stoics in the city: resisting the system
TRANSCRIPT
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
gbadgmi tfiris mn enumtry-
stnges gm tfi egtytfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;
no lgmds am` lgmd"prgists# stnges# mnba`s am` barnnms;no pncgtges# egvge cgoi am` tfi egty# tfi systib no saergogei#
snvirigdmty# nwmirsfgp am` `gspnssissgnm-
abba hgradnensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus#
am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd-
as ahnvi sn gt gs hicnw
cgli lgmdsfgp# tfi egty was (cnwiri`
`nwm ornb fiavim am` eut tn a fiavimcy pattirm(
Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgc`iri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-
(@n ynu lmnw wfn ba`i ynu>(
(Mnhn`y# as G lmnws nm#( sag` tfi efgc`# wgtf a sfnrt caudf-
Pfi g`ia appiari` tn abusi fir enmsg`irahcy< onr fir iyis twgmlci`#
am` sfi a``i`# (G spiet G drnw$`- @nm$t tfgml mnhn`y mivir ba`i bi-(
Cgoi abnmd tfi cnwcy# Farrgit Hiiefir Utnwi-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
(Pfi wnrc` gs as gt wiri tfi enbbnm fnbi
no tfi dn`s am` fubams# tfi egty tfat hicnmds tn hntf-(
Tfat gs nrgdgmaccy Driil gs
tfi enmeipt no pncgtgeac orii`nb-
Orii`nb gs mivir ahnut purgty " itfmge nr ntfirwgsi "
hut ahnut enmtaets# enmtabgmatgnms# am` hnr`ir ernssgmds-
Pfi fgstnry no orii`nb gs wfat Amtfnmy Lwabi Appgaf eaccs tfi easi onr enmtabgmatgnm- Orii`nb gs mivir
ahnut purgtyitfmge nr ntfirwgsihut ahnut enmtaets# enmtabgmatgnms# am` hnr`ir ernssgmds- Am` sn gs wfat G
wnuc` eacc oasegmatgmd umorii`nb# wfgef talis `gooirimt sfapis hut sfaris am irns no pnwir am` paramngeamtgbn`irm nr pnst"pnstbn`irm g`incndy-
Ciwgs Bubonr`-
Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi BaefgmiGm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw `igtgis#
am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfi
pitty `ibneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; aenbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a `uty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi
riprisimtgmd tfi ensbns gtsico-
Pfi egty# tfim# as gt ibirdi` ornb bnri prgbgtgvi urham onrbs# was mnt kust a cardir fiap no hugc`gmds am` puhcge
ways# no barlits am` wnrlsfnps; gt was prgbargcy a sybhncge riprisimtatgnm no tfi umgvirsi gtsico-
Gm riturm# iviry bibhir no tfi enbbumgty was nhcgdi` tn pironrb saergogeis am` tn `ivnti at ciast part no tfi
yiar tn cahnrgmd onr tfi egty$s dn`- Hy suhstgtutgmd enmsergptgnm am` enbbumgsb onr tfi catir gmstgtutgnms no tfi
barlit# wadi cahnr# prgvati prnpirty# am` bnmiy#
Ciwgs Bubonr`- Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi Baefgmi
Utatis am` dnvirmbimts wiri prgbargcy gmstgtuti` wgtf a vgiw tn tfi prisirvatgnm no prgvati prnpirty- Onr actfnudf gt
was um`ir Maturis dug`amei tfat fubam higmds ecustiri` tnditfir# tfiy snudft tfi prntietgnm no egtgis wgtf tfi fnpi
no prisirvgmd tfigr prnpirty- Pfi enmtimt no tfgs passadi gs Egeirns pnstucati tfat tfi ogrst `uty no dnvirmbimt gs tnsii tfat iaef gm`gvg`uac sfacc favi wfat hicnmds tn fgb am` suooir mn cnss no prnpirty at tfi fam` no tfi stati-
Egeirns tfnudft firi enrrispnm`s strglgmdcy wgtf Cneli# wfn wrgtis; Pfi driat am` efgio im` no Bims umgtgmd gmtnEnbbnmwiactfs# am` puttgmd tfibsicvis um`ir Dnvirmbimt# gs tfi Zrisirvatgnm no tfigr Zrnpirty- &Pfgs
enrrispnm`imei gs far`cy engmeg`imtac# hieausi Cneli bust favi hiim oabgcgar wgtf Puccys Noogeis-' Egeirns
cgmladi no dnn` dnvirmbimt tn prntietgnm no pinpcis prnpirty gs a enmstamt tfibi gm tfgs wnrl# as gt gs icsiwfiri gmfgs Trgtgmds- Hut wfat fas gt tn `n wgtf Utngegsb>
Utnge pfgcnsnpfirs nm pirsnms# prnpirty"nwmirsfgp am` enbbumgty
A- A- Cnmd Argstntci am` aotir
Pfi fubam maturi noorii`nb am` g`imtgty-@nudcas T- LbgieDnvirmbimt gs# gm`ii`# fgdfcy mieissary - - - tn a oaccim stati- Fa` bam enmtgmui` gmmneimt# snegity# wgtfnut tfi ag`s
no dnvirmbimt# wnuc` favi sfi` gts himgdm gmocuimei ivim nvir tfi hnwirs no Zara`gsi-
Pfi Onum`irs hicgivi` bam fa` mnt enmtgmui` gmmneimt am` sn sfapi` Abirgeam dnvirmbimt tn biit fgssfnrtenbgmds-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Gmtrn`uegmd @angsb- Ensbns# Dn`s# am` Dnvirmamei- Cgvga LnfmEriatgmd nr`ir gm tfi umgvirsi aeenr`gmdcy biamt batefgmd tfi ensbge pfasis am` paegoygmd tfi vargnus dn`s am`
`ibnms# acgdmgmd sico am` snegity gm a cardir enmtixt tfat gmecu`i` ivirytfgmd ornb tfi stars tfrnudf tfi dn`s tn tfi
cnwcy eriaturis no Iartf- Pfi vgsgnm no uctgbati farbnmy# tfim# was `iserghi` gm tirbs no Driat Ziaei# a stati no
enbpciti npimmiss am` pirvasgnm no acc-
as ahnvi sn gt gs hicnw
Cgli lgmdsfgp# tfi egty was (cnwiri`
`nwm ornb fiavim am` eut tn a fiavimcy pattirm(
Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgc`iri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-
(@n ynu lmnw wfn ba`i ynu>(
(Mnhn`y# as G lmnws nm#( sag` tfi efgc`# wgtf a sfnrt caudf-
Pfi g`ia appiari` tn abusi fir enmsg`irahcy< onr fir iyis twgmlci`#
am` sfi a``i`# (G spiet G drnw$`- @nm$t tfgml mnhn`y mivir ba`i bi-(
Cgoi abnmd tfi cnwcy# Farrgit Hiiefir Utnwi-
Qugcnbhns- Tfiri Ucavis Xuci`
Hut as gm cam`cissmiss acnmi risg`is tfi fgdfist trutf# sfnriciss#gm`iogmgti as Dn` " sn hittir gs gt tn pirgsf gm tfat fnwcgmd gmogmgti#
tfam hi gmdcnrgnuscy `asfi` upnm tfi cii# ivim go tfat wiri saoity!
Bnhy @gel hy Firbam Bicvgcci
Iseapi` scavis gm Hrazgc eriati` tfnusam`s no fg``im snegitgis#
nr qugcnbhns# gm tfi fiart no tfi enumtry-
Efarcis E- Bamm am` Uusamma Fieft
Gbadgmi ocygmd# gbpnssghcy# nvir tfi Iartf gm tfi 14tf eimtury urgmd tfi tgbi `iserghi` gm Abirgeam fgstnry
hnnls as tfi encnmgac pirgn`# wfim Iurnpiams swarbi` gmtn tfi Miw Tnrc` tn `nbgmati am acbnst ibpty
wgc`irmiss- Gmstia`# ynu wnuc` sii tims no bgccgnms no matgvi pinpci acria`y cgvgmd gm tfi Abirgeas# kngmi` hy am
ixtranr`gmary ocnw mnt no Iurnpiam encnmgsts hut no Aorgeam scavis- Yp umtgc tfi iarcy 17tf eimtury# acbnst onur
tgbis as bamy Aorgeams as Iurnpiams eabi tn tfi Abirgeas- Cnnlgmd `nwm ornb ahnvi# ynu wnuc`mt lmnw tfat tfitgmy mubhirs no Iurnpiams wiri suppnsi` tn hi tfi stars no tfi stnry- Xatfir# ynur attimtgnm wnuc` oneus nm tfi twn
baknrgty pnpucatgnms; Aorgeams am` Gm`gams-
Wnu` favi a cnt tn watef- Hy tfi tims no tfnusam`s# Aorgeam scavis iseapi` tfi farsf enm`gtgnms no tfi Iurnpiam
pcamtatgnms am` bgmgmd npiratgnms am` fia`i` onr tfi gmtirgnr# gmtn cam`s enmtrncci` hy Gm`gams- Yp am` `nwm tfiAbirgeas# ix"scavis am` gm`gdimnus pinpcis oasfgnmi` fyhrg` sittcibimts lmnwm as barnnm enbbumgtgis# aotir tfi
Upamgsf egbarrm# nr rumaway-
Cardicy enm`ueti` nut no sgdft no Iurnpiams# tfi enbpcix gmtirpcay hitwiim hcael am` ri` gs a fg``im `raba tfat
fgstnrgams am` arefaincndgsts favi nmcy rieimtcy hidum tn umravic- Mnwfiri gs tfi prisimei no tfgs cnst efaptir bnri
gm ivg`imei tfam gm Hrazgc# wfiri tfnusam`s no barnnm enbbumgtgis ari ibirdgmd ornb tfi sfa`nws# riaoogrbgmd
tfigr bgxi` eucturi am` prissgmd onr cidac tgtci tn tfi cam` tfiy favi neeupgi` sgmei tfi ira no scaviry- Pfi stalis ari
fgdf; Miw caws ari dgvgmd Hrazgcs barnnm enbbumgtgis# eacci` qugcnbhns &tfi wnr` onr sittcibimt gm tfi
Amdncam camduadi no Lgbhum`u'# a liy rnci gm `itirbgmgmd tfi outuri no tfi driat Abaznm onrist-
Pfi onum`ir no tfgs barnnm matgnm was sag` tn hi Aquactumi# am Amdncam prgmeiss am` dimirac imscavi` gm a
Enmdncisi war gm ahnut 1?:9- Unnm aotir arrgvgmd gm Hrazgc# tfi pridmamt Aquactumi iseapi` wgtf snbi no fir
snc`girs am` oci` tn tfi Uirra `a Harrgda# a sirgis no ahrupt hasactge ixtrusgnms tfat `nbgmati tfi enastac pcagm cgli a
cgmi no wateftnwirs- Nm nmi fgdf erist was a pnnc no watir sfictiri` hy triis# wgtf am gm`gdimnus enbbumgty cgvgmd
arnum` gt- Firi# aeenr`gmd tn cidim`# Aquactumi hugct Zacbaris-
stnges gm tfi egty
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
tfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;
ensbnpncgtams# risgstgmd tfi systib- tfi miw amarefgsts-
Gm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw `igtgis#
am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfi
pitty `ibneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; aenbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a `uty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi
riprisimtgmd tfi ensbns gtsico-
Ytnpga# tfi Egtyam` tfi BaefgmiC Bubonr`
tfi arefitypi no saergogei am` tfi sub no fubam ixpirgimei ribagm gm
tfi enccietgvi umenmsegnus tn ibirdi adagm at amy tgbi- Pfi efaccimdi onr gm`gvg`uac egtgzims
gm a dcnhac snegity gs tn fnc` tfi sivirac virsgnms no saergogei tfat bay hi npiratgmd sgbuctaminuscy
wgtfgm eurrimt ivimts nr as eucturis ecasf-
Bartfa Hcali- Zsyefntfirapgst am` Kumdgam Amacyst-Pfgs ivnlis a enmeiptgnm no snvirigdmty mnt biricy as a
stati no ixeiptgnm tn tfi mnrbac nr`ir# hut acsn as a eriatgvi# onum`atgnmac onrei# a enmstgtuimt pnwir-5( Uaergogei gm
ricatgnms wgtf pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis bgdft hi siim as nm a enmtgmuub wgtf ntfir onrbs no nooirgmd cgli ogrst orugts#
taxis# am` trghuti- 51 Pfisi ari acc dgvim (up( tn tfi pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis am` mnm"fubam pnwirs- Pfgs `gbimsgnm nosaergogei suddists a cgml tn tra`gtgnms no dnvirmbimtac snvirigdmty"gm wfgef tfi stati gs am acgim imtgty# mnt `irgvatgvi
no (tfi Zinpci-( Hut gt acsn riaoogrbs tfat saergogei enbpnsis part no tfi snvirigdm$s `ipim`imei nm tfi cneac pinpci-
Nutsnuregmd Uaergogei; Pfi Cahnr no Zrgvati Bgcgtary Enmtraetnrs
B Paussgd"Xuhhn
Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei was enmsg`iri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`
hienbi bnri enbpcix am` snpfgstgeati`- Onr ixabpci# tfi praetgei no saergogegmd tfi ic`ist snm was a sacgimt oiaturi
no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Ku`agsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`
hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis `ivicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr
imvgrnmbimts-
Tfat tfim gs a dn`> Dn`s fa` supirfubam strimdtf am` supirmaturac pnwirs#
`gmi` nm mietar am` abhrnsga# wiri gbbnrtac# fa` gefnr gm tfigr vigms
(Gt siibs tn bi tfat go tfi wnrc` gs tn efamdi onr tfi hittir gt bust start wgtf a efamdi gm fubam enmsegnusmiss# gm
tfi viry fubammiss no bn`irm bam-( G`imtgogeatgnm wgtf a matgnmac (gbadgmi` enbbumgty( gs a enbpcix# bamy"
sg`i` enmstruetgnm- Gt taps partgeucargsb am` umgvirsacgsb- Gm`ii`# nmi bgdft ardui gt riqugris suef# higmd enbpnsi`
no mnrbatgvicy vgtac aspiets no hntf itfmgegty am` umgvirsac vacuis# nrdamge gmtidratgnm am` vncumtargsb- Fubam
higmds riqugri enmeriti rioirimei drnups gm nr`ir tn attagm gm`gvg`uacgty am` g`imtgty hut tnn enbpciti gbbirsgnm gm
suef drnups cgbgts tfi hnum`argis no g`imtgty am` no g`imtgogeatgnm tn ogxi` oabgcgac# trghac# nr tirrgtnrgac cgmis-
Unvirigdmty# G`imtgty# Uaergogei
Kiam Hitfli Icsftagm
Pfi Ernss am` tfi Hiddgmd Hnwc; @ienmstruetgmd tfi Ensbncndy no _gncimei
Kabis C- Ori`irgelsDgrar` cnnls nm bytfs as grribi`gahcy g`incndgeac- Unegitgis usi tfigr saeri` marratgvis tn cidgtgbati tfi status qun-
Pfi bytfs assnegati` wgtf saergogegac rgtuacs sirvi mnt nmcy tn kustgoy vgncimei adagmst tfi seapidnat# hut acsn as
bystgogeatgnms tfat nhseuri tfi onum`atgnms no snegac fgirarefgis gm vgncimei- Pfus# hy istahcgsfgmd am` bagmtagmgmd
snegac nr`ir gm tfi ri`grietgmd no vgncimei# bytfncndgis acsn enmstruet wfat bgdft hi eacci` a (ensbncndy no
vgncimei( &tfi pfrasi gs mnt Dgrar`$s' gm wfgef saeri` marratgvi# snegac strueturi# am` saergogegac systibs ari
gmtgbaticy ricati` tn tfi pfimnbimnm no seapidnatgmd-
Bn`irm ensbnpncgtamgsb# wgtf gts haeldrnum` no batirgaccy"hasi` fubam orii`nb#
bust accnw onr fubams tn hi wfativir tfiy wgsf tn hi# am` tfim `iac wgtf tfi oaet tfat batirgac
egreubstameis eurtagc tfat orii`nb# pnssghcy ricidatgmd snbi tn a status no higmd
ciss"tfam"fubam# hieausi no a cael no orii`nb-
Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb@nud Ac"Bagmg
Earc Civy- Amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Ensbnpncgtamgsb eam hi orii` ornb tfi `uhgnus knys no gbpirgac sfnel am` awi am`
riturmi` rgdftouccy tn utnpga# ivim orii` ornb bn`irm"`ay ensbnpncgtgeac Orii Pfgmlirs#
ornb gts enmtibpnrary efabpgnms# wfn favi turmi` gmtn a ratfir ucc gmstgtutgnmac hcuiprgmt
Earc Civy- Amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb
tfi ensbnpncgtamgsb no @gndimis no Ugmnpg# tfi amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb fnbiciss am` egty"ciss
pfgcnsnpfir &am apt ixibpcar# gm nur bn`irm ira# no tfi cgbgmac# hnr`ir"ernssir' wfn tnc` tfi vgsgtgmd Acixam`ir tn
bnvi# as fi was hcnelgmd tfi sum nr gm [imns Xipuhcge# a triatgsi wrgttim hy a bitge# am nuteast# a Eyprgnti no
Zfnimgegam nr Uibgtge haeldrnum`# wfnsi egty gm tfi sly imvicnpi` tfi imtgri wnrc`# mnt tfi hnum`i` pncgs# am``g` away wgtf caws am` enbpucsgnm# wgtf tibpcis# enurt fnusis am` dybmasga# am` wfgef fas onum` a miw gtiratgnm
gm tfi `gsenursis am` praetgeis no pnst"amarefgst ensbnpncgtamgsb gm tfi iarcy 81st eimtury-47 Ensbnpncgtamgsb eam
hi orii` ornb tfi `uhgnus knys no gbpirgac sfnel am` awi am` riturmi` rgdftouccy tn utnpga# ivim orii` ornb bn`irm"
`ay ensbnpncgtgeac Orii Pfgmlirs# ornb gts enmtibpnrary efabpgnms# wfn favi turmi` gmtn a ratfir `ucc
gmstgtutgnmac hcuiprgmt-6: Am` gm [imns gmkumetgnm tn bali ynur nwm egty# wgtf ynur nwm orgim`s# mnw# wfirivir
ynu fappim tn cgvi#61 wi sii am iarcy amtgegpatgnm no Cam`auirs ixgstimtgac enbbumgtargam amarefgsb-
Earc Civy- Amarefgsb am` ensbnpncgtamgsb
Earncym Barvgm- @avg` Gmdci- Tfgef Dn` gs gt>Nur dn` " nur matgnm " bust hi gmixprissghci# umsayahci# umlmnwahci# hiynm` camduadi-
Hut tfgs dn` bay mnt hi riousi` wfim gt eaccs onr saergogei- Tfim tfi dn` enbbam`s gt# wi bust
pironrb tfi rgtuac saergogei " war " tfat sustagms tfi drnup-
Fubam saergogei at Pimneftgtcam- Knfm B- cmdfabPfi enbbumgty am` tfi ensbns gtsico `ipim`i` upnm tfi assgbgcatgnm no tfi wial hy tfi strnmd-
Dn`s am` mnhcis acgli enmsubi` tfi cahnr# prn`uetgnm# am` ivim tfi hn`gis no tfi enbbnm pinpci- Uaergogei tn tfi
dn`s was a bitapfnr onr trghuti tn tfi stati# am` tfi amtfrnpnpfadge biac sybhncgzi` tfi tgis hitwiim dn`s am`
mnhcis# tfi icgti enri no tfi enbbumgty- Pfi saergogei no scavis am` war eaptgvis imsuri`
tfi snegac prn`uetgnm am` riprn`uetgnm no gmtirmac am` ixtirmac ricatgnms no `nbgmatgnm-
Gm tfisi rispiets# Aztie snegity am` eucturi wiri mnt actnditfir umgqui- Ecassge amtfrnpncndgeac bnmndrapfs nm
saergogei sfnw tfat trghuti tn am` enbbumgnm wgtf tfi dn`s am` tfi rgtuac scaygmd no a pirsnm nr amgbac assnegati`
wgtf tfi enrm spgrgt ari rieurrimt tfibis gm tfi ricgdgnms no iarcy egvgcgzatgnms-
Itfmndrapfge ixabpcis bgdft ivim hi a``uei` tn suddist tfat fubam saergogei am` eammghacgsb wiri praetgei` gm
efgio`nbs am` iarcy statis wgtf snbi riducargty- Mnmitficiss# tfi seaci no Aztie saergogei was eirtagmcy umusuac-
G favi suddisti` tfat a enbhgmatgnm no urham drnwtf am` `gbgmgsfgmd ienmnbge riturms tn gbpirgac ixpamsgnm was a
prgbary gbpitus onr tfgs pfimnbimnm-
Fubam saergogei at Pimneftgtcam- Knfm B- cmdfab
Fnw eruic ari tfi pcamits
tfat stay tfiri am` enmspgri ivgc gm tfigr radi
- - - tfi pcamits enmspgri gm radi adagmst us-
A Bam`aiam tixt-
Uaergogei am` Uaerabamt- I N KabisUaergogei gmvncvis tfi `istruetgnm no a vgetgb onr tfi purpnsi no bagmtagmgmd nr ristnrgmd a rgdft ricatgnmsfgp no bam
tn tfi saeri` nr`ir- Efarcis Pgccy &1749'# Bgefaic Fnwar` &1771'# am` ntfir fgstnrgams enmeur gm tfi npgmgnm tfat
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
war am` tfi bgcgtary baefgmi ari prgmegpac `itirbgmamts gm tfi sfapgmd no matgnm statis- - Gm Pfi Matgnm"Utati am`
_gncimei# Amtfnmy Dg``ims `iogmis matgnmacgsb as (tfi eucturac simsghgcgty no snvirigdmty( &mnti tfi ousgnm no
eucturi am` pncgtges' tfat umciasfis a`bgmgstratgvi pnwir wgtfgm a eciarcy `ibareati` tirrgtnry# (tfi hnum`i` matgnm"
stati( &1769# 817'- Actfnudf gt gs accidi`cy hienbgmd nhsnciti um`ir tfi prissuri no dcnhacgzatgnm &onr quacgogeatgnms#
sii Uassim &1776'# tfi matgnm"stati gs enmsg`iri` hy (cidac bn`irmgsts( &Hirbam 1779' as tfi prgbi snurei no
vgncimei adagmst egtgzims am` imtgri pinpcis-
Earncym Barvgm- @avg` Gmdci- Tfgef Dn` gs gt>Nur dn` " nur matgnm " bust hi gmixprissghci# umsayahci# umlmnwahci# hiynm` camduadi-
Hut tfgs dn` bay mnt hi riousi` wfim gt eaccs onr saergogei- Tfim tfi dn` enbbam`s gt# wi bust
pironrb tfi rgtuac saergogei " war " tfat sustagms tfi drnup-
Xnhirt Lastimhaub- Nm saergogei-
Uaergogegac enbpamgnms tn tfi mixt cgoi-
Uaergogegac enbpamgnms tn tfi mixt cgoi- Bamy snegitgis favi enmsg`iri` tfigr cia`irs as riprisimtatgvi no tfigr
pinpci hntf gm tfgs cgoi am` tfi mixt- Gt was gbpnrtamt# tfim# tn bali suri tfat tfi rucir no tfi cam` &hi gt a lgmd nr
ntfirwgsi' was aeenbpamgi` tn tfi aotircgoi wgtf a ritgmui no cnyac attim`amts- Xucirs notim fa` tfigr enmeuhgmis am`sirvamts &as wicc as fnusifnc` amgbacs' imtnbhi` wgtf tfib- Ivim `gstgmdugsfi` bgmgstirs bgdft hi abnmd tfi
enbpamgnms wfn wiri igtfir imtnbhi` nr gbbncati` gm nr`ir tn sirvi tfigr rucir aotir `iatf- Ixabpcis gmecu`i
baknr arefaincndgeac ogm`s gm Idypt am` Efgma wfiri tfi hn`gis no mubirnus attim`amts wiri `gsenviri` gm
efabhirs a`kngmgmd tfi rnyac enoogm- Pfiri gs ivg`imei tfat icahnrati eiribnmgis wiri enm`ueti` tn fnmnr tfi
efnsim enbpamgnms prgnr tn tfigr `iatfs- Gt appiars tfat tfi saergogegac vgetgbs notim wiri dgvim cghatgnms tfat
prnvg`i` a `rud"gm`uei` gmsimsgtgvgty prgnr tn tfigr `iatfs-
Pfi praetgei no hurygmd tfi cgvgmd wgtf tfi `ia` imenumtiri` gmeriasgmd ergtgegsb tfrnudf tfi eimturgis- Ivimtuaccy
bamy snegitgis sfgoti` tn sybhncge saergogeis< onr ixabpci# tfi catir Idyptgam praetgei no pcaegmd ogdurgmis &Ufahtg '
gm tfi rnyac tnbhs- Efgma# Kapam# tfi Driil statis# am` ntfir amegimt egvgcgzatgnms acsn bnvi` tnwar` sybhncge ratfir
tfam aetuac saergogei no enbpamgnms upnm tfi `iatf no tfigr rucirs- Ourtfirbnri# wgtf tfi `ivicnpbimt no Efrgstgamgty
am` Gscab# a cgoi aotir `iatf appiari` bnri cglicy tn hi wgtfgm riaef no gm`gvg`uacs ntfir tfam rnyacty# tfirionri
balgmd vncumtary saergogei a ciss attraetgvi prnpnsgtgnm-
Pfi wgsi pfgcnsnpfir hienbis a egtgzim gm a ensbge egty nr wnrc`"stati
ruci` hy tfi dn`s< fi tfirihy tramseim`s gm am gbpnrtamt biasuri tfi taw`ry `ibg"bnm`i
no tfi bamy parnefgac Utnges
Uneratge Ensbnpncgtamgsb;
Egeirn$s Ergtgqui am` Pramsonrbatgnm no tfi Utnge G`iacPfnbas Zamdci-
Egeirns efaraetir nm Eatn-Xnbam Ensbnpncgtamgsb- Pfi Utnges am` Egeirn- Pfnbas C- Zamdci-
Pfi Utnges wfnb fi onccnws# Egeirn$s efaraetir Eatn says#
(fnc` tfat tfi wnrc` gs ruci` hy tfi spgrgt no tfi dn`s# am` tfat gt gs# as gt wiri# a enbbnm egty
am` stati no fubam higmds am` dn`s# am` tfat iaef no us gs a part no tfgs wnrc`<
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
stnges gm tfi egtytfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;
ensbnpncgtams# risgstgmd tfi systib- tfi miw amarefgsts-
Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb
Gt gs tibptgmd tn assirt tfat tfgs `gooirimei hitwiim tfi twn ensbnpncgtamgsbs gm`geatis tfat tfi bn`irms favi cgttci
tn ciarm ornb tfi Utnges# sn cnmd as tfi adim`a ribagms tfi lgm` no ibamegpatgnm bimtgnmi` gm tfi npimgmd
paradrapfs no tfgs issay-5? Bn`irm ensbnpncgtamgsb# wgtf gts haeldrnum` no batirgaccy"hasi` fubam orii`nb# bust
accnw onr fubams tn hi wfativir tfiy wgsf tn hi# am` tfim `iac wgtf tfi oaet tfat batirgac egreubstameis eurtagc tfat
orii`nb# pnssghcy ricidatgmd snbi tn a status no higmd ciss"tfam"fubam# hieausi no a cael no orii`nb-
Ensbnpncgtamgsb# stngegsb# am` cghiracgsb
@nud Ac"Bagmg
Gm tfi egty# tfi dnn` cgoi was aefgivi` nmcy hy bystgeac partgegpatgnm gm tfi dn`$s cgoi am` tfat no fgs oiccnw `igtgis#
am` hy vgeargnus aefgivibimt tfrnudf tfi pirsnm no tfi lgmd- Pfiri cay tfi nrgdgmac enbpimsatgnm onr dgvgmd up tfipitty `ibneratge ways no tfi vgccadi- Pn gmfahgt tfi sabi egty as a dn` was tn hi a bibhir no a supir"enbbumgty; a
enbbumgty gm wfgef iviry suhkiet fa` a pcaei# a oumetgnm# a `uty# a dnac# as part no a fgirarefge strueturi
riprisimtgmd tfi ensbns gtsico-
Ytnpga# tfi Egtyam` tfi BaefgmiC Bubonr`
--- ornb tfi hn`gis no drnup bibhirs-
Hcnn` saergogei# gs tfi fncgist rgtuac no tfi matgnm"stati- Taroari gs tfi gmstgtutgnm tfat imaets tfgs fncy
rgtuac- Tfat enmstgtutis tfi matgnm at amy bnbimt gs tfi bibnry no tfi cast sueeissouc
hcnn` saergogei tfat enumts onr cgvgmd drnup bibhirs-
A matgnm gs a snuc# a spgrgtuac prgmegpci- -- A matgnm gs tfirionri a cardi"seaci sncg`argty#
enmstgtuti` hy tfi oiicgmd no tfi saergogeis tfat nmi fas ba`i gm tfi past am` no tfnsi
tfat nmi gs pripari` tn bali gm tfi outuri-
Tfat gs a Matgnm>
Qu$ist"ei qu$umi matgnm> Irmist Ximam
Unbi Ueam`gmavgam Uaergogeis
Kaequicgmi UgbpsnmPn turm mnw tn Imdcgsf onclcnri " gs tfiri amytfgmd gm nur
eustnbs tfat bgdft hi `irgvi` ornb sgbgcar nc` bn`is no saergogei# am` sn bgdft kustgoy us gm ecagbgmd
tfat tfiy wiri lmnwm gm Imdcam` tnn> Pfiri fas cnmd hiim ardubimt wfitfir pcaeimabis suef asUwgmifia`# Datisfia`# Fgm`fia` am` tfi cgli enuc` rioir tn Amdcn"Uaxnm euct"eimtris
wfiri amgbac fia`s wiri nooiri` gm saergogei-
Nm Xicgdgnus Uaergogei-
A eiribnmgnus aet cgmlgmd bnrtacs tn tfigr dn`s- Pfi hcnn` gs a riqugri` $onn`$ onr tfi dn`s-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
17/50
abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
tfi gbpnrtamei no hcnn` gm saergogei- Gt siibs tfi purpnsi no a ricgdgnus saergogei gs tn sametgoy tfi talgmd no a cgoi#
usuaccy barli` hy tfi spgccgmd no tfi vgetgb$s hcnn`# as gs tfi easi wgtf amgbacs am` fubams- Gt gs a eiribnmgnus aet
cgmlgmd bnrtacs tn tfigr dn`s- Pfi hcnn` gs a riqugri` $onn`$ onr tfi dn`s- Higmd mnt no fubam ocisf# tfiy riqugri tfi
viry cgoi"onrei no fubams tn mnurgsf am` appiasi tfib- Uaergogegac hcnn` fas `gvgmi pnwirs wfgef eam sametgoy
bnrtacs am` mnurgsf `igtgis- Hut asg`i ornb tfi batirgac nm saergogei wgtfgm istahcgsfi` ricgdgnms# ntfir hcnn`"
saergogeis mii` tn hi enmsg`iri` as wicc- Onr gmstamei# fum`ri`s no tfnusam`s no snc`girs favi `gi` nm tfi hattciogic`
gm tfi mabi no matgnmacgsb- Gs tfgs saergogei> Go nmi enmsg`irs tfi ricgdgnus gbpcgeatgnms no matgnmacgsb am` waroari# gt
gs- fttp;..ecassprnkiets-limynm-i`u.wbms
Engmeg`imt wgtf tramsonrbatgnm ornb mnba`ge tn sittci` cgoi was tfi passadi
ornb tfi trghi tn tfi bnri stahci am` enbpaet matgnmac nrdamgzatgnm wgtf tfi lgmd
at tfi fia` no tfi stati- Gm tfgs sgtuatgnm tfi dn` tnnl nm fgbsico tfi efaraetir no supribi autfnrgty# am` tfi
wnrsfgpir hieabi fgs suhkiet# paygmd tfat trghuti wfgef fgs cnr` `ibam`i`# `ngmd fnbadi
tn fgs fiavimcy rucir as tfi enm`gtgnm no stam`gmd wicc wgtf fgb-
Pfi Hghcgeac Tnrc` " _ncubi 14
Tgccgab Xagmiy Farpir# Irmist @iTgtt Hurtnm# Ufagcir Batfiws " 17:1
Fawtfnrmi# Uaergogei# Unvirigdmty
Pgb @igmis- Nmi wnuc` wamt tn priss Mamey nm tfgs pngmt# wfy ixaetcy `nis tfi enmousgnm surrnum`gmd tfi nrgdgms no(iarcy( saergogei (ogmgsf( tfi fgstnry no Tistirm saergogei> Bgdft wi mnt tfgml tfi (enbpcitgnm( no Tistirm nmtn"
tfincndy# gmstia`# ornb a bnri batirgacgst pngmt no vgiw> @n wi riendmgzi# onr ixabpci# tfat tfi vgncimei no
gbpirgacgsb eam mivir satgati gts mii` onr &Tistirm' saergogei# eam mivir ecnsi gts nwm ogduri hy min"cghirac am`
`ibneratge biams> Mamey gs pirfaps suddistgmd tfat tfi ogetgtgnusmiss no nrgdgms# nm tfi nmi fam`# enbhgmi` wgtf
tfi fgstnrgeac enccapsi no saergogei &gm tfi mabi no Tistirm (prndriss( am` tfi im`\gmdR no tfi pncgtgeac'# nm tfi ntfir
fam`# sgdmac tfi &ri' ibirdimei no tfi gmapprnprgahci ogduri no ogmgtu`i-
Pgb @igmis nm Fawtfnrmi# Uaergogei# Unvirigdmty
Uaergogei ri`ueis vgncimei- Gt bay siib pieucgar tn suddist tfat saergogei ri`ueis vgncimei# hut snbi amtfrnpncndgsts
am` fgstnrgams favi `rawm tfgs gmoirimei- Addrissgvi timsgnms wgtfgm a snegity eam cia` tnwar` vgncimei adagmst
oiccnw bibhirs- Xgtuac saergogeis prnvg`i a ricatgvicy saoi orabiwnrl tn liip vgncimei wgtfgm hnum`s wfgci attfi sabi tgbi nooirgmd ibntgnmac riciasi tfrnudf lgccgmd suhstgtuti vgetgbs- Pfgs tfinry suddists tfat# at ciast gm
snbi egreubstameis# rgtuac lgccgmd no a `isgdmati` vgetgb eam ristragm tfi cardir drnup ornb tiargmd gtsico apart-
Pfi nutenbi no wars# ernp farvists# am` tfi wiatfir wiri acc `itirbgmi`
hy tfi wfgbs no tfi dn`s# wfgbs wfgef riqugri` appiasibimt nm tfi part no
bnrtac fubams- Uaergogei was gmenrpnrati` as a way no $oii`gmd$ tfisi
ivir"fumdry dn`s-
Uaergogei liips tfi wnrc` dngmd- Pfi bnst swiipgmd tfinry gs hasi` nm am gmtirpritatgnm no fgstnry tfat pgeturis tfi
fubam enm`gtgnm as oiarouc am` pirgcnus# hisit wgtf tfriats tn survgvac ornb starvatgnm# attael# am` ivimts suef as
iartfqualis# vnceamge iruptgnms# am` ocnn`s tfat wiri talim tn hi tfi wnrl no amdry dn`s- Znssissgmd cgbgti`
lmnwci`di am` tiefmncndy# snegitgis trgi` tn ogm` a way no midntgatgmd wgtf rgvac# `ibam`gmd# am` oriquimtcy
umpri`getahci dn`s go tfi wnrc` am` tfigr nwm cgvis wiri tn enmtgmui- Uaergogei snnm hieabi a sgdmgogeamt onrb no
ixefamdi wgtf tfi dn`s# a snrt no eurrimey gm am adi hionri tfi istahcgsfbimt no a bnmitary systib- Gm bn`irm
parcamei# saergogei was a way no `ngmd husgmiss-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Xnhirt Lastimhaub- Nm saergogei- Uaergogei gs a onrb no enbbumgeatgnm wgtf a `igty onr sgbgcar purpnsis- Pfi wnr` gtsico biams (tn bali fncy-(
-# saergogegac nooirgmds gmecu`i nhkiets no vacui am` sybhncge sgdmgogeamei tfat ari dgvim tn tfi dn`s tn iarm tfigroavnr- Pfi dgots eam tali bamy onrbs# hienbgmd saeri` tfibsicvis tfrnudf rgtuac enmsieratgnm- Pfi dn`s bgdft hi
nooiri` tfi bnst `isgrahci onn`s nr prnvg`i` wgtf tfi ogmist vissics# earvgmds# tnncs# am` wiapnms- Fgstnrgams#
fnwivir# favi notim ridar`i` hcnn` saergogei as tfi bnst pnwirouc way tn appiasi tfi dn`s- Gt was mnt umusuac onr
snegitgis tn imdadi gm hntf amgbac am` fubam saergogei# actfnudf tfi fgstnrgeac trim` fas hiim tnwar` a sfarp
ri`uetgnm gm tfi cattir-
Zartgegpamts gm hcnn` saergogei rgtuacs ixpirgimei a simsi no awi# `amdir# nr ixactatgnm hieausi tfiy ari `argmd tn
apprnaef tfi dn`s wfn eriati# sustagm# am` `istrny cgoi- Pfi hugc`up no timsgnm prgnr tn tfi hcnn` saergogei dgvis way
tn a oistgvi simsi no trgubpf am` ricgio- Bnraci gs strimdtfimi` hy tfi rgtuac lgccgmd hieausi tfi drnup fas gtsico
pironrbi` tfi dn`cgli aet no `istruetgnm am` gs mnw eapahci no rimiwgmd gts nwm ixgstimei- Pfi um`ircygmd
pfgcnsnpfgeac assubptgnm gs tfat cgoi bust pass tfrnudf `iatf-
stati onrbatgnm am` tfi gbpcgeatgnm onr saergogei nm pastnrac pinpcis#
eattci fir`irs / tfi sfipfir` lgmds-
Xgtuacs no Uaergogei am` tfi rnci no vgncimei
gm nrdamgzgmd am` bagmtagmgmd im`urgmd drnups-
Pfi purpnsi no rgtuac gs tn sustagm tfi drnup hy ripiatgmd &at vargnus civics no gmtimsgty' tfi aet no drnup eriatgnm- A
sueeissouc rgtuac stnps tgbi at tfi piroiet eriatgnm bnbimt- Gt ripiats am` oriizis tfi ritrnspietgvicy dnc`im bnbimt
wfim tfi drnup was eriati` nut no saergogei- Gm tfgs bnbimt tfi `iht tn tfi hcnn`tfgrsty dn` was pag`- Pfi drnup
was prgstgmi- Pfgs was tfi bnbimt wfim saergogei was trucy imnudf# wfim wi wiri `icgviri` ornb tgbi am` `iatf-
Xgtuacs bay hi enmtrgvi` nr nppnrtumgstge- Pfi bnst pnwirouc rgtuacs no matgnm"drnup sncg`argty ari nppnrtumgstge
rispnmsis# suef as war# tn drnup tfriat- Hut nppnrtumgstge rgtuacs ari umpri`getahci gm tfigr neeurrimei am` ixpimsgvi
gm tfigr prnsieutgnm- Pfigr badge gs driat priegsicy hieausi tfiy ari rgsly am` enstcy- Enmtrgvi` nr pri"pcammi`
siasnmac rgtuacs ogcc gm tfi gmtirvacs hitwiim nppnrtumgstge drnup"onrdgmd rgtuacs hy rifiarsgmd tfi `raba no saergogei
am` ridimiratgnm-
5- Xgtuacs favi twn baknr `ymabges- Pfiy eriati tfi wnrc` hy tramsonrbgmd efans gmtn ensbns# tn usi Bgreia
Icga`i$s tirbs# nr tfiy ribn`ic am` rieacc tfi tramsonrbatgnm no efans gmtn ensbns- Acc rgtuacs bn`ic am` tramsonrb
tn nmi `idrii nr amntfir# hut rgtuacs bay hi ecassgogi` hy wfitfir tfiy ari prgbargcy tramsonrbgmd enbbibnratgvi-
Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`
Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar
Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-\PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gm`ii` ornb suef suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubam
onn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgotsbgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridar`i`
as tfi bnst `isgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gm`ii`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm
dnis sn oar as tn `irgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac
saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was prnhahcy tfi `isgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico
imknys-$( Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii` nm Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
19/50
abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Kustgoygmd tfi Yctgbati Uaergogei- Egvgc am` Bgcgtary Xicgdgnm gm Ornmtcgmi Hcnds
Bnrtim Hrm`ir-Pfi eimtrac pngmt no Dgrar`s Ca vgncimei it ci saer gs tfat vgncimei gs tfi saeri` &Dgrar` 1747; 17'- _gncimei gs tfi
enmtgmdimt onrei wfgef at nmi tgbi gs a pnwir no pntimtgac `istruetgnm am` a snurei ornb wfgef snegac cgoi gtsico gs
sfapi`- Bam gs oum`abimtaccy vgncimt- Mnt hieausi fi gs ruci` hy a Oriu`gam `iatf `rgvi nr Pfamatns &dimiraccy#
Dgrar` pays cgttci fii` tn ecassgeac mntgnms no `isgri# ouicci` hy wamt'- Mn# bam gs vgncimt hieausi vgncimei gs a
oum`abimtac enm`gtgnm gm acc snegac ricatgnms &ghg`; 140"149'- Imdadgmd gm tfi snegac gs imdadgmd gm a struddci onr
`nbgmamei# wfgef bay mnt hi artgeucati` pfysgeaccy# hut mivirtficiss efaraetirgsis as a prnonum`cy vgncimt ricatgnm-
Am`# go vgncimei gs accnwi` tn privagc gm`gsergbgmaticy# snegity wgcc pirgsf &ghg`; 100"109'- Pfirionri# acc castgmd
snegac ricatgnms ari hasi` nm tfi `gsergbgmatgnm no vgncimei; Unegity gs onum`i` nm tfi `gstgmetgnm hitwiim
gccidgtgbati am` cidgtgbati vgncimei- Gccidgtgbati vgncimei gs ram`nb vgncimei- Cidgtgbati vgncimei gs vgncimei tfat
talis pcaei wgtfgm eirtagm hnum`argis &ghg`; 19'- Pfus# onr snegity tn ixgst# tfi oum`abimtac vgncimei no snegacgty bust
hi eamacgsi`-
Pfi ricgdgnus saergogei gs um`irtalim wgtf tfi purpnsi no eamacgsgmd vgncimei# no accnwgmd vgncimei tn tali pcaei nm
cidac tirbs- _gncimei gs acc"`ivnurgmd- Yctgbaticy gt wgcc enmsubi snegity- Pfirionri# gt gs mieissary tn eamacgsi
vgncimei hy saergogegmd a vgetgb gm cgiu no snegity- Fnwivir# tfat eamacgsatgnm eam nmcy tali pcaei go wi pritim` tfat
tfi `gstgmetgnm hitwiim cidgtgbati am` gccidgtgbati vgncimei gs mnt arhgtrary; Go wi enmsg`ir tfi vgetgb as tfi
cidgtgbati nhkiet no tfi vgncimei tfat gs histnwi` nm gt- Pfgs gs tfi riasnm wfy Dgrar` ibpfasgsis tgbi am` adagm tfat
tfi vgetgb gs mnt a suhstgtuti onr snegity# hut a surrndati-
Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei gs snbitgbis ridar`i` as a hgzarri praetgei earrgi` nut hy a oiw seattiri` snegitgis wfn igtfir wiri
umegvgcgzi` nr ixeiptgnmaccy eruic am` vgncimt- Fnwivir# tfiri gs pirsuasgvi ivg`imei tfat tfi saergogegac gbpucsi fas
hiim enbbnm tfrnudfnut fgstnry am` fas pcayi` am gbpnrtamt rnci gm snegity-
Pfi nrgdgms no hcnn` saergogei ari cnst gm tfi bgst no prifgstnry- Mivirtficiss# gmoirimeis eam hi `rawm ornb
arefaincndgeac risiaref am` ornb tfi praetgeis am` hicgios no pinpci wfnsi rgtuacs enmtgmui` gmtn tfi fgstnrgeac
pirgn`- Pfi sabi snegitgis usuaccy pironrbi` ntfir typis no saergogeis as wicc# hut tfisi ixabpcis `ibnmstrati tfi
wg`ispria` usi no rgtuac bur`ir as am apprnvi` enbpnmimt no snegac pncgey-
Fubam saergogei was enmsg`iri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`
hienbi bnri enbpcix am` snpfgstgeati`- Onr ixabpci# tfi praetgei no saergogegmd tfi ic`ist snm was a sacgimt oiaturi
no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Ku`agsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`
hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis `ivicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr
imvgrnmbimts-
Upgccgmd hcnn` enmtgmuis tfi enmtaet wgtf ameistnrs wfn prntiet
tfi ecam adagmst gmvgsghci onreis- Uico saergogei onr enbbumgty as am aet no war-
Gm iarcgir pirgn`s no amtgqugty# enbbumac oiastgmd nm saergogegac biat fa` prnecagbi` am` rigmonrei` tfi
enbbumgty$s sncg`argty- Pn rikiet saergogegac biat was tn rikiet oucc partgegpatgnm gm tfi enbbumgty-0? Gm tfiricgdgnuscy (bgxi`( enbbumgtgis no tfi onurtf eimtury# enbbumac oiastgmd nm saergogegac biat enuc` far`cy rigmonrei
sncg`argty# gt enuc` nmcy eriati `gvgsgnm- Pfi hnm`s no oabgcy# ecass# am` eucturi battiri` bnri tn suef pinpci tfam
ricgdgnus enmtrnvirsy- Bnrinvir# tfi usi no saergogei as am gmstrubimt no `gsergbgmatgnm# go mnt pirsieutgnm# enuc`
gmvgti riprgsacs go tfi ridgbi `g` mnt cast- Enmsiquimtcy# pru`imt pinpci appiar tn favi a`npti` a (wagt"am`"sii(
attgtu`i# a pncgey wfnsi wgs`nb was enmogrbi` wfim tfi miws no Kucgam$s su``im `iatf arrgvi` ornb tfi Iastirm
ornmt- Ntfir `ivicnpbimts gm egvge cgoi acsn ba`i gt `googeuct tn rivgvi cardi"seaci saergogeis# onr tfi `iecgmi gm
saergogei gm tfi onurtf eimtury was mnt `ui sncicy tn Efrgstgam fnstgcgty nr padam `isgri tn avng` ricgdgnuscy
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
20/50
abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
`gvgsgvi eustnbs- Gt risucti` gm part ornb a sfgot gm pattirms no iuirditgsb am` a `iecgmi gm tfi ahgcgty am` wgccgmdmiss
no egvge mntahcis tn oum` tfi tra`gtgnmac oistgvacs as tfiy fa` `nmi gm iarcgir pirgn`s-
Gt was tfi ricgdgnm tfat ixaeti` a hcnn`y saergogei tfat ba`i tfi Xnbams
no padam tgbis strnmd am` tfat gmvisti` tfib wgtf tfigr efaraetir no enmquirnrs am` rucirs-(Tfim G bi`gtati` nm tfi riasnm wfy pinpci wiri bnri gm cnvi wgtf orii`nb gm tfnsi amegimt tgbis tfam tfiy ari
mnw# G saw gt was hieausi tfiy favi drnwm wialir mnw tfam onrbircy# wfgef gs a risuct no tfi `gooirimei gm
i`ueatgnm# tfgs adagm higmd hasi` nm tfi `gooirimei no tfigr ricgdgnm ornb nurs--- Pfgs bay hi siim ornb bamy no tfigr
gmstgtutgnms# enumtgmd ogrst abnmd tfib tfi badmgogeimei no tfigr saergogeis as enbpari` wgtf nurs- Pfiri gs bnri
`icgeaey tfam spcim`nur gm nur `gspcay# am` mn oirnegnus nr kuhgcamt aetgnm wfatsnivir- Pfiri was mn cael no `gspcay
tfim# mnr cael no badmgogeimei gm tfigr eiribnmgis# hut a``i` tn gt was tfi aetgnm no tfi saergogei oucc no hcnn` am`
oirnegty# wfiri a buctgtu`i no amgbacs wiri scaudftiri`< wfgef sgdft# higmd sn tirrghci# ba`i bam hifavi cgliwgsi-($
MgeencBaefgaviccg
Hcnn` Uaergogei am` tfi Matgnm; Xivgiw Issay no Barvgm am` GmdciPfi enmtgmui` ixgstimei no amy snegitac drnup# aeenr`gmd tn tfi autfnrs# `ipim`s at ciast partcy nm tfi wgccgmdmiss no
gts bibhirs tn saergogei tfibsicvis onr gt- Wit# tfi eriatgnm no matgnmac simtgbimt riqugris tfat bibhirs ribagm
umawari no tfi biefamgsb tfat bagmtagms tfi drnup- Pfi lmnwci`di tfat tfi um`ircygmd enst no snegity gs tfi
vgncimt `iatf no snbi pnrtgnm no gts bibhirs bust ribagm sierit-
Gm nr`ir tn im`uri as a saeri` nhkiet# tfi matgnm riqugris tfat pinpci lgcc am` `gi gm gts mabi-Fnwivir# onr tfi rgtuac no war tn ribagm iooietgvi# snegitgis bust ribagm umenmsegnus no tfi ricatgnmsfgp hitwiim tfi
gmstgtutgnm no waroari am` tfi bagmtimamei no tfi g`ia no tfi matgnm- Nur `iipist sierit# tfi autfnrs ecagbtfi
enccietgvi drnup tahnngs tfi lmnwci di tfat snegity ipim`s onr gts ixgstimei nm vgncimt# saergogegac iatf at
tfi fam`s no tfi drnup gtsico-
Gm nr`ir tn avng` lmnwgmd tfat lgccgmdsaergogegac `iatfcgis at tfi enri no tfi g`incndy no matgnmacgsb# wi triat
vgncimei as go prgbgtgvi am` bnraccy suspiet; a oagcuri no snegac strueturi ratfir tfam am icibimtac enbpnmimt-Tfim vgncimei neeurs gt gs prisimti` as a cast risnrt# a efaccimdi tn egvgcgzi` bn`irmgty- Ti prioir mnt tn say
tfat vgncimei gs gmfirimt gm tfi maturi no tfi matgnm"stati-
Pfi prnonum` pngmt no Barvgm am` Gmdcis wnrl gs tfat wfat liips tfi drnup tnditfir am` balis us oiic umgogi` gs
mnt tfi `iatf no tfi imiby# hut tfi saergogei no nur nwm- Go tfi rgtuac purpnsi no war wiri biricy tn lgcc tfi imiby#tfi `iatfs no snbi 0:#:::, Graqgs `urgmd tfi ogrst Zirsgam Duco Tar &177:"1771' wnuc` favi ba`i a castgmd
enmtrghutgnm tn Abirgeam umgty-
--- ornb tfi hn`gis no drnup bibhirs-
Hcnn` saergogei# gs tfi fncgist rgtuac no tfi matgnm"stati- Taroari gs tfi gmstgtutgnm tfat imaets tfgs fncy
rgtuac- Tfat enmstgtutis tfi matgnm at amy bnbimt gs tfi bibnry no tfi cast sueeissouc
hcnn` saergogei tfat enumts onr cgvgmd drnup bibhirs-
Barvgm am` Gmdci stati tfat tfigramacysgs gs mnt a hrgio gm oavnr no vgncimei nr adagmst gt- Xatfir# tfiy siil tngccubgmati tfi strueturac rnci no vgncimei gm nrdamgzgmd am` bagmtagmgmd im`urgmd drnups- Gm sfnrtwgtfgm tfi
orabiwnrl no tfi ricgdgnm no matgnmacgsbgts mnt a quistgnm no ogdftgmd tfgs nr tfat war nr no `ioiatgmd tfgs nr tfat
imiby- Xatfir# vgncimt aets pironrbi` hy snegity ari gmfirimt tn tfi maturi no tfi matgnm"stati-
Pfi autfnrs enmecu`i tfat enfisgnm gm im`urgmd drnups riqugris vgncimei as a strueturac ratfir tfam enmtgmdimt
snegac onrei- Enmtagmi` wgtfgm iaef matgnm gs a saeri` g`ia nr g`iac- Pfi trutf no tfgs saeri` g`iac gs istahcgsfi`wfim bibhirs no snegity `gi &nr ari bagbi`' onr gt- Taroari enmstgtutis a riprisimtatgnm no snegity tn gtsico-
Uaeri` trutf enbis gmtn higmd tfrnudf a hcnn` saergogei rgtuac pironrbi` nm tfi hn`gis no suppcgeamts-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
21/50
abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Ufnuc` wi ixpiet wialcy hnum` pcuracgstge matgnms# cgli tfi Ymgti` Utatis# tn ricy nm miarcy enmstamt imdadibimt gm
waroari tn hgm` tfi pnpucatgnm tfat gs ntfirwgsi oradbimti` am`# at tgbis# `iipcy am` vgncimtcy at n``s wgtf gtsico>
Tnuc` ynu suspiet tfat tfgs riasnmgmd gs bnst ficpouc onr ixpcagmgmd wfy bgcgtary sirvgei gs usi` as a qugel patf tn
egtgzimsfgp onr onrigdm matgnmacs>
Hcnn` saergogei am` tfi matgnm# A rivgiw no Barvgm / Gmdci
Xgefar` Lnimgdshird
stnges gm tfi egtytfi ensbnpncgtam am` saergogei gm tfi egty-nm orii`nb am` amarefy< risgstgmd tfi systib no saergogei;
ensbnpncgtams# risgstgmd tfi systib- tfi miw amarefgsts-
Cnnl at bi# G ab wgtfnut a fnbi# wgtfnut a egty# wgtfnut prnpirty# wgtfnut a scavi
Ab G mnt orii ornb pagm am` oiar# ab G mnt orii>
Tfim saergogegac `istruetgnm gs siim as tfi ixprissgnm no a partgeucar pncgtges# gm wfgef wfnci drnups arieatidnrgzi` as ixpim`ahci wfgci ntfirs ari `isgdmati` as himiogegargis# tfi bnri dimirnus aspiets no tfi rgti hidgm tn
`gsappiar- Mn battir fnw ouccy eabnuocadi` gt gs hy a huriaueratgzi` rnci gm a bn`irm systib no ixefamdi#
ridar`ciss no tfi enmtixt gm wfgef gt appiars# saergogegac tfgmlgmd gmvargahcy ri`ueis at snbi pngmts tn gts oum`abimtac
g`imtgogeatgnm wgtf rgtuac vgncimei-
Pfi Uegimei no Uaergogei; Abirgeam Cgtiraturi am` Bn`irm Unegac Pfinry
Uusam C- Bgzruefg
(Favi ynu ivir fiar` amytfgmd ahnut Dn`# Pnpsy>(Pfi efgc` cnnli` hiwgc`iri`# hut drgmmi` as usuac-
(@n ynu lmnw wfn ba`i ynu>(
(Mnhn`y# as G lmnws nm#( sag` tfi efgc`# wgtf a sfnrt caudf-
Pfi g`ia appiari` tn abusi fir enmsg`irahcy< onr fir iyis twgmlci`#
am` sfi a``i`# (G spiet G drnw$`- @nm$t tfgml mnhn`y mivir ba`i bi-(
Cgoi abnmd tfi cnwcy# Farrgit Hiiefir Utnwi-
Knfam vam `ir Tact nm Unvirigdmty am` saergogei-
Xiocietgnms nm snvirigdmty am` saergogei gm tfi tfnudft no @irrg`a# Mamey am` Adabhim-
Aeenr`gmd tn Adabhim# fnbn saeir gs tfi nmi wfn eam hi lgcci`# hut fi eammnt hi
saergogei`- Am` onr fgb snvirigdmty ricatis tn nr gs enmstgtuti` hy tfgs mnm"saergogegac lgccgmd-
Unvirigdmty enmeirms tfi pnwir tn `itirbgmi nr sgbpcy bamadi# bamadi biricy tiefmgeaccy wfat gs tn hi `nmi wgtf
cgoi tfat fas mn nr mn cnmdir fas biamgmd gm ixeiss no biri cgoi- Unvirigdmty wnuc` hi bamadgmd biricy tiefmgeaccy
tfi uctgbaticy umgmtiristgmd bamadirgac `iegsgnm# nr mnm"`iegsgnm ratfir# tn enmtgmui nr `gsenmtgmui am gmstamei no
hari cgoi- Adabhim ricatis tfi tiefmgeac rigdm no snvirigdmty tn tfi eabp# tfi `iatf eabps am` tfi gmeriasgmdcyuhgqugtnus riacb no tfi ixeiptgnmac bamadirgac ernssgmd hitwiim hari cgoi am` `iatf gm enmtibpnrary bi`geac
praetgeis-
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
22/50
abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Fimei tfi driatir pcausghgcgty no Kiam Cue Mameys assirtgnm tfat snvirigdmtygs acways a battir no saergogei- Mamey wrgtis; Uaergogei eam iasgcy hi um`irstnn` tn hi a buef
hrna`ir pfimnbimnm tfam kust gbbncatgnm-
A ricgdgnus enmstruetgnm no g`imtgty am` ntfirmiss eam turm tfi `gooirimt gmtn a seapidnat# wfnsi `gsappiaramei nr
ammgfgcatgnm gs enmsg`iri` tfi sncutgnm tn tfi prnhcib- Gm strnmdcy g`imtgtargam ricgdgnms# suef as tfi egvge nr matgnmac
nmis# wi ogm` gmstgtutgnmacgzi` rgtis no ixpucsgnm tfat enmsncg`ati &hy biams no rim`irgmd (ntfir( am` `i"g`imtgoygmd a
bibhir# fubam nr amgbac' a snegac enmsimsus tfrnudf tfi usi no enccietgvi vgncimei-
Pfinritgeac Xiocietgnms nm _gncimei am` Xicgdgnm; G`imtgty# Znwir# Zrgvgcidi am` @gooirimei
Oramegsen @giz `i _icasen
Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm- Amm T- Asticc am`Uam`nr Dnn`fartGs gt pnssghci tfat tfi fubam spiegis ibirdi`# tfat gt siparati` gtsico ornb tfi cardir amgbac enbbumgty# mnt nm tfi
hasgs no gts prnpimsgty onr vgncimei &wfgef gs# wgtf oiw ixeiptgnms# sfari` tfrnudfnut tfi fgdfir prgbatis' hut nm tfi
hasgs no gts ennr`gmatgnm no tfat vgncimei adagmst nmi bibhir no tfi enbbumgty umgquicy>
tfi arefitypi no saergogei am` tfi sub no fubam ixpirgimei ribagm gm
tfi enccietgvi umenmsegnus tn ibirdi adagm at amy tgbi- Pfi efaccimdi onr gm`gvg`uac egtgzims
gm a dcnhac snegity gs tn fnc` tfi sivirac virsgnms no saergogei tfat bay hi npiratgmd sgbuctaminuscywgtfgm eurrimt ivimts nr as eucturis ecasf-
Bartfa Hcali- Zsyefntfirapgst am` Kumdgam Amacyst-
Pfgs ivnlis a enmeiptgnm no snvirigdmty mnt biricy as a stati no ixeiptgnm tn tfi mnrbac nr`ir# hut acsn as a eriatgvi#
onum`atgnmac onrei# a enmstgtuimt pnwir-5( Uaergogei gm ricatgnms wgtf pncgtgeac autfnrgtgis bgdft hi siim as nm a
enmtgmuub wgtf ntfir onrbs no nooirgmd cgli ogrst orugts# taxis# am` trghuti- 51 Pfisi ari acc dgvim (up( tn tfi pncgtgeac
autfnrgtgis am` mnm"fubam pnwirs- Pfgs `gbimsgnm no saergogei suddists a cgml tn tra`gtgnms no dnvirmbimtac
snvirigdmty"gm wfgef tfi stati gs am acgim imtgty# mnt `irgvatgvi no (tfi Zinpci-( Hut gt acsn riaoogrbs tfat saergogei
enbpnsis part no tfi snvirigdm$s `ipim`imei nm tfi cneac pinpci-
Nutsnuregmd Uaergogei; Pfi Cahnr no Zrgvati Bgcgtary Enmtraetnrs
B Paussgd"Xuhhn
Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt LastimhaubFubam saergogei gs snbitgbis ridar`i` as a hgzarri praetgei earrgi` nut hy a oiw seattiri` snegitgis wfn igtfir wiri
umegvgcgzi` nr ixeiptgnmaccy eruic am` vgncimt- Fnwivir# tfiri gs pirsuasgvi ivg`imei tfat tfi saergogegac gbpucsi fas
hiim enbbnm tfrnudfnut fgstnry am` fas pcayi` am gbpnrtamt rnci gm snegity-
Pfi nrgdgms no hcnn` saergogei ari cnst gm tfi bgst no prifgstnry- Mivirtficiss# gmoirimeis eam hi `rawm ornb
arefaincndgeac risiaref am` ornb tfi praetgeis am` hicgios no pinpci wfnsi rgtuacs enmtgmui` gmtn tfi fgstnrgeac
pirgn`- Pfi sabi snegitgis usuaccy pironrbi` ntfir typis no saergogeis as wicc# hut tfisi ixabpcis `ibnmstrati tfi
wg`ispria` usi no rgtuac bur`ir as am apprnvi` enbpnmimt no snegac pncgey-
Fubam saergogei was enmsg`iri` sn eruegac a biasuri tfat gt pirsgsti` onr snbi tgbi ivim gm snegitgis tfat fa`
hienbi bnri enbpcix am` snpfgstgeati`- Onr ixabpci# tfi praetgei no saergogegmd tfi ic`ist snm was a sacgimt oiaturi
no Bi`gtirramiam eucts 9#::: yiars adn am` stgcc a pnwirouc tfibi gm Ku`agsb am` iarcy Efrgstgamgty- Uaergogei wnuc`hi tabi` scnwcy as snegitgis `ivicnpi` bnri iooietgvi ways tn bamadi tfigr mii`s am` enpi wgtf tfigr
imvgrnmbimts-
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Pfi Bytf no Eagm;
Oratrgeg`i# Egty Hugc`gmd# am` Zncgtges- Dinrdi Ufucbam-Actfnudf suddistgmd at tfi ciast tfi gmsuoogegimey no umiqugvneac urham eicihratgnm# suef enmeirms acsn bay hitray
wfat G favi eacci` icsiwfiri a tim`imey tn pastnracgsb# am gmecgmatgnm tn purgoy sico am` enbbumgty no aspiets no cgoi
tfat ari mieissary nr vacuahci# am gbpucsi tfat bay prisimt# gm turm# gts nwm tfriat tn autnmnby am` pncgtges-$
Pfi Bytf no Eagm; Oratrgeg`i# Egty Hugc`gmd# am` Zncgtges- Dinrdi Ufucbam-
Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm-
Amm T- Asticc am`Uam`nr Dnn`fartGs gt pnssghci tfat tfi fubam spiegis ibirdi`# tfat gt siparati` gtsico ornb tfi cardir amgbac enbbumgty# mnt nm tfi
hasgs no gts prnpimsgty onr vgncimei &wfgef gs# wgtf oiw ixeiptgnms# sfari` tfrnudfnut tfi fgdfir prgbatis' hut nm tfi
hasgs no gts ennr`gmatgnm no tfat vgncimei adagmst nmi bibhir no tfi enbbumgty umgquicy> Gs gt pnssghci tfat wfat gs
`gstgmetgvi ahnut tfi fubam gs gts efammicgmd no tfat vgncimei upnm a vgetgb arhgtrargcy efnsim# nmi wfn# gm tfat
ricatgvi gm`gooirimei tn tfi bntgvatgmd trgddir no fgs nr fir gsncatgnm am` ribnvac# risncvi` enmocget as a
enmsiquimei> Enuc` fnbgmgzatgnm gtsico hi tfi prn`uet no ennr`gmati`# umg`grietgnmac sfipfir`gmd no ntfirwgsi
`gsruptgvi enbbumac imirdy adagmst a suhstgtuti nr surrndati vgetgb# a nmi tfat bay stam` acnmi onr bamy>
Uaergogei# Uergpturi# am` Uuhstgtutgnm- Amm T- Asticc am`Uam`nr Dnn`fart
Znwir am` _gncimeiPfi gmtir`ipim`imei no ricgdgnm am` pnwir gs amntfir no tfi aspiets tfat eam prnvg`i snbi ecuis tn tfi
enbprifimsgnm no tfi suhkiet at fam`- Znwir gm stratgogi` snegitgis &tfnsi tfat argsi wgtf tfi ienmnbge# snegac am`
g`incndgeac enbpcixgtgis prn`uei` tnditfir wgtf tfi `ivicnpbimt no adrgeucturi' riqugris vgncimei onr gts
suhsgstimeia m` biefamgsbs tn kustgoy gt usi- Xicgdgnm fas hiim a liy gm tfi cidgtgbgzatgnm no pnwir; gm tfi
aeeiptamei no gmiquacgtgis# gm fnw cia`irsfgp was istahcgsfi` am` im`uri`# am` gm bagmtagmgmd a snegac enmsimsus gm
spgti no tfi umiquac `gstrghutgnm no prgvgcidis-
saergogei# tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtges
At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimtgs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtges-
Unbi Ueam`gmavgam Uaergogeis
Kaequicgmi UgbpsnmPn turm mnw tn Imdcgsf onclcnri " gs tfiri amytfgmd gm nur
eustnbs tfat bgdft hi `irgvi` ornb sgbgcar nc` bn`is no saergogei# am` sn bgdft kustgoy us gm ecagbgmd
tfat tfiy wiri lmnwm gm Imdcam` tnn> Pfiri fas cnmd hiim ardubimt wfitfir pcaeimabis suef as
Uwgmifia`# Datisfia`# Fgm`fia` am` tfi cgli enuc` rioir tn Amdcn"Uaxnm euct"eimtris
wfiri amgbac fia`s wiri nooiri` gm saergogei-
Baebgccam Imeyecnpi`ga no @iatf am` `ygmdXnhirt LastimhaubOnum`atgnm am` passadi saergogeis- Pfiri gs ahum`amt arefaincndgeac ivg`imei tfat bamy snegitgis praetgei` hntf
amgbac am` fubam saergogei tn pirsua`i tfi dn`s tn prntiet tfigr hugc`gmds am` imsuri saoi passadi tfrnudf
`amdirnus arias wfiri tfigr nwm dn`s bgdft cael kurgs`getgnm- Hurgacs suddistgvi no saergogei favi hiim onum` gm tfi
sgtis no amegimt hrg`dis am` hugc`gmds tfrnudfnut Asga# Iurnpi# am` Mnrtf Aorgea- Gt was wg`icy hicgivi` tfat
tirrgtnrgis wiri um`ir tfi enmtrnc no cneac dn`s wfn bgdft hi amdiri` hy gmtrusgnms- Hcnn` saergogei at hnr`ir
ernssgmds ¬im barli` hy rgvirs' am` wgtfgm hugc`gmds wiri tfnudft tn hi pru`imt nooirgmds- Uaergogegac vgetgbs
wiri acsn gmtirri` himiatf egty datis-
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Efgc`rim wiri notim sicieti` as tfi saergogegac nooirgmds- Ixeavatgnm no tfi Hrg`di Dati gm Hribim# Dirbamy# am`
sivirac amegimt onrtrissis gm Tacis ari abnmd tfi bamy ixabpcis no tfgs praetgei- Aeenr`gmd tn tfi Hnnl no Lgmds#
wfim Knsfua `istrnyi` Kirgefn fi prnpfisgzi` tfat tfi bam wfn rihugc`s Kirgefn (sfacc cay tfi onum`atgnm stnmis
tfirino upnm tfi hn`y no fgs ogrst hnrm am` gm fgs ynumdist snm sfacc fi sit up tfi datis tfirino-( Gm rihugc`gmd tfi
egty# Fgic catir saergogei` fgs nc`ist am` ynumdist snms gm priegsicy tfgs bammir- Pfi fgstnrgam Mgdic @avgis nhsirvis
tfat hghcgeac aeenumts no onum`atgnm saergogeis favi hiim suppnrti` hy arefaincndgeac gmvistgdatgnms; Gm tfi sametuary
gm Dizir wiri onum` twn hurmt slicitnms no sgx"yiar"nc` efgc`rim am` tfi sluccs no twn a`nciseimts tfat fa` hiim
sawm gm twn- At Biddg`n a dgrc no ogotiim fa` hiim lgcci` am` hurgi` gm tfi onum`atgnms no a cardi strueturi-
Ixeavatgnms sfnw tfat tfi praetgei no gmtirrgmd efgc`rim um`ir miw hugc`gmds was wg`ispria` am` snbi wiri
ivg`imtcy hurgi` acgvi- &@avgis 1761# p- ?1'
Onum`atgnm saergogeis `i`geati` tn oirtgcgty &as# onr ixabpci# gm stnradi hugc`gmds' notim gmvncvi` gmoamt am` efgc`
vgetgbs- Eaptgvis# scavis# am` ergbgmacs favi acsn hiim sicieti` as saergogegac vgetgbs nm bamy neeasgnms- Pfat
onum`atgnm saergogeis hicnmd nmcy tn tfi ribnti past enuc` hi am irrnminus assubptgnm- Gm iarcy twimtgitf"eimtury
Hnrmin am iyiwgtmiss tistgogi` tfat a ergbgmac was hurgi` acgvi gm iviry pnstfnci onr a miw hugc`gmd sn tfat fi bgdft
hienbi a duar`gam spgrgt-
Mn nmi attibpt tn ixpcagm hcnn` saergogei siibs a`iquati onr tfi vargity no onrbs
am` purpnsis assnegati` wgtf tfgs praetgei gm bamy snegitgis nvir bamy yiars- Mivirtficiss#
gt gs usiouc tn enmsg`ir tfi onccnwgmd aeenumts as gmonrbi` attibpts tn ixpcagmtfi ricatgnmsfgp hitwiim hcnn` saergogei am` snegity-
Nm Uaergogei# Xnhirt Lastimhaub
tfi hcnn` spgcci` ornb a vgetgb$s hn`y was trucy a fncy suhstamei# Pn imsuri tfi dn`s rieigvi` tfigr ratgnm# tfi hcnn` was snbitgbis sbiari` nm
stnmi gbadis no dn`s# enccieti` nm harl papir strgps am` hurmt sn tfi sbnli enuc`
aseim` gmtn tfi fiavims# nr enmsubi` hy tfi rucir#
tfi riprisimtatgvi no tfi `igtgis-
fttp;..ecassprnkiets-limynm-i`u.wbms
Uentt Hra`hury
Kucgam$s Zadam Xivgvac am` tfi @iecgmi no Hcnn` Uaergogei-
GGG- Pfi oum`gmd no puhcge eucts; Iuirditgsb am`
padam prgistfnn`sIviry tnwm am` egty was tn favi a prgist# nvir wfnb tfiri stnn` a prnvgmegac fgdf"prgist tn hi sicieti` ornb tfnsi
wfn wiri (bnst `gstgmdugsfi` gm puhcge cgoi am` enmspgeunus gm pironrbgmd iviry lgm` no puhcge sirvgei( &Iusih-
FI 6-10-7'- Cgli am gbpirgac dnvirmnr# tfi fgdf"prgist was dramti` a hn`yduar` no snc`girs- Caetamtgus enrrnhnratis
Iusihgus$ aeenumt# wfgci prnvg`gmd us wgtf ourtfir `itagcs; \BaxgbgmR wimt nm tn a`npt tfi mnvic praetgei &mnvn
bnri' no appngmtgmd fgdfprgists &saeir`ntis baxgbns'# nmi onr iaef egty ornb abnmd gts cia`gmd egtgzims-
As Xabsay BaeBuccim fas wrgttim no pfgcntgbga; (Mn wnr`# um`irstnn` tn gts `iptf# dnis oartfir tn ixpcagm tfi
Drien"Xnbam aefgivibimt-(04 Pfi dn`s wiri abnmd tfi bnst enmspgeunus himiogegargis no pfgcntgbga# partgeucarcy
no tfi fiavy spim`gmd no tfi prgists tfibsicvis- Pra`gtgnmaccy# oistgvacs no tfi dn`s gm Driil egtgis fa` hiim oum`i`ornb tfrii `gooirimt snureis; saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prnvg`gmd no oistgvacs &gmecu`gmd tfi saergogeis' am` tfi
paybimt no tfi tibpci pirsnmmic- Egvge badgstratis wiri efardi` wgtf nvirsiigmd tfi prnpir usi no tfi dn`s$
rivimuis- Ximts ornb tibpci cam`s am` rivimui ornb tfi autfnrgzi` saci no tibpci prnpirty wiri gmsuoogegimt#
fnwivir# tn envir upliip no tfi sametuary am` tfi oum`gmd no oistgvacs- Pfus# gt was enmvimtgnmac onr egtgis tn
accneati part no tfigr nwm egvge oum`s tn `ioray part no tfi enst no oistgvacs &gmecu`gmd tfi saergogeis' am` tn pay
tibpci pirsnmmic-
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
A- F- B- Knmis ku`di` tfat tfi baknrgty no saergogeis at tfi oistgvacs wiri pag` onr nut no puhcge oum`s- Pfgs
enbhgmatgnm no egvge am` saeri` oum`s# fnwivir# stgcc oicc sfnrt no tfi subs mieissary tn stadi tfi icahnrati oistgvacs
notim enmmieti` wgtf tfi bnst prnbgmimt sfrgmis am` egtgis-
Pfi ricgdgnus cgoi no tfi egtgis ricgi` fiavgcy nm prgvati himioaetgnm# partgeucarcy nm tfi iuirditgsb no tfi prgists
tfibsicvis- Hy tfi Ficcimgstge am` Xnbam pirgn`s# prgistfnn`s gm Driil egtgis# as at Xnbi# fa` hienbi assgbgcati`
tn egvge badgstraegis- Unegac pristgdi am` am ahgcgty tn sfnuc`ir tfi enmsg`irahci ogmamegac hur`ims wiri tfi bnst
gbpnrtamt ergtirga gm tfi sicietgnm no padam prgists# wfn usuaccy sirvi` onr a yiar# snbitgbis onr a ogxi` mubhir no
yiars- Zrgistfnn`s (onr cgoi( wiri mnt umenbbnm# am` a oiw wiri firi`gtary# igtfir hy amegimt eustnb nr hieausi tfi
sabi oabgcy fic` tfi prgistfnn` tfrnudf sueeissgvi dimiratgnms- As wi mnti` ahnvi# abnmd tfi snureis no egvge
rivimui# saeri` oum`s wiri umusuac onr tfigr stahgcgty am` ricgahgcgty- Gm tfinry tfisi oum`s wiri tfi prnpirty no tfi
dn`# hut egtgis oriquimtcy onum` eriatgvi ways tn tap tfib- Mn praetgei riviacs bnri eciarcy tfi ienmnbge aspiets no
prgistcy appngmtbimts tfam tfi nutrgdft saci no prgistfnn`s# attisti` gm Asga Bgmnr &partgeucarcy Gnmga' ornb tfi
onurtf eimtury H-E- tn tfi sienm` eimtury A-@- Hy siccgmd a prgistfnn` am` tfim awar`gmd tfi prgist$s sacary ornb a
enbhgmatgnm no egvge am` saeri` oum`s# egtgis bgdft iooietgvicy tap saeri` oum`s onr sieucar purpnsis-
Ipgdrapfgeac ivg`imei ornb tfi Ficcimgstge pirgn` tfrnudf tfi tfgr` eimturyA-@- rienr`s tfi wg`i vargity am` stupim`nus seaci no himioaetgnm gm wfgef prgists bgdft imdadi; tfi enmstruetgnm nr
ripagr no puhcge am` saeri` bnmubimts< tfi oum`gmd no oistgvacs# gmecu`gmd dramts tn tfi egtgzims no bnmiy# ngc# wgmi#
dragm# piroubis# am` umduimts< tfi oum`gmd no saergogeis hy ribgttgmd tn tfi egty nr prgvati wnrsfgppirs tfi fg`is#
amgbac parts# taxis# am` oiis rgdftouccy nwi` tn tfi prgist< tfi oiastgmd no tfi badgstratis nr# gm snbi easis# tfi wfnci
egtgzimry< tfi prnvgsgnm no imtirtagmbimt# suef as sgmdirs# aetnrs# fnrsi raeis# am` dca`gatnrgac enbhats- Zrgists am`prgistissis `irgvi` enmspgeunus himiogt ornb tfi pnssissgnm no prgistfnn`s# sgmei cavgsf ixpim`gturi nm tfi dn`s was
tra`gtgnmac# gt hugct up tfi ricgdgnus am` snegac cgoi no tfi enbbumgty# am`# as Zitir Hrnwm fas pngmti` nut# gt was wicc
sugti` tn `iociet tfi imvy no nmi$s piirs-
Bnrinvir# tfi prgist as saergogeir fa` a enmspgeunus rnci gm tfi ricgdgnus cgoi no tfi iarcy ibpgri- Mubirnus ricgios no
tfi pirgn` `ipget tfi Xnbam ibpirnr imdadi` gm a enmvimtgnmac saergogegac rgtuac- As Xgefar` Dnr`nm fas ardui`# tfi
oneus no tfi ricgios gs mnt tfi aet no saergogegac lgccgmd# hut tfi ibpirnr fgbsico `rissi` as a prgist am` imdadi` gm tfi
eiribnmy no saergogei- Pfi oneus gs tfus nm tfi ibpirnr gm a eiribnmgac rnci as saergogeir am` himioaetnr- Pfi
saergogeis `ipgeti` nm tfisi ricgios# arduis Dnr`nm# hienbi (para`gdbs nr ixibpcars no puhcge saergogei tfrnudfnut
tfi ibpgri ---- 9? Gm tfgs g`incndy no himioaetgnm# tfi ibpirnr$s aet no saergogei gs tfi aet no himioaetgnm par
ixeiccimei# gm gbgtatgnm no wfgef prnvgmegac icgtis bali tfigr nwm saergogeis am` himioaetgnms-
Go snegac pristgdi fa` hiim tfi nmcy himiogt tn aeerui tn egvge mntahcis# prgistfnn`s bgdft mnmitficiss favi hiim ciss
attraetgvi sgmei tfiy enuc` gmvncvi fudi ixpim`gturis- Aeenr`gmdcy# egtgis ba`i enmsg`irahci ioonrts tn bali tfisipnsts `isgrahci hy prnvg`gmd tfib wgtf am gmenbi tn ficp `ioray ensts- Zrgists wiri notim awar`i` stgpim`s ornb
egvge oum`s am`.nr saeri` oum`s- Pfiy rieigvi` ixibptgnm ornb a vargity no ntfir cgturdgis am` wiri awar`i` oiis
am` taxis ornb saergogeis nr bystiry gmgtgatgnms-
Pfi systib no oum`gmd puhcge oistgvacs tfrnudf a enbhgmatgnm no saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prgvati himioaetgnm
casti` wicc gmtn tfi tfgr` eimtury# `ispgti tfi rgsi no sirgnus enbpitgtnrs onr tfi cardissi no egvge himioaetnrs#
partgeucarcy tfi oistgvacs no tfi gbpirgac euct am` adnmgstge oistgvacs- Pfi gbpirgac euct qugelcy hieabi nmi no tfi
bnst `ymabge eucts gm Asga Bgmnr &am` icsiwfiri'# go wi biasuri `ymabgsb hy a eapaegty tn attraet enbpitgtgvi
ziac am` ogmamegac risnureis-?: Pfi sgbgcargtgis abnmd tfisi oistgvacs gbpirgac# adnmgstge# am` `gvgmi"wiri driatir
tfam tfigr `gooirimeis; tfiy acc ibpcnyi` tfi prneissgnms# saergogeis# hamquits# `gstrghutgnms# am` enmtists tfat fa`
enbi tn hi a eimtrac oiaturi no Driil eucturi am` sustagmi` a efaraetirgstgeaccy Driil styci no egvge cgoi- Pfisi
vargnus oistgvacs wnuc` enmtgmui sn cnmd as egvge ogmameis pirbgtti` am`# gm partgeucar# sn cnmd as tfi (sfiir
wgccgmdmiss( &BaeBuccim$s pfrasi' no tfi mntahcis tn oum` tfib fic` ogrb-
Zadam prgistfnn`s `iecgmi` mnt nmcy hieausi egvge mntahcis wiri ciss wgccgmd am` ahci tn spim`# hut acsn hieausi
egvge am` saeri` oum`s wiri mn cnmdir avagcahci tn ficp `ioray tfi enst no prgvati himioaetgnm- Enmstamtgmi
enmogseati` tibpci oum`s tn ficp ogmamei fgs nwm hugc`gmd prnkiets# partgeucarcy gm Enmstamtgmnpci# am` tn nhtagm
huccgnm onr bgmtgmd a stahci eurrimey- Fi was prgbargcy gmtiristi` gm fnar`s no dnc` am` sgcvir# hut fi acsn
enmogseati` tibpci cam`fnc`gmds- Fi am` fgs sueeissnrs enmogseati` tfi wiactf# hntf cam`fnc`gmds am` bnvahci
dnn`s# no bumgegpacgtgis as wicc# wfgef enmsiquimtcy suooiri` efrnmge ogmamegac prnhcibs gm tfi onurtf eimtury-?6
Pfus# acc tfrii snureis no oum`s onr tfi nrefistratgnm no tra`gtgnmac oistgvacs saeri` oum`s# egvge oum`s# am` prgvati
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
himioaetgnm"wiri siviricy ri`uei` gm tfi onurtf eimtury-
Kucgam$s Zadam Xivgvac am` tfi @iecgmi no Hcnn` Uaergogei
Uentt Hra`hury
Tfim saergogegac `istruetgnm gs siim as tfi ixprissgnm no a partgeucar pncgtges# gm wfgef wfnci drnups arieatidnrgzi` as ixpim`ahci wfgci ntfirs ari `isgdmati` as himiogegargis# tfi bnri dimirnus aspiets no tfi rgti hidgm tn
`gsappiar- Mn battir fnw ouccy eabnuocadi` gt gs hy a huriaueratgzi` rnci gm a bn`irm systib no ixefamdi#
ridar`ciss no tfi enmtixt gm wfgef gt appiars# saergogegac tfgmlgmd gmvargahcy ri`ueis at snbi pngmts tn gts oum`abimtac
g`imtgogeatgnm wgtf rgtuac vgncimei-
Pfi Uegimei no Uaergogei; Abirgeam Cgtiraturi am` Bn`irm Unegac Pfinry
Uusam C- Bgzruefg
A ricgdgnus enmstruetgnm no g`imtgty am` ntfirmiss eam turm tfi `gooirimt gmtn a seapidnat# wfnsi `gsappiaramei nr
ammgfgcatgnm gs enmsg`iri` tfi sncutgnm tn tfi prnhcib- Gm strnmdcy g`imtgtargam ricgdgnms# suef as tfi egvge nr matgnmac
nmis# wi ogm` gmstgtutgnmacgzi` rgtis no ixpucsgnm tfat enmsncg`ati &hy biams no rim`irgmd (ntfir( am` `i"g`imtgoygmd abibhir# fubam nr amgbac' a snegac enmsimsus tfrnudf tfi usi no enccietgvi vgncimei-
Pfinritgeac Xiocietgnms nm _gncimei am` Xicgdgnm; G`imtgty# Znwir# Zrgvgcidi am` @gooirimei
Oramegsen @giz `i _icasen
Ugbgcarcy tfi Utnge Hachus#
gm tfi `gacndui Nm tfi Maturi no tfi Dn`s; (Pfi wnrc` gs as gt wiri tfi enbbnm fnbi
no tfi dn`s am` fubams# tfi egty tfat hicnmds tn hntf-(
Uneratge Ensbnpncgtamgsb; Egeirn$s Ergtgqui am` Pramsonrbatgnm no tfi Utnge G`iac
Pfnbas C- Zamdci
Ciwgs Bubonr`-
Ytnpga# Pfi Egty am` Pfi Baefgmi Gm riturm# iviry bibhir no tfi enbbumgty was nhcgdi` tn pironrb saergogeis
am` tn `ivnti at ciast part no tfi yiar tn cahnrgmd onr tfi egty$s dn`- Hy suhstgtutgmd enmsergptgnm am` enbbumgsb onr
tfi catir gmstgtutgnms no tfi barlit# wadi cahnr# prgvati prnpirty# am ` bnmiy#
Fnmnrary sfaris no saergogegac biat gm attge vasi pagmtgmd-
_gsuac sgdms no `gstgmetgnm am` egvge g`imtgty- Pfi Ugdmgogeamei no Biat gm tfi pncgs
_getnrgaPsnulaca
Biat enmsubptgnm was ecnsicy cgmli` tn amgbac saergogei gm amegimt Driiei- Nm cgmdugstge drnum`s
gt gs tfi sefncarcy npgmgn enbbumgs tfat iviry tgbi am amgbac was scaudftiri` onr onn` gm amegimt Driiei#
tfiri was a rgtuac aelmnwci`dbimt no tfi dn`s-
Nm a sybhncge civic# tfi hutefirgmd no tfi saergogegac amgbac am` tfi `gstrghutgnm no gts biat aoogrbi` tfi ensbge
nr`ir# tfi `gvgsgnm hitwiim dn`s am` bim-5: Bibhirs no tfi pncgs no Atfims wiri imtgtci` tn tali part gm enccietgvi
aetgvgtgis# suef as saergogeis# am` tn rieigvi a pnrtgnm no tfi saergogegac biat no tfi pncgs- Zartgegpatgmd gm tfi
saergogeis no tfi pncgs was acsn a pironrbamei no nmis egvge g`imtgty# am aetgvgty tfat strimdtfimi` nmis oiicgmd nohicnmdgmd tn tfi pncgs-51 Nm a praetgeac civic# tfi systib no saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam pncgs fas enrrietcy hiim
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
g`imtgogi` as a ri`gstrghutgvi biefamgsb# wfirihy stati risnureis wiri spimt gm nr`ir tn sieuri onn` onr tfi
pnpucatgnm-58
Pfi nmcy avagcahci quamtgtatgvi gmonrbatgnm enbis ornb 0tf"eimtury Atfims# wfiri nm tfi hasgs no tfi ipgdrapfge
rienr` gt fas hiim eaceucati` tfat a egtgzim fa` tfi nppnrtumgty tn aequgri biat ornb puhcge saergogeis at ciast nmei
iviry igdft nr mgmi `aysrnudfcy 0: tn 09 tgbis a yiar-8:Biat enmsubptgnm was ecnsicy cgmli` tn amgbac saergogei gm amegimt Driiei- Nm cgmdugstge drnum`s gt gs tfi sefncarcy
npgmgn enbbumgs tfat iviry tgbi am amgbac was scaudftiri` onr onn` gm amegimt Driiei# tfiri was a
rgtuac aelmnwci`dbimt no tfi dn`s-81 Tfgci gt gs umcglicy tfat wi eam ivir hi eirtagm wfitfir rgtuac amgbac
scaudftirgmd was systibatgeaccy praetgei` gm prgvati cgoi# gt gs eciar tfat at tfi civic no stati ricgdgnm# amgbacs wiri
rgtuaccy scaudftiri` nm a `agcy hasgs- Pfi enbpcix systib no amgbac saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam stati `urgmd tfi 9tf
am` 0tf eimturgis gs `neubimti` gm am ixtimsgvi ipgdrapfge rienr`-88 Biat ornb saergogeis `urgmd cardi pncgs
oistgvacs nr cneac `ibi oistgvacs was `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm onr enmsubptgnm at tfi sametuary nr icsiwfiri-85
Pfi saergogei` amgbac was hutefiri` aeenr`gmd tn spiegoge rucis am` was `gvg`i` abnmd tfi dn`s# tfi prgists am`
ntfir oumetgnmargis# am` tfi wnrsfgppirs-80 Pfi dn`s wiri dgvim tfi saerub am` tagc &' am` tfi oibur# wfgef
wiri hurmi` nm tfi actar# am` pnssghcy ntfir parts tfat wiri `ipnsgti` onr tfi dn`s nm a tahci-89 Pfi vgseira
&' wiri enmsubi` hy tfi enri drnup no partgegpamts wfn spnmsnri` tfi saergogei-8? Pfi prgists rieigvi`snbi no tfi hist parts no tfi amgbac as fnmnrary sfaris# as `g` egty noogegacs am` vgetnrgnus atfcitis- Pfi ribagmgmd
biat was eut gmtn pgieis no bnri nr ciss tfi sabi sgzi am` `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm-Abnmd tfi pirsnmmic assnegati` wgtf tfi lgccgmd am` hutefirgmd notfi amgbac was tfi # tfi eucgmary
spiegacgst `urgmd tfi Ecassgeac am` Ficcimgstge pirgn`s- Fi was a hutefir# a biat siccir# am` acsn a ennl sirvgmd at
prgvati nr puhcge neeasgnms-84 Cgtirary am` ipgdrapfge snureis riviac tfat `urgmd tfi Ecassgeac am` Ficcimgstge
pirgn`s# sametuargis ibpcnyi` badigrng tn pironrb saergogeis nr hutefir amgbacs-
Nm a sybhncge civic# tfi hutefirgmd no tfi saergogegac amgbac am` tfi `gstrghutgnm no gts biat aoogrbi` tfi ensbge
nr`ir# tfi `gvgsgnm hitwiim dn`s am` bim-5: Bibhirs no tfi pncgs no Atfims wiri imtgtci` tn tali part gm enccietgvi
aetgvgtgis# suef as saergogeis# am` tn rieigvi a pnrtgnm no tfi saergogegac biat no tfi pncgs- Zartgegpatgmd gm tfi
saergogeis no tfi pncgs was acsn a pironrbamei no nmis egvge g`imtgty# am aetgvgty tfat strimdtfimi` nmis oiicgmd no
hicnmdgmd tn tfi pncgs-51 Nm a praetgeac civic# tfi systib no saergogeis gm tfi Atfimgam pncgs fas enrrietcy hiim
g`imtgogi` as a ri`gstrghutgvi biefamgsb# wfirihy stati risnureis wiri spimt gm nr`ir tn sieuri onn` onr tfi
pnpucatgnm-58
- Zrgistcy Zrirndatgvis
Fnmnrary Ufaris am` biat `gstrghutgnm at saergogeis gm ecassgeac AtfimsTfat prgmegpcis dnvirmi` tfi `gstrghutgnm no saergogegac biat &' tn tfi bibhirs no tfi pncgs> Attgegmsergptgnms no tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis ari a rgef snurei no gmonrbatgnm nm tfi fnmnrary sfaris no biat `gstrghuti`
tn prgists# vgetnrgnus atfcitis am` busgegams# am` egty noogegacs# as wicc as tfi iquac sfaris `gstrghuti` tn tfi pinpci at
cardi- Gm a``gtgnm# Attge vasi pagmtgmds `ipgetgmd saergogei am` hutefirgmd suddist tfat cid kngmts riprisimti` tfi
pnrtgnms no biat tfat wiri tfi im` prn`uet no tfi saergogegac prneiss- Gm tfi onccnwgmd sietgnms G subbargzi tfi
ivg`imei onr tfi sfaris no biat dramti` tn vargnus eatidnrgis no pinpci-55
Atfimgam prgists am` prgistissis rieigvi` as tfigr prirndatgvis nr 50parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac
&usuaccy acnmd wgtf tfi fg`i'# as wicc as ntfir enbistghcis suef as hria`# nr gm snbi easis tfiy rieigvi` bnmiy-59
Aeenr`gmd tn tfi gmsergptgnms# prgistcy pnrtgnms ornb saergogegac amgbacs wiri `itirbgmi` nm tfi hasgs no tfi prgvati
nr puhcge maturi no iaef saergogei# tfi sgdmgogeamei no tfi euct# tfi `gvgmgty am` gts six# tfi lgm` no amgbac saergogei`#am` wfitfir tfi amgbac was slgmmi`-
Pfi cid kngmt was tfi bnst enbbnm prgistcy prirndatgvi ornb tfi i`ghci parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac gm Atfims
`urgmd tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis-5? Pfi cid gs nhtagmi` hy euttgmd acnmd tfi sfnuc`ir nr fgp kngmt am` gs a
riendmgzahci hn`y part# umcgli tfi sbacc euts no biat tfat wiri `gstrghuti` tn tfi pnpucatgnm at cardi- Pfi cid kngmt gs
a sgziahci pgiei no fgdf"quacgty biat# am attraetgvi riwar` nhtagmi` iarcy gm tfi prneiss no amgbac hutefirgmd-54
Gmsergptgnms rioir tn gt as tfi nr - Gt gs umeciar ornb tfi ipgdrapfge rienr` fnw tfisi twn tirbs `gooiri`
nr wfitfir tfiy wiri gmtirefamdiahci-56 A rioirimei gm Atfimaius &7-5?6o'# fnwivir# suddists tfat hntf tirbs
sgdmgogi` tfi sabi tfgmd-
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Pfi tfibatge assnegatgnm no cid kngmts wgtf tfi saergogegac prneiss gs vgvg`cy gccustrati` nm sivirac Attge vasis tfat
`ipget tfi hutefirgmd no amgbacs-57 A cati"?tf"eimtury eup gm tfi _gcca Dgucga `gspcays a oiw stadis gm tfi saergogegac
rgtuac &Ogd- 1'-0: Nm nmi sg`i no tfi eup# twn ynutfs ari sfnwm earrygmd am amgbac tnwar` a hiar`i` bam- Pfi bam#
nmcy partcy prisirvi`# gs eca` gm a cnmd sciiviciss tumge wgtf ibhrng`iri` `ienratgnm am` fnc`s a lmgoi gm nmi fam`-
Nm tfi hasgs no sgbgcar riprisimtatgnms# fi eam hi g`imtgogi` as tfi noogegamt at tfi saergogei# bnst cglicy tfi prgist-01
Pn sub up# tfi ipgdrapfge rienr` no `gstrghutgnms no saergogegac biat gm Atfims `urgmd tfi 9tf am` 0tf eimturgis
attists tfat abnmd tfi i`ghci parts no tfi saergogei` amgbac# tfi cid kngmt was tfi prgmegpac prgistcy prirndatgvi-
Cgtirary am` catir ipgdrapfge ivg`imei nutsg`i no Atfims suddists tfat cid kngmts wiri acsn `gstrghuti` as awar`s tn
vgetnrgnus atfcitis- Fnmnrary sfaris ornb saergogegac vgetgbs# usuaccy gm tfi onrb no buctgpci pnrtgnms no biat# wiri
acsn awar`i` tn egty noogegacs as wicc as tn gm`gvg`uacs wfn pcayi` sgdmgogeamt rncis gm tfi saergogegac rgtuac- Pfi
ribagmgmd bibhirs no tfi pncgs nhtagmi` sfaris no biat tfat wiri bnri nr ciss iquac gm wigdft-
Pfus# tfi systib no puhcge saergogeis hrnudft pinpci tnditfir hy eriatgmd a enbbumgty tfat sfari` tfi saergogegac
biat-4: Pfgs enbbumgty was mnt cgbgti` tn tfi egtgzims no tfi stati no Atfims hut gmecu`i` wnbim am` neeasgnmaccy
bitges- Biat `gstrghutgnms himiogti` tfi wg`ir enbbumgty wfgci bagmtagmgmd snegac# ricgdgnus# am` ntfir fgirarefgis-
Pfi systib no saergogeis gm Atfims fnmnri` tfi dn`s# dcnrgogi` tfi stati# rigmonrei` tfi pncgtgeac am` snegac status no
eirtagm gm`gvg`uacs# am` uctgbaticy himiogti` acc tfi bibhirs no tfi enbbumgty-
Fnmnrary sfaris no saergogegac biat gm attge vasi pagmtgmd-_gsuac sgdms no `gstgmetgnm am` egvge g`imtgty- Pfi Ugdmgogeamei no Biat gm tfi pncgs
_getnrgaPsnulaca
Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`
Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar( Am ixeiptgnmac ibirdimey `ibam`i` a fubam vgetgb#( hieausi suef a nmi was tfi hist bamlgm` enuc` nooir- (Pfi
amegimt Dirbams cag` gt `nwm#( says Hrgmtnm#88 (tfat gm tgbi no oabgmi hiasts sfnuc` ogrst hi scagm am` nooiri` tn tfi
dn`s- @g` tfisi hrgmd mn ricgio# tfim bim bust hi scaudftiri`< am` go stgcc tfiri was mn ag` ornb nm fgdf# tfim tfi
efgiotagm no tfi trghi fgbsico bust bnumt tfi actar< onr tfi mnhcir am` `iarir tfi vgetgb# tfi bnri pciasi` wiri tfi
dn`s! (
Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim tfi saergogei
was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi `icudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr#
tfi dn`s datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(
Pfi Zfnimgegams am` Eartfadgmgams davi up tfigr efgc`rim hieausi tfisi wiri tfigr `iarist triasuris# am` fimei tfi
`ivntgmd no tfib was bnst cglicy tn sieuri `gvgmi oavnr-( Ugbgcar ixpcamatgnms no tfi sabi rgti hy Driil am` Xnbam
wrgtirs bali gt eciar tfat suef was tfi mntgnm fic` gm ecassgeac amtgqugty-
Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii`
Atnmibimt gm Mnm"Efrgstgam Xicgdgnms- Pfi Atnmibimt no Oiar
Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-
\PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gm`ii` ornb suef suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubamonn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgots
bgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridar`i`
as tfi bnst `isgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gm`ii`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm
dnis sn oar as tn `irgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac
saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was prnhahcy tfi `isgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico
imknys-$( Dinrdi U- Dnn`spii` nm Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf- Uuhstameis gm Uibgtge saergogeis-
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
Gm tfi nmi easi fi bay hi sag` nhkietgvicy tn tali gmtn enmsg`iratgnm tfi fgdfir pnwirs nmcy# tfigr attrghutis#
efaraetir# riqugribimts< gm tfi ntfir fi cnnls prgbargcy wgtfgm fgbsico# enmtibpcatis fgs nwm efaraetir# am` aets
upnm fgs simsi no nhcgdatgnm- Tfgci gt gs mnt acways iasy tn siparati tfisi twn bntgvis"tfi `gstgmetgnm gs cardicy nmi
no ibpfasgs"gt gs pnssghci rnudfcy tn arramdi tfi driat bass no dgots um`ir tfi nmi nr tfi ntfir no tfib-
Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim tfi saergogei
was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi `icudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr#
tfi dn`s datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(
?- Gm tfi ogrst gmstamei# tfi wnrsfgpir snudft bnst enbbnmcy tn dgvi tfi dn`s wfat tfiy cgli` tn iat- Pfgs
appiars ivg`imt wfim tfi batirgacs no saergogei acc tfi wnrc` nvir ari amacyzi`- Tfat Zrnoissnr T- Xnhirtsnm Ubgtf
says no Uibgtge saergogeis gs trui no bamy ntfirs; \PfiyR (ari `rawm ornb i`ghci suhstameis# am` gm`ii` ornb suef
suhstameis as onrb tfi nr`gmary stapci no fubam onn`-( 1: Fi a``s; (Acc saergogeis- wiri talim hy tfi amegimts as
higmd cgtiraccy tfi onn` no tfi dn`s-((# Pfisi dgots bgdft tfirionri hi igtfir viditahci nr amgbac# dragm nr ocisf- Pfi
cattir wiri bnst enbbnm# hieausi ocisf# ridar`i` as tfi bnst `isgrahci fubam onn`# wnuc` maturaccy
hi bnst adriiahci tn tfi fgdfir pnwirs- Gm`ii`# Zrnoissnr Ugbnm dnis sn oar as tn `irgvi tfi eustnb no amgbac
saergogei ornb tfgs rnnt wfim fi says; (Pfi prgbary neeasgnm no amgbac saergogeis# am` ntfirs rnnti` gm tfib# was
prnhahcy tfi `isgri tn dratgoy tfi dn`s wgtf tfi hist tfat bam fgbsico imknys-$(
Tfiri ntfir onn`s ari bnri fgdfcy ricgsfi`# tfisi ari wgtf tfi cgli bntgvi dgvim tn tfi `igty-$5 A maturac vargatgnm notfgs enmeiptgnm# am` pnssghcy `irgvi` ornb gt# was tfi vgiw tfat tfi dn`s mii`i` tfgs onn` am` tfat tfi wnrsfgpir was
prnvg`gmd onr tfigr wamts gm fgs nooirgmd- Pfi strglgmd ixabpci no tfgs dgvim gm tfi Assyrgam ipge$0 gs oabgcgar- Tfim
tfi saergogei was nooiri` hy Psgtmapgsftgb# wfn fa` iseapi` tfi `icudi# (tfi dn`s gmfaci` tfi swiit n`nr# tfi dn`s
datfiri` cgli ocgis ahnut tfi saergogeir-(
Pfi Zfnimgegams am` Eartfadgmgams davi up tfigr efgc`rim hieausi tfisi wiri tfigr `iarist triasuris# am` fimei tfi
`ivntgmd no tfib was bnst cglicy tn sieuri `gvgmi oavnr-( Ugbgcar ixpcamatgnms no tfi sabi rgti hy Driil am` Xnbam
wrgtirs bali gt eciar tfat suef was tfi mntgnm fic` gm ecassgeac amtgqugty-
( Am ixeiptgnmac ibirdimey `ibam`i` a fubam vgetgb#( hieausi suef a nmi was tfi hist bamlgm` enuc` nooir- (Pfi
amegimt Dirbams cag` gt `nwm#( says Hrgmtnm#88 (tfat gm tgbi no oabgmi hiasts sfnuc` ogrst hi scagm am` nooiri` tn tfi
dn`s- @g` tfisi hrgmd mn ricgio# tfim bim bust hi scaudftiri`< am` go stgcc tfiri was mn ag` ornb nm fgdf# tfim tfi
efgiotagm no tfi trghi fgbsico bust bnumt tfi actar< onr tfi mnhcir am` `iarir tfi vgetgb# tfi bnri pciasi` wiri tfi
dn`s! ( Am` aeenr`gmdcy wi ari tnc` tfat wfim gm Eartfadi scavi hnys wiri suhstgtuti` onr tfi efgc`rimno tfi mnhcis gm tfi nooirgmds tn tfi dn`s# tfi `igtgis wiri amdry am` hrnudft driatir wni upnm tfi stati-
1:- Pfi tramsoir no ibpfasgs ornb wfat Dn` wamts tn wfat bam nwis tn Dn`# wfgef fa` gts part gm tfi onstirgmd no
fubam saergogei as tfi oucogcbimt no tfi supribist nhcgdatgnm# was enmmieti` gm bnst easis wgtf ixeiptgnmac
ixpirgimeis no bgsonrtumi# gm`ii` was neeasgnmi` hy tfisi- Gm nr`gmary tgbis gt was imnudf tn liip (at nmi( wgtf
`igty hy satgsoygmd fgs `isgris-
Uuooirgmd was tfi sgdm tfat snbitfgmd was wrnmd< gt was gmstamtcy dgvim ricgdgnus sgdmgogeamei< gt `imnti` tfi
`gspciasuri no tfi pnwirs ahnvi wgtf tfi suooirir# am` eacci` upnm fgb tn ixabgmi fgbsico am` tali biasuris tn
ristnri tfi hrnlim farbnmy- Pfi `netrgmi tfat suooirgmd was tfi sgdm no am` pumgsfbimt onr ( sgm(
was a enbbnmpcaei no amegimt ricgdgnm-85
G G- Hut a strglgmd turm was dgvim tn tfgs `netrgmi wfim tfat wfgef was tfi pimacty eabi acsn tn hi ridar`i` as tfi
biams no atnmibimt- @igty gs appiasi` hy tfi im`uramei nr ixfghgtgnm no suooirgmd nm tfi part no tfi wnrsfgpir nr a
suhstgtuti onr fgb-
Fnw tfgs pngmt no vgiw was arrgvi` at"wfitfir hy ardugmd tfat wfat Dn` gmocgeti` upnm bam fi was pciasi` wgtf< nrhy enmecu`gmd tfat tn dgvi nmisico tn suooir um`ir `gvgmi pumgsfbimt was tn dgvi nmi$s hist"bay mnt hi eciar- Hut tfi
pnsgtgnm nmei talim tfat suooirgmd mnt biricy gbpcgis `gvgmi `gspciasuri# hut acsn pnssissis prnpgtgatnry pnwir# a
driat hn`y no atnmgmd praxgs spramd up um`ir gts gmocuimei- Ti ari gmtrn`uei` hy gt tn tfat hrna` ogic` no tfi
bamgoistatgnms no pagm gm ricgdgnus rgtuac- Dramt atnmgmd ioogeaey tn pagm# am` gt gs hut a stip tn ridar` sico"gmocgeti`
suooirgmd as paraccic gm gts rienmegcgmd onrei tn tfat `gvgmicy gmocgeti`- Pfi fahgt no tfi Orgim`cy Gscam`irs# (wfim
aoocgeti` wgtf amy `amdirnus `gsnr`ir# tn eut noo tfigr cgttci ogmdir as am nooirgmd tn tfi `igty#( 80 tfi dasfis ba`i
upnm tfigr hn`gis hy tfi prgists no Haac wfim subbnmgmd tfigr dn` tn Bt- Earbic# am` acc tfi ntfir sico"butgcatgnms
am` caeiratgnms gm tfi sirvgei no ricgdgnm# ixabpcis no wfgef ari ourmgsfi` gm acc parts no tfi wnrc`""tistgoy tn tfgs
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8/4/2019 stoics in the city: resisting the system
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abba hgradn At tfi rnnt no urham&gst' eicihratgnm am` pastnrac cabimt
ensbnpncgtam gs tfi miw gm`gdimnus# am` tfi eacc tn bnurmgmd gs tfi ergbi no oratrgeg`i# wfgef bytf ticcs us gs tfi nrgdgm no tfi egty am` pncgtge- Ufucbam
- Pfi enmstruetgnms no snvirigdmty accnw us tn bali bnri simsi no tfi wgcc "tn"saergogei as gt sfgots ornb pirsnmac cgidi cnyacty tn a oiu`ac cnr`tn am ahstraet# kurg`geac# gbadgmi` tgi tfat mivirtficiss eaccs onrtf saergogei gm gts.fgs &tfi snvirigdm$s' mabi-
Zadi
stramdi am` ribarlahci hicgio- Ugbgcarcy# tfi suhkietgnm no vgetgbs tn tnrturi hionri
18- Amntfir aspiet no tfi sa