stones ppt

7/14/2019 stones ppt

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Materials &

Construction I


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STONES


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All the Engineering Structures are made from

some materials.

These materials are know as Engineering materials;

Building materials or Materials of Construction .

No material, existing in the universe is useless.

Every material has its own field of application

Stone


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An engineer has to be conversant with the properties of

most of them .

Stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are

some commonly used materials.

In order to carry out safe constructions , some

standards for the materials to be used are fixed

Stone


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stone :

Rock is the term used to

name a solid portion of the

earth's crust.

It has no definite shape and

chemical composition .

It is generally very big in site .

The rocks have one or more

than one minerals .

Rock and stone


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stone :

Rock and stone


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stone :

Stone : The stone is always

obtained from rock, The

rock quarried from quarries

is called stone .

Quarried stone may be inform of stone blocks, Stone

aggregate , stone slabs, stone

lintels , Stone flags ,etc .

Rock and stone


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stone :

Rock and stone


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STONES:

The stones which are suitable for theconstruction of the structures such asretaining walls, abutments, dams,

barrages, roads etc are known asbuilding stones. Building stones shouldpossess enough strength and durability.Stones have been considered as one of

the popular building material from theolden days due to their availability inabundance from the natural rocks.


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THE GEOLOGICAL CYCLE :

ROCK FORMATION


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CLASSIFICATION OF

ROCKS


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GEOLOGICAL

CLASSIFICATION


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IGNEOUS ROCKS


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TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS


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EXAMPLES OF IGNEOUS

ROCKS


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OTHER EXAMPLES OF

PLUTONIC ROCKS


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EXAMPLES OF VOLCANIC

ROCKS


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OTHER EXAMPLES OF

VOLCANIC ROCKS


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EXAMPLE OF HYPABASSAL

ROCKS


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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the depositionof products of weathering on the pre-existing

rocks.

All the products of weathering are carried awayfrom their place of origin by the agents like:

frost, rain, wind, flowing water, etc..,


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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks is classified into

four types based on the type of

deposit occurs:

RESIDUAL DEPOSIT

CHEMICAL DEPOSITORGANIC DEPOSIT

SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT


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Some portion of

the products of

weathering remains

at the site of origin

RESIDUAL DEPOSITS


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Some materials that is

carried away in solutionmay be deposited by

some physio-chemical

processes such as

evaporation, precipitation,

etc..,

CHEMICAL DEPOSITS


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ORGANIC DEPOSITS

Some portion of

the product ofweathering gets

deposited through

the agency oforganisms.


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SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS

The insoluble products of weathering arecarried away in suspension and when such

products are deposited they give rise to the

Sedimentary deposits


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS

These rocks are formed by the change in character of the pre-

existing rocks.

The igneous & sedimentary rocks are changed in character when

they are subject to great heat and pressure.

The process of change is known as the metamorphism.


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC

ROCKS

Following four types of metamorphism occur with various

combination of heat, uniform pressure and directed

pressure

THERMAL METAMORPHISM

CATACLASTIC METAMORPHISMDYNAMO-THERMAL METAMORPHISM

PLUTONIC METAMORPHISM


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PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION


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EXAMPLES


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CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION


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It is used in foundations of buildings

It is used in construction of dams, etcIn its crushed (powdered form) it is used as artificial sand

It is used as raw material for manufacturing of cement

In its broken form it is used as material for construction of road and

railway tracks

It is used as decorative material in buildingsIt is also used as parts of buildings such as lintels and arches, etc

It is also used as thin slabs for building roofing

It is also used for ornamental works in buildings

In its broken form it is used in the manufacture of concrete

USES OF STONES


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Stone

Natural bed of stone

The plane along which

stones can be easily split is

known as natural bed ofstone

In stone masonry work , the

stone should be used in

such away that the direction

of applied load is

perpendicular to the natural

bed of the stone .

Walls


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Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

B

Cornice

Arch


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-In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks

should be same in which they were originally deposited .This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in

the walls .

-In the case of arches , the bedding plane should be radialand at right angles to the face of the arch .

-In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical .

Stone

stones ppt

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fixedstone7142019 stones

stones shouldpossess

asbuilding stones

quarried stone

stone slabs

stone flags

stone blocks

used materials