storage Horizon

Utility

Diverse uses for storage may require diverse batteriesnot just Li-ion

High cost of storage – stack the benefitsMany stacking options – which are most compelling?

Need to analyze use cases

Little Consensus on the Value of Energy Storage

Time of Use Bill ManagementDemand Charge

Reduction

Backup Power

Increased PV Self-Consumption

Resource AdequacyDistribution Deferral

Energy Arbitrage

Transmission Congestion ReliefTransmission Deferral

Frequency RegulationSpin / Non-Spin Reserve

Voltage SupportBlack Start

100 200 300 400 500 900Service Value [$/kW-year]

Fitzgerald et al The Economics of Battery Energy Storage

Rocky Mountain Institute (2015)

Varies by state for cost of electricity and regulatory environmentStacking benefits essential but depends on use cases and interaction

The Importance of Location and Externalities Minimum cost technology by county including externalities and a low price on CO2

Source: UT Austin Energy Institute, New US Power costs by county with environmental externalities,

http://energy.utexas.edu/files/2016/09/UTAustin_FCe_LCOE_2016-A.pdf

tomorrow

Fully integrated storage, smart and distributed

resources

The grid of the future will not look like the grid of the past

smart

distributed

stor

age

today

Three Interacting Transitions: Storage + Smart + Distributed

Main grid + smart distributed solar, storage,

electric vehicle and neighborhood gridPersonalized electricity service

JCESR: Transform the Electricity Grid and Transportation with High Performance, Low Cost Energy Storage

TWO PROOF-OF-CONCEPT PROTOTYPES

Li-O2

OrganicRedox Flow

Air-Breathing Aqueous Sulfur

(from Dec 2015)

Multivalent Mg++

Li-Sulfur

MaterialsComponentsIntegration

Manufacturing

Collaboration

Library of

Fundamental Science

(to May 2014)

10

Techno-Economic Modeling

Materials Project

01010010101101100001010111000111

00011001010111011111000110101010

Electrochemical

Discovery Lab

Electrolyte Genome

End-to-end integration

Focus only on beyond Li-ion

Nitash Balsara, Alex Teran and Joe DeSimone (UNC)

Polysulfide-Blocking Microporous Polymer Membrane Tailored for Hybrid Li-Sulfur Flow Batteries, Li et al, Nano Lett. 15, 5724 (2015)

Inorganic-polymer hybrid for Li anode batteriesVillaluenga et al, PNAS 113, 52, (2015)

Li-S battery with novel polymer-inorganic solid

state electrolyte developed in JCESR

Brett Helms, Kenneth Boblak, Peter Frischmann, and Jon-Michael Alessandro

R&D100 Award 2016Best All-around Team

Bay Area I-Corps competition 2016

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) blocks

Li polysulfides and redox active organic oligomers

JCESR Spins Out Two Startups

May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure. 11

Moving JCESR Innovations to Commercialization

Internet of Things

Electricity Grid

Security

Economic and Job Growth

Global Competiveness

Manufacturing

Transportation

The Energy Storage EcosystemMoving science and technology to society

New Domestic and Export Markets

Further ReadingJonathan Walker and Charlie Johnson, Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services, Rocky Mountain Institute (2016) http://www.rmi.org/peak_car_ownership.Jeffery B. Greenblatt and Samveg Saxena, Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of US light-duty vehicles, Nature Climate Change 5, 860 (2015).Garrett Fitzgerald, James Mandel, Jesse Morris, Hervé Touati, The Economics of Battery Energy Storage, Rocky Mountain Institute (2016)George Crabtree, Elizabeth Kocs and Lynn Trahey, The Storage Frontier: Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond, MRS Bulletin 40, 1067 (2015).

Why Energy Storage May Be the Most Important Technology in the World Right NowForbes Apr 1, 2016

Frontiers of EnergyNature Energy Jan 11, 2016Ten experts, including JCESR’s George Crabtree, share their vision of coming energy challenges

Perspective: The Energy Storage RevolutionNature Oct 28, 2015

How next-generation storage can change the car and the grid

Lithium Batteries: To the Limits of Lithium

Nature Oct 28, 2015

Why We Need A Revolution in Energy StoragePBS Jan 5, 2016

Search for Super BatteryNOVA Feb 1, 2017https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPcLWF4hask