stop bollard safety road device
TRANSCRIPT
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Omni Stop Bollard Safety Road Device
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Table of Contents1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Steel ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Concrete ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.3 Wood ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Hazards ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Material ......................................................................................................................................... 7
3 Finite Element Modelling Methodology ............................................................................................... 8
4 Result .................................................................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Steel............................................................................................................................................. 12
4.1.1 Single element ..................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Sixteen elements ................................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Concrete ...................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1 Single element ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2 Sixteen elements ................................................................................................................. 13
4.3 Wood ........................................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.1 Single element ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2 Sixteen elements ................................................................................................................. 14
5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Single Element Stop Bollard ....................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Sixteen Elements Stops Ballard .................................................................................................. 15
6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 16
References: .................................................................................................................................................. 17
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Omni Stop Bollard Safety Road Device
1 Introduction
Safe road device are design about providing a road environment which ensures vehicle speeds will be
within the human tolerances for serious injury and death wherever conflict points exist. There many types
of safety road device such as barrier, corner barrier, crash barrier, bumper, omni stop bollard and more.
Furthermore, the highest possible degree of safety shall be ensured when transporting goods by road. It is
of vital importance to monitor and validate the road transportation safety, including comprehensive
checks on drivers, vehicles and safety processes.
The basic strategy of a safe system approach is to ensure that in the event of a crash, the impact
energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury. This threshold will
vary from crash scenario to crash scenario, depending upon the level of protection offered to the road
users involved. For example, the chances of survival for an unprotected pedestrian hit by a vehicle
diminish rapidly at speeds greater than 30 km/h, whereas for a properly restrained motor vehicle occupant
the critical impact speed is 50 km/h (for side impact crashes) and 70 km/h (for head-on crashes).
For our finite element method project we choose Omni Stop Bollard which is one type of road
safety device. The Omni Stop Bollard is a fully tested system capable of stopping a passenger car at 60
km/h from entering an area occupied by pedestrians or diners. At the point of impact of a vehicle, the
Omni Stop's energy absorbing cartridge which is at the base of the steel bollard absorbs the energy and
safely decelerated the vehicle at a level that is safe for the occupant.
Figure 1: Omni stop bollard
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1.1 Materials
In our project we selected material as our research to define a different material of road safety device. We
choose three materials to find the material different such as steel, concrete and wood. All these materialare suitable to make a road safety device.
1.1.1 Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon. Carbon is the primary alloying element, and its
content in the steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight. Too little carbon content leaves (pure) iron
quite soft, ductile, and weak.
Iron and steel are used widely in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure,
appliances, and buildings. Most large modern structures, such as stadiums and skyscrapers, bridges, and
airports, are supported by a steel skeleton. Even those with a concrete structure employ steel for
reinforcing. In addition, it sees widespread use in major appliances and cars. Despite growth in usage of
aluminum, it is still the main material for car bodies. Steel is used in a variety of other construction
materials, such as bolts, nails, and screws.
Other common applications include ship building, pipelines, mining, offshore construction,
aerospace, white goods (e.g. washing machines), heavy equipment such as bulldozers, office furniture,steel wool, tools, and amour in the form of personal vests or vehicle amour (better known as rolled
homogeneous amour in this role). Steel was the metal of choice for sculptor and a frequent choice for
sculpture by many other modern sculptors.
Figure 2: Cylinder steel
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1.1.2 Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded
in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles andglues them together. Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick /
block walls, pavements, bridges / overpasses, highways, runways, parking structures, dams, pools /
reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.
There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main
ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the finished
product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal
resistance properties.
Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load.
However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the
structure to fail. Reinforced concrete adds steel reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to
carry tensile loads.
Figure 3: Cylinder concrete
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1.1.3 Wood
Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It
has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material,a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which
resists compression.
Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined
more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in tree roots or in other plants such as
shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up
by them. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues. Wood
may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood,
or wood chips or fiber.
Figure 4: Trees trunk
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2 Literature Review
The vehicle restraint systems and roadside areas standard provide a general framework for the design and
standard of roads, and apply to all public roads. Safety measures can be divided into two approaches. Thefirst approach is to reduce the probability of a vehicle collision. This approach is the one most commonly
used and can be illustrated both historically and technically. The second approach is to reduce the severity
of the impact when the utility is struck by an errant vehicle. These two approaches may be considered
singly or in combination as dictated by the specific side condition. The purpose of safety barriers is
primarily to reduce as much as possible the extent of damage and injuries in case of incidents where
vehicles leave the road. Safety barriers are installed to:
1. Prevent driving off the road where there are high, steep embankments, deep ditches,water and other.
2. Prevent collisions between traffic in opposite directions3. Protect road users and other who are on or near the road against vehicles.4. Protect special installations near the road, example railway.5. Prevent damage to road structure which could give rise to very serious consequential
damage if impacted example bridges.
6. Prevent errant vehicles from falling down onto roads, railways or into rivers passingunder the road.
2.1 Definitions:
TERMS DEFINATIONS
Rigid safety barriers Safety barriers that do not suffer large permanent deformation on
impact. The impact energy is partly absorbed as deformation of the
vehicle and as friction between the vehicle and the safety barrier, and in
some cases by lifting the vehicle up in a controlled manner.
Safety Barrier A device that shall prevent vehicles from leaving the road.
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2.2 Hazards
Hazards may be divided into four main categories:
Fixed roadside obstaclesthat will pose a serious risk of injury or damage on impact. This maybe roadside obstacles that are part of the roads construction (protruding culverts, abutments and
piers), roadside furniture (lighting and sign posts), and element in the terrain outside the body of
the road or other structures.
Dangerous side slopes that have a form that will overturn or abruptly stop a vehicle if it drivesoff the road.
Other road users, for example pedestrians and cyclists or motorists travelling in the oppositedirection who will be exposed to serious risk of injury or damage if a vehicle drives off the road.
Special installations in the roadside area, such as parallel and crossing railway or metro tracks,fuel tanks, water reservoirs and other. That, in the case of a vehicle driving off the road, may
result in secondary accidents with very serious and extensive consequential injury and damage.
Safety barriers shall be used at precipices, embankments, bridges, retaining walls and others. If their
height exceeds the minimum values.
Fig 2.3: This movement will occur if there are no safety devices.
Fig 2.4: example application of roadside safety devices.
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2.3 Material:
In our project we used making Road and bridge safety barriers must be delivered in material quality they
have been tested for. It is not permitted to use material of a higher or lower quality than that used in thefull scale test or simulation. Standard safety barriers, reference is made to the barrier guide.
Steel Concrete Wood
Material Description of material.
Steel
Iron and steel are used widely in the construction of roads, railways, and other
infrastructure. Steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon Too little
carbon content leaves (pure) iron quite soft, ductile, and weak.
E = 200e9
v= 0.3
Concrete Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material. Concrete
is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load.
E = 17e9
v= 0.2
Wood Wood material used in safety barriers shall comply with the requirement set by themanufacturer. It must be impregnated and possible treated so that the prescribe
lifespan is achieved.
E = 13e9
v= 0.07
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3 Finite Element Modelling Methodology
For project analysis, we use software LISA 7.7.0 to compare the difference material for these safety road
devices. As we mention before, this project consists of three types of materials. Each material has theirrespective Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio value which is:
Table 3.1: Young Modulus and poison ratio for each material
Material Youngs Modulus (GPa) Poissons Ratio
Steel 200 0.3
Concrete 17 0.2
Wood 13 0.07
For safety road device, we consider all shape is cylindrical. So, all this analysis for this three
difference materials will using 3-D dimensions. By using LISA 7.7.0 software, this cylindrical shape can
be formed at Circular bar. To see which material are more resistant when get impact, we use same
diameter for all materials which is 0.15 m.
Figure 3.1: Cylindrical Shape
Set coordinate for Node 1 and Node 2. Node 1 with coordinate (0, 0, 0), and Node 2 with
coordinate (0, 1.45, 0).
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Figure 3.2: Coordinate Node 1 and Node 2
Add Element for Node 1 and Node 2 to make a circular bar as a cylindrical shape.
Figure 3.3: Toggle Hidden Line and Toggle Wireframe
Select Node 1 and fixed to the floor. Constraints the Node 1 by add displx, disply and displz with
0. After that, add Node 1 and 2 with force. Add forcex with 500 X 103N.
Figure 3.4: Element 1 with constraint and loads
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Solve the analysis to get the result for single element for three difference materials which is Steel,
Concrete and Wood. The figure below show the result for Steel after solving the analysis.
Figure 3.5: Result for 1 element (example: Steel)
After finish analysis for a single element, we use Refine to divide the cylindrical segment from
one element to more elements. So, we refine Element 1 by 4 times to get much Node and Element.
Constraints the Node 1 by add displx, disply and displz with 0. After that, add all Node with force. Add
forcex with 500 X 103 N.
Figure 3.6: Element 1 after refine with constraint and loads
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Figure 3.7: Result for refine element (example: Steel)
After finish the analysis using steel material for single element and refine element, repeat the
same step to analysis the impact to the safety road devices by using other two materials which is concrete
and wood. Change the Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio value.
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4 Result4.1 SteelResult for steel with Youngs Modulus of 200GPa and Poisson ratio of 0.3.
4.1.1 Single element
For a steel single element, the highest displacement magnitude was 9.633E+13which occur at node 2.
4.1.2 Sixteen elements
For a steel sixteen elements, the highest displacement magnitude was 9.71E+13which occur at node 2.
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4.2 ConcreteResult for concrete with Youngs Modulus of 17GPa and poison Ratio of 0.2.
4.2.1 Single element
For a concrete single element, the highest displacement magnitude was 3.96E+15 which occur at node 2.
4.2.2 Sixteen elements
For a concrete sixteen elements, the highest displacement magnitude was 6.57E+15 which occur at node
2.
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4.3 WoodResult for wood with Youngs Modulus of13GPa and Poisson ratio of 0.07.
4.3.1 Single element
For a wood single element, the highest displacement magnitude was 3.23E+15 which occur at node 2.
4.3.2 Sixteen elements
For a woodsixteen elements, the highest displacement magnitude was 3.32E+15 which occur at node 2.
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5 Discussion
All of three examples of stop bollards have been simulated in LISA to produce the significant result to
compare for. Each of the material of stop bollard have been subjected to similar force and been constraintat the similar point with dimension for all three stop bollard. As a result, all three bollards presented a
significant deformation magnitude value. Concretes bollard was the one with the highest displacement
magnitude followed by wood and steel.
5.1 Single Element Stop Bollard
In the single element stop bollard, the displacement magnitude between the concrete and wood was
actually not so significant. The concrete was the worse with 3.96E+15 while the wood was 3.23+15. The
best stop bollard with least displacement is steel with 9.62E+13. Steel does not displace as much as the
other two materials mainly because of its mechanical properties. Among three of those material, steel was
the only one that pose a ductile criteria and have the highest value of Youngs Modulus. Young Modulus
is the resistance of material to deform under the given load. While both concrete and wood pose the
lowest Young Modulus, it tends to deform easily. Another factor that drive the value for displacement in
this study was the number of element that been study under the given structure. As for single element in
the single structure, the load cannot distribute evenly to the whole big structure of single element. Thus
the result would be a bit higher that refine structure.
5.2 Sixteen Elements Stops Ballard
For the refine structure with the sixteen elements in single structure, the value of displacement magnitude
was proved to be lower than the single element structure. For steel, the highest magnitude displacement
value was 9.71E+10 compare to 9.62+13 in single element structure. For the concrete, the value of
magnitude displacement was significantly decreased with 6.57E+12 compare to3.96E+15. While the
wood also shows the exact pattern with 3.32E+12 compare to 3.23+15. From the structure itself, the
number of element in one structure body play an important role to add the density of structure. With large
number of element, the load can evenly distribute along the structure.
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6 Conclusion
As a conclusion for this study, the steel stop bollard produces the lowest displacement magnitude under
the given load. As a safety road device, steel stop bollard have the right criteria which is less deform
under the force. Another important thing that needs to conclude is the more the element in the structuralbody, the precise the result will be. This is because, with large number element under the studys structure
body will produce the greater resolution if it body. At the same time, the density of structure also
increases. As for comparison, the structure with single element wills only focuses on both end of the
structure as the structure was its only element. While in the structure with two elements or more, the focus
point now will evenly distribute to each of element in the structure, thus the focus point will not be bias
only at both end like in single element. That why in the multiple elements structure, the result value seems
to be smaller compare to single element structure.
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References:
1. StatensVegvesen,( 2011), Vehicle Restraint System, Norwegian Public Roads AdministrationManual.
2. Liu, Y. and Glass, G.(2013), "Effects of Mesh Density on Finite Element Analysis," SAE TechnicalPaper 2013-01-1375, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1375.
3. RuiTuo, C. F. JeffWu, and Dan Yu. (2012), Modeling of Computer Experiments withDifferent MeshDensities.
4. The Engineering Toolbox, Impact Force. Reached on 18/12/2013 athttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/impact-force-d_1780.html
5. Omni stop bollardshttp://www.saferoads.com.au/products-services/crash-cushions/omni-stop-bollards
6. Barrier guard with fencehttp://www.highwaycare.co.uk/product_info/60/barrierguard-with-fence
7. Steel material propertieshttp://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_material_properties
8. Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel
9. Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete
10.Cements and concrete basicshttp://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_concretebasics.asp
11.Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood