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Worlds, Cities and Urbanisation!!!A short history of an idea: From The Perspective of the World to world-cities!
Cities, modernities and urbanisation!!Tehran’s 5 modernities!!Los Angeles’ 5 modernities!
A short history of an idea:from The Perspective of the World to world cities!!!• Braudel’s historiography of ‘secular cycles’!• Wallerstein’s Modern World Systems and their cores and peripheries!• Arrighi’s four long centuries of accumulation to respectively city, nation
and continental bases!• Taylor’s ordinary modernities of world systems and the social limits (the
unsustainability) of the modern world system!• Friedmann’s world city!• Sassen’s global city!• Hall’s world cities!• Arrighi’s endgame. The transition to a labour-population-intensive modern
world system? !!!
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Fernand Braudel!History:!• short-term events, !• medium-term processes over decades, !• long-term structural processes measured in
centuries !combine to shape the environment within which individual decisions are made. !!The relationship between human activity, character, and the environment is fluid and historically and regionally specific. !
Fernand Braudel!A macro-history of capitalism in Europe, Asia, India, Africa and the Americas. !!The longue durée: a ‘secular cycle’ that has four peaks in the book: 1350, 1650, 1817 and 1974. !!The world-system: a complex city-dominated economic unity, with its own logic and unfolding dynamic; !• the centre shifted from Bruges, to Venice,
Genoa, Antwerp and Amsterdam. !• each shift occasioned by a crisis in credit,
and little understood by contemporaries on the ground. !
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Fernand Braudel!A macro-history of capitalism in Europe, Asia, India, Africa and the Americas. !!The world-economy: !• not abstract; has boundaries; !• centred on a world-city – which can shift
through time; !• marked by hierarchies of regional
economies, of a core: (the world-city itself and its immediate surroundings), a middle zone (the economic hinterland of the city) and a periphery!
!The European world-economy grew from a city-centred economy to a national one; the central core expanded from a city and its hinterland, to regional economies and then to the national economy!
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Immanuel Wallerstein!A critical history of Capitalism!The long 16th Century!!Since the 16th C an ‘ratcheting’ ‘global’ market has absorbed multiple cultural systems into a single, integrated economic system.!!!!!!!
Immanuel Wallerstein!A critical history of Capitalism!The long 16th Century!!The world-economy !A worldwide division of labour!A structure of core, periphery, and semi-periphery: !• core states control the world-system;
capital-intensive systems of production and advanced technologies !
• peripheral states (colonies) supply the world market with raw materials and agricultural commodities; labour-intensive systems of production. !
• the semi-periphery.!!!!!!!
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Giovanni Arrighi: The Long Twentieth Century!Different sorts of empires. !!Marx’s two formulae for exchange: !• C-M-C’, there is no imperative toward
profit. !• M-C-M’, commodities serve as a medium
for increasing money !!Arrighi transposes this to imperial form. !• T-M-T’, money is a means to expand the
territory. !• M-T-M’, seizing territory only in so far as it
provides greater profits. !!
Giovanni Arrighi: The Long Twentieth Century!Global capitalism as a spiral: !• 4 cycles of accumulation, each period !• a long 100 years,!• a leading nation able to organize the world
toward its own interests — hegemony (neo-imperialism).!
4 long centuries: !Genoa, !Dutch, !British, !United States. !!!
Giovanni Arrighi: The Long Twentieth Century!Each long century has three phases: !• a merchant phase based on trade, !• a phase of industrial expansion, !• a period of financialisation, !!Genoa invented modern banking, !Amsterdam, the first stock market. !The City of London became financier to the world.!!When the finance era runs its course, so does the empire.!!Our own ‘seasonal’ shift: !• 1973. A signal crisis !• 2008, the terminal crisis. !Characterised by the decreasing ability to rally the globe toward the empire’s ends.!!
Giovanni Arrighi: The Long Twentieth Century!Each time, the world economy recurs at a larger and more complex scale. !Each arises from a successively larger base, with more resources and more population:!• Italian city-state !• nation-state !• continental state of the US. !!And in turn the reach of each empire is broader, spiralling outward toward the arc of the globe itself. !!“The geopolitics of the last decade, with its tragic rehearsals of Vietnam, the farcical hollowness of the “coalition of the willing,” and the wrongfooted bumbling in the face of the Arab uprisings, testifies to little else. Our long century is no longer.”!
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Peter Taylor!Modernities:!capitalist world-economy = modem world-system!!Spatialising and temporalising modernity – the spaces and times of three prime modernities!!Multiple modernities!!Discrete cases, distinct 'modern worlds'!3 prime modernities: !• 17-18th Century Dutch-mercantile
modernity, !• 18-19th Century British-industrial
modernity !• 20th Century USA- consumer modernity. !!
Peter Taylor!Cultural hegemony: !!Art and culture of each prime modernity reinforces its political-economy !• domestic genre painting of the Dutch, !• the mannered civility of the English novel !• the safe cinema and TV of the USA !!The “bourgeois domesticity” to reinforce the common sense values of the prime hegemon.!!
Peter Taylor!Ordinary modernities: !the modernities associated with hegemonic states.!!The social limits of the modem world-system. Suburbanization and mass consumption – an Americanisation of the world that is not sustainable: !!Ordinary modernity generates an extraordinary impasse, the end of the modem world system. !
John Friedmann!Uses the world city paradigm: !“… to synthesize what would otherwise be disparate and diverging researches – into labour markets, information technology, international migration, cultural studies, city building processes, industrial location, social class formation, massive disempowerment, and urban politics – into a single metanarrative.” John Friedmann (1995: 43)!!An “unprecedented shift from an international to a global economy during the 1970s and 1980s.” (Friedmann 1995, p. 21)!!The informationalisation of the economy!!!
John Friedmann!In the new global economy, industries function on a world scale via global corporate networks. !!World city networks!• Global financial articulations:!
London, New York and Tokyo!• Multinational articulations:!
Miami, Los Angeles, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Singapore and!
• National articulations:!Paris, Zurich, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Pauio, Seoul and Sydney!!
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Saskia Sassen!The Gloval City:!“... a new type of city has appeared. It is the global city. Leading examples now are New York, London, and Tokyo ... these three cities have undergone massive and parallel changes in their economic base, spatial organization, and social structure. (Sassen 1991: 4)!!Globalisation: !• a world city system that transcends
national institutions, politics and culture,!• a convergence in “economic base, spatial
organization and social structure” among the world’s major cities, especially New York, London, and Tokyo (Sassen, 1991, p. 4).!
Saskia Sassen!The Gloval City:!“… from the early 1980s, the geography and composition of the global economy has changed so as to produce a complex duality: a spatially dispersed, yet globally integrated organisation of economic activity. The combination of spatial dispersal and global integration has created a new strategic role for major cities.” (Sassen 1990, p. 3) !!World city theory applies to the structure and functioning of all cities that perform key control and coordination functions for global capital in the present period of globalisation.!
Peter Hall!!!Multivalency!
Peter Hall!The World Cities:!• London,!• Paris, !• Randstad Holland, !• Rhine-Ruhr,!• Moscow, !• New York, !• Tokyo!!!!!!
Peter Hall!The World Cities:!Defined in terms of multiple roles, centres of: !• national and international political power, !• national and international trade, !• banking, insurance and related financial
services,!• advanced professional activity,!• information gathering and diffusion, !• conspicuous consumption, !• arts, culture and entertainment,!!!
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Giovanni Arrighi: Adam Smith in Beijing!imperial transfer is not orderly, !Schumpeter’s creative destruction at the level of geopolitics. !Last time around it took two world wars to complete the transfer. !!What the far side of that period might look like. !He presents three scenarios. !• a “truly global world empire” formed out of
an alliance of the US and its European allies against the rise of East Asia. !
• a world market society — which is to say, based on exchange but non-capitalist — centered around China. !
• “endless worldwide chaos.”!!!!
Giovanni Arrighi: Adam Smith in Beijing!The second option is the argument Arrighi tried to sustain in Adam Smith!requires a somewhat optimistic belief that China’s economy, careering along “the capitalist road” for 30 years, contains the potential for a qualitatively different mode of social relations. !There is a certain logic to the prediction; Arrighi argues that China currently follows a labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive course, and that living labor is less in thrall to technology.!!!!!
World-cities vs. Global Cities!!Global cities:!A ‘space of flows’: the smooth machine of neoliberalism!!World-cities:!A space-time of capitalist crisis, ‘creative destruction’ and restructuring: an anything but smooth drift from crisis to crisis, waiting for a recovery that perhaps never arrives.!
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Moment of crisis!
!!!!!!!!!Neoliberal dreams: ignoring the crisis!
Moment of crisis!