stimulants emily, ian, and jenny. stimulants drugs that affect the central nervous system increase...
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StimulantsEmily, Ian, and Jenny
Stimulants Drugs that affect the central nervous system
Increase brain activity and mental awareness
Relax airways and stimulate breathing
Reduce appetite
Cause heart tremors and palpitations
Cause restlessness and sleeplessness
Cause hallucinations
Caffeine Found in coffee, tea, sodas
World’s most widely used stimulant
Has addictive properties
Caffeine How it works:
Adenosine is the substance which causes sleepiness as it attaches to adenosine receptors slowing neuron transmission.
Caffeine is similar in structure to adenosine so it attaches to the adenosine receptors.
This takes up the receptors from the regular adenosine not allowing the body to become tired.
This confuses the brain and causes adrenaline to flow often causing increased alertness.
Caffeine Consumption in small amounts:
Enhancement of mental energy, alertness and ability to concentrate
Acts as diuretic, increases volume of urine, can cause dehydration
Consumption in large amounts: Anxiety, irritability, insomnia Can cause dependence; side effects on withdrawal
include headaches and nausea
Caffeine: History The coffee plant has been around for hundreds
of years, originating in North Africa
An Ethiopian farmer noticed his goat behaving erratically after eating small berries that were soon dried and found to be coffee beans
Traders brought coffee to Europe where it grew steadily into the world wide industry it is now
NicotineCommonly found in cigarettes and other
tobacco products (also found in tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, and green peppers in small amounts)
Taken by inhalation of smoke or chewing tobacco
Extremely addictive
NicotineHow it works:
Nicotine imitates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which releases cholinergic neurons throughout the brain at a different pace than normal.
Leads to increased activity and the production of dopamine which in turn causes the creation of a reward pathway.
Nicotine Short-term effects:
Increases concentration Relives tension Counters fatigue Increases heart rate and blood pressure Decreases urine output
Long-term effect High blood pressure Increased risk of heart disease Coronary thrombosis Increased level of fatty acids in blood, leads to stroke Overstimulation of stomach acids, leads to increased
risk of peptic ulcers
Nicotine: HistoryNative to America
Records show it to be used at least as far back as Christopher Columbus’s landing
Trade with the Americas sped up and resulted in the spread of tobacco throughout Europe
Produced rapidly because it is a key industry for the United States
Nicotine vs. Caffeine Structure
Nicotine Caffeine
Amphetamines
Drugs that mimic and enhance effects of adrenaline and noradrenalin
Mimic the “fight or flight reflex”
Extremely addictive
Stimulate sympathetic nervous system, known as sympathomimetic drugs
Amphetamines Stimulate pathways that:
Increase heart rate and blood pressure Increase blood flow to brain and muscles Increase air flow to lungs Increase mental awareness
Amphetamine structure modified to create designer drugs Methamphetamine: aka “speed” and “crystal
meth” Ecstasy
Amphetamines vs. EpinephrineBoth increase heart rate and blood pressure
Both increase blood flow to muscles and brain
Both increase airflow to the lungs
Both increase mental awareness
Amphetamines: History Created artificially or synthesized in a lab, first in
the late 1800s by a scientist working on a medicine for asthma.
Decades later it was revived as a cold medicine because it gave the user a “burst of energy”
It was used in tablet form during WWII to reduce soldiers fatigue
Scientist in Japan synthesized a more powerful form known as methamphetamine
In the 1960s physicians began to notice the addictive qualities and it was removed from the market
CocainePowerfully addictive
Increases levels of dopamine in the brain
Increase of energy
Increase of talkativeness
Increase of heart rate
Increase of blood pressure
Cocaine: HistoryUsed in South America by the ancient Incans
through the naturally occurring plant Coca
Gained a reputation in the medical community when Sigmund Freud experimented with it
Widely used as a medicine in the 1800s until its extremely addictive symptoms were discovered
JennyStrengthening the accumbal indirect
pathway promotes resilience to compulsive cocaine use
Genetic influence of dopamine receptor, dopamine transporter, and nicotine metabolism on smoking cessation and nicotine dependence in a Japanese population
IanDoes a physiological concentration of taurine
increase acute muscle power output, time to fatigue, and recovery ion isolated mouse soleus (slow) muscle with or without the presence of caffeine?
The effects of caffeine, nicotine, ethanol, and tetrahydrocannabinol on exercise performance
EmilyPsychostimulants and Cognition: A continuum
of Behavioral and Cognitive Activation
Sources “DrugFacts: Cocaine.” DrugFacts: Cocaine. N.p, n.d. Web,
11 Feb 2015
"The History of Cocaine - Where Does Cocaine Come From? - Drug-Free World." The History of Cocaine - Where Does Cocaine Come From? - Drug-Free World. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2015.
"The History of Crystal Methamphetamine - Drug-Free World." The History of Crystal Methamphetamine - Drug-Free World. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2015.
"History and Background." Caffeine. N.p., 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 08 Feb. 2015.
Lah, Katarina. "Nicotine - Introduction and History." - Toxipedia. Toxipedia, 8 May 2011. Web. 08 Feb. 2015.