stop rules for worrying & checking: a metacognitive factor in perseverative psychopathologies
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Stop Rules for Worrying & Checking: A Metacognitive Factor in Perseverative Psychopathologies. Graham Davey University of Sussex, UK. Collaborators. Benie MacDonald Helen Startup Gary Britton Suzanne Dash Frances Meeten Fergal Jones. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Stop Rules for Worrying & Checking: A Metacognitive Factor in Perseverative PsychopathologiesGraham DaveyUniversity of Sussex, UK
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CollaboratorsBenie MacDonaldHelen StartupGary BrittonSuzanne DashFrances MeetenFergal Jones
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Introduction Perseveration is a defining element of many
psychopathologies Examples include worrying (GAD), checking (OCD),
rumination (in major depression) Perseverative activities are usually ‘neutralizing’ activities Linked to meta-cognitive and global beliefs about how to deal
with distressing emotions
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What are ‘stop rules’?• Relate to Task Motivation• Performance Focused OR
Task Focused• ‘Enough’ OR ‘Enjoy’• ‘As Many as Can’ (AMA) OR
‘Feel Like Continuing’ (FL)
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What do we know about stop rules? Often not easily verbalizable Can often be derived from dispositional characteristics or
meta-beliefs about emotional control strategies Stop rule type is linked to mood Stop rules interact with mood to determine perseveration at a
task (the ‘Mood-as-Input Hypothesis’, Davey, 2006, Startup & Davey, 2001).
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Stop Rule x Mood Interaction Effects Hawksley & Davey (2010) Depressive Rumination Task Participants asked to iterate what had made them feel
depressed during a recent episode of depression Both mood (positive v negative) and stop rule (AMA v FL)
were manipulated
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Hawksley & Davey (2010)
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Perseverative Worrying• Manipulating Stop Rule (Startup
& Davey, 2001)• Stop Rules & Responsibility
(Startup & Davey, 2003)• Stop Rule deployment in High &
Low Worriers (Davey et al., 2005)
• Do stop rules change during a worry bout? (Davey et al., 2007)
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The Catastrophizing Interview1. I’m worried about not being able to move2. That I would be attacked in some way3. That I would not be able to fight back4. That I would not be able to control what other people did to me5. That I would feel inadequate6. That other people would begin to think I was inadequate7. That in my relationship with those people I would not be respected8. That I would not have any influence over others9. That other people would not listen to me10. That it would cause a loss of self-esteem11. That this loss of self-esteem would have a negative effect on my relationships with others12. That I would lose friends13. That I would be alone14. That I would have no-one to talk to15. Because it would mean that I would not be able to share any thoughts/problems with other people16. That I would not get advice from others17. That none of my problems would be adequately sorted out18. That they would remain and get worse19. That eventually I would not be able to cope with them20. That eventually my problems would have more control over me than I had over them21. That they would prevent me from doing other things22. That I would be unable to meet new people and make friends23. That I would be lonely
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Manipulating Stop Rules in High & Low Worriers
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Characteristics leading to the deployment of AMA stop rules
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AMA – ‘Enough’ FL – ‘Enjoy’
Worry Stop Rule Check List
I must find a solution to this problem, so keep thinking about it.
I must try and think about the worst possible outcome, just in case it happens
I must think everything through properly
What’s done is done, so what’s the point in worrying?
I don’t have time to think about this now
Stop worrying, things always work out for the best.
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Davey, Startup, MacDonald, Jenkins & Patterson (2005)QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLE AMA FL
PSWQ Trait Worry .54*** -.15
PFQ Shame .39*** -.08
PFQ Guilt .27** .08
COWS Negative Cons .35*** -.08
COWS Positive Cons .49*** -.10
CAT INTERVIEW
Steps .43* .04
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What ends a worry bout? - Mood changes during worrying
AMA FL No Stop Rule
-4-202468
101214
Low WorrierHigh Worrier
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Changes in Stop Rule Endorsement
AMA FL0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Prior to TaskEnd of Task
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Perseverative Checking• Compulsive checkers deploy AMA
stop rules (Meyer, Fisher & Wells, 2009)
• Termination of rituals often based on subjective stop criteria
• Explanatory constructs such as ‘Inflated Responsibility’ interact with mood (MacDonald & Davey, 2005)
• It is the goal-directed nature of checking that causes perseveration, not its complexity
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MacDonald & Davey (2005)
Er r or Bar s show 95. 0% Cl of M ean
Bar s show M eans
1 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0
posi t i ve mood negati ve mood
0 .0 0
5 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
1 5 0 .0 0
2 0 0 .0 0
Black = High ResponsibilityWhite = Low Responsibility
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Stop Rule is not Independent of Mood• Negative mood facilitates
endorsement of AMA checking stop rules (Gary Britton)
• Negative mood facilitates endorsement of AMA worry stop rules (Suzanne Dash)
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Britton & Davey (2011)Mood & Checking Stop Rules
AMA FL0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Negative MoodPositive Mood
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Dash & Davey (2011)Mood & Worrying Stop Rules
AMA0
10
20
30
40
50
Negative Mood Neutral Mood Cognitive Priming
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Dash & Davey (2011)Systematic Processing & AMA deployment mediate effect of Negative Mood on Worry Scores
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Summary AMA Stop Rules + Negative Mood = Perseveration Perseveration is not a Dispositional Style Perseveration is a Performance Factor caused by a
configuration of stop rule and mood Deployment of AMA stop rules is facilitated by Negative
Mood
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Future Directions More Research on Stop Rules in Clinical Populations Characteristics of Clinical Populations Facilitate Mood-as-
Input Processes Mood-as-Input as a Mechanism for Acquisition of
Perseverative Activities Mood-as-Input as a Transdiagnostic Process Mood & Stop Rule Awareness Interventions