step by step korean excerpt

Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall

STEP BY STEPKorean

through15 Action Verbs

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Table of ContentsAcknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 3

About this book ............................................................................................................... 6

How to use this book .................................................................................................... 8

Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul (한 )1. Korean Sounds and Hangeul Letters.................................................... 10

2. How to Read Korean Words .................................................................. 12

3. How to Construct Korean Words.......................................................... 21

4. How to Write Korean Words.................................................................. 23

Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action VerbsIntroduction ................................................................................................ 34

Chapter 1. 가다 [ga－da]－ to go ......................................................... 38

Chapter 2. 공부하다 [gong－bu－ha－da]－ to study.................. 42

Chapter 3. 마시다 [ma－si－da]－ to drink ...................................... 46

Chapter 4. 만나다 [man－na－da]－ to meet ................................. 50

Chapter 5. 말하다 [mal－ha－da]－ to speak ................................. 54

Review Exercises 01~05 ............................................................... 58

Chapter 6. 먹다 [meok－da]－ to eat ................................................. 62

Chapter 7. 보다 [bo－da]－ to see ....................................................... 66

Chapter 8. 사다 [sa－da]－ to buy ....................................................... 70

Chapter 9. 오다 [o－da]－ to come ..................................................... 74

Chapter 10. 인사하다 [in－sa－ha－da]－ to greet ....................... 78

Review Exercises 06~10 ............................................................... 82

4 STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

Chapter 11. 일어나다 [i－reo－na－da]－ to get up .................... 86

Chapter 12. 읽다 [ik－dda]－ to read ................................................. 90

Chapter 13. 있다 [it－dda]－ to have .................................................. 94

Chapter 14. 전화하다 [jeon－hwa－ha－da]－ to call ................. 98

Chapter 15. 좋아하다 [jo－a－ha－da]－ to like ........................... 102

Review Exercises 11~15 ............................................................. 106

Answer Key ............................................................................................. 110

Unit 3 Korean CultureIntroduction ............................................................................................. 117

1. 세종대왕 [se－jong－dae－wang] :

King Sejong the Great and hangeul, the Korean alphabet ..... 119

2. 태극기 [tae－geug－gi] : The Korean National Flag ............. 120

3. 단군 [dan－gun] : The Founder of Gojoseon,

“the Oldest Kingdom of Korea”(2333 B.C. ~ 108 B.C.) 121

4. 추석 [chu－seok] : Harvest Moon Festival ............................... 122

5. 돌[dol]·환갑[hwan-gap] : Korean Family Celebrations..... 123

6. 윷 [Yut] 놀이 [nori] : Traditional Korean Game ...................... 125

7. 불고기 [bulgogi]·김치 [kimchi] : Korean Food ...................... 126

AppendixA. Pronunciation Rules Continued .......................................................... 130

B. Basic Korean Grammar : Review ....................................................... 131

Vocabulary List ............................................................................................. 141

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About this book

Starting to learn a new language can be an intimidating experience for students, especially

if they are using a self－study method. This book is a fun and easy way to help students

learn to read and speak simple Korean.

Sample sentences built with 15 commonly used verbs will introduce simple vocabulary

and basic points of Korean grammar. This way, students can make progress right from the

start. They can then build on the knowledge gained here by continuing with the rest of this

three-book series.

The characteristic elements of this textbook are:

beginning level study with the most common verbs and nouns

introduction of basic Korean grammar rules for verb usage

repetition of sentences on each page, allowing the student to learn vocabulary and

grammar at the same time

introduction of the basic sentence structure in the present tense

grammar notes on each page

vocabulary lists at the end of each page making it easy for the student to learn

important words

verbs followed by exercises to reinforce the knowledge of the verb’ s use

pictures that enable the student to relate what they’ re learning to a visual image


conversational sentences which help the student learn simple conversational language

discussion of Korean culture and customs

The author hopes that the learner can develop knowledge and interest in Korean and that

he/she will continue to deepen his/her understanding of the Korean language and culture.

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How to use this book

Read each sentence and its meaning.

Look at each picture and associate the meaning.

Complete the various exercises and word searches including the cross word puzzles in

this book.

Study the grammar notes which can help the learner understand the important grammar

points.


The Korean Alphabet,hangeul

Unit 1


Hangeul Letter Sound Value Name of letter Example

ㄱ [g/k] 기역 [gi－yeok] goat

ㄴ [n] 니은 [ni－eun] nose

ㄷ [d/t] 디귿 [di－geut] dog

ㄹ [r/l] 리을 [ri－eul] red

ㅁ [m] 미음 [mi－eum] moon

ㅂ [b/p] 비읍 [bi－eup] big

ㅅ [s/sh] 시옷 [si－ot] soft

ㅇ [*/－ng] 이응 [i－eung] *

ㅈ [j] 지읒 [ji－eut] George

ㅊ [ch] 치읓 [chi－eut] cheese

ㅋ [k] 키읔 [ki－eut] kite

ㅌ [t] 티읕 [ti－eut] table

ㅍ [p] 피읖 [pi－eup] paper

ㅎ [h] 히읗 [hi－eut] hat

silent, when a word starts with this letter “ㅇ”; －ng, at the end of a word.

Single Consonant : 14 letters

Unit 1 :

1. Korean Sound and Hangeul Letters

a. Consonants : 19 letters

The Korean Alphabet, hangeul (한 )

When first introduced by King Sejong in 1446, hangeul had 28 letters of whichonly 24 are in use today. The 10 basic vowels and 14 single consonants ofhangeul expand to 21 vowels and 19 consonants for a total of 40 letters incombination. The following are the sound values and names of each letter.

b. Vowels : 2211 letters

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Hangeul letter Sound value Name of letter

ㄲ [kk] 쌍기역 [ssang－gi－yeok]

ㄸ [tt] 쌍디귿 [ssang－di－geut]

ㅃ [pp] 쌍비읍 [ssang－bi－eup]

ㅆ [ss] 쌍시옷 [ssang－si－ot]

ㅉ [jj] 쌍지읒 [ssang－ji－eut]

Double Consonant : 5 letters

Hangeul Letter Sound Value Name of letter Example

ㅏ [a] 아 [a] father

ㅑ [ya] 야 [ya] yacht

ㅓ [eo] 어 [eo] about

ㅕ [yeo] 여 [yeo] young

ㅗ [o] 오 [o] home

ㅛ [yo] 요 [yo] yo－yo

ㅜ [u] 우 [u] mood

ㅠ [yu] 유 [yu] you

ㅡ [eu] 으 [eu] put

ㅣ [i] 이 [i] bee

Single Vowel : 10 letters

아기 [a－gi] baby 우유 [u－yu] milk어머니 [eo－meo－ni] mother 오리 [o－ri] duck

Ex.

Vowels by themselves must always be preceeded by “o”(silent), because KKoorreeaannwwoorrddss aallwwaayyss bbeeggiinn wwiitthh aa ccoonnssoonnaanntt..


Hangeul letter Sound value Name of letter Example

ㅐ [ae] 애 [ae] cat

ㅒ [yae] 얘 [yae] yam

ㅔ [e] 에 [e] bet, pen

ㅖ [ye] 예 [ye] yes

ㅘ [wa] 와 [wa] wine

ㅙ [wae] 왜 [wae] quack

ㅚ [we] 외 [we] when

ㅝ [weo] 워 [weo] wonder

ㅞ [we] 웨 [we] when

ㅟ [wi] 위 [wi] we

ㅢ [eui] 의 [eui] －

Double Vowel : 11 letters

2. How to Read Korean WordsIn Korean, each letter has a unique sound associated only with that letter. The

following are examples of how to read the consonants (c) and vowels (v) that formeach word.

Ⅰ. ㄱ + ㅏ

가가 [ga]

[g] [a]

ㄱ [g]

+ 고고 [go]

ㅗ [o]

Ⅱ. ㄱ + ㅏ[g] [a]

+ 각각 [gak]ㄱ

[ k ]

ㄱ [g]+ ㅗ [o] 곳곳 [got]+ㅅ [ t ]

At the end of a word, ㄱ is pronounced as [k], ㅅ is pronounced as [t], when the word isnot followed by another word.

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Ⅲ.ㄱ + ㅏ

[g] [a]

+ 값값 [gap]

ㅂ ㅅ

[p] [Ø]

ㄱ [g]+ ㅗ [o] 곬곬 [gol]+

ㄹ ㅅ[l] [Ø]

When the double consonants ㅂㅅ and ㄹㅅ are used as final consonants and are followedby ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ or ㅈ, they are pronounced as single finals [p], and the ㅅ is notpronounced.

Reading Practice : Read each word aloud.

a. Consonants : 1199 letters고기 [go－gi] meat 기차 [gi－cha] train

구두 [gu－du] shoes 고추 [go－chu] red－pepper

나비 [na－bi] butterfly 누나 [nu－na] elder sister

노루 [no－ru] deer 나무 [na－mu] tree

다리 [da－ri] leg, bridge 도라지 [do－ra－ji] bellflower

도토리 [do－to－ri] acorn 두부 [du－bu] tofu

라디오 [ra－di－o] radio 러시아 [reo－si－a] Russia

루비 [ru－bi] ruby 토요일 [to－yo－il] Saturday

ㄱㄱ [g]

ㄴㄴ [n]

ㄷㄷ [d]

ㄹㄹ [r]*

* If a word starts with “ㄹ,”you pronounce it [r], but if a word ends with “ㄹ,”you pronounceit [l].

머리 [meo－ri] head 모기 [mo－gi] mosquito모자 [mo－ja] hat 무 [mu] radish바다 [ba－da] sea 바지 [ba－ji] trousers보리 [bo－ri] barley 비누 [bi－nu] soap사자 [sa－ja] lion 소나무 [so－na－mu] pine tree수저 [su－jeo] spoon and 스승 [seu－seung] teacher

chopsticks아버지 [a－beo－ji] father 어머니 [eo－meo－ni] mother오리 [o－ri] duck 우유 [u－yu] milk

ㅁ [m]

ㅂ [b]

ㅅ [s]

ㅇ [Ø]*

* Initial “o”is silent.


자유 [ja－yu] freedom 자두 [ja－du] plum

주사 [ju－sa] injection 지구 [ji－gu] globe

차 [cha] car, tea 초 [cho] candle

층 [cheung] floor 치마 [chi－ma] skirt

코 [ko] nose 소쿠리 [so－ku－ri] basket

키 [ki] height 코끼리 [ko－ggi－ri] elephant

타자기 [ta－ja－gi] typewriter 투수 [tu－su] pitcher

토끼 [to－ggi] rabbit 타조 [ta－jo] ostrich

파도 [pa－do] wave 포도 [po－do] grape

피부 [pi－bu] skin 파리 [pa－ri] fly

하마 [ha－ma] hippo 허리 [heo－ri] waist

휴지 [hyu－ji] tissue 호도 [ho－do] walnut

까치 [gga－chi] magpie 꾸러미 [ggu－reo－mi] bundle

꼬마 [ggo－ma] kid 꿈 [ggum] dream

따다 [dda－da] to pick 띠 [ddi] belt

뜨다 [ddeu－da] to rise 또다시 [ddo－da－si] again

빵 [bbang] bread 빠르다 [bba－reu－da] to be fast

바쁘다 [ba－bbeu－da] to be busy 기쁘다 [gi－bbeu－da] to be happy

싸우다 [ssa－u－da] to fight 쏘다 [sso－da] to shoot

쓰다 [sseu－da] to write 쌀 [ssal] rice

짜다 [jja－da] to be salty 쪽 [jjok] piece, direction

찌다 [jji－da] to steam 찌개 [jji－gae] stew

ㅈ [j]

ㅊ [ch]

ㅋ [k]

ㅌ [t]

ㅍ [p]

ㅎ [h]

ㄲ [gg]

ㄸ [dd]

ㅃ [bb]

ㅆ [ss]

ㅉ [jj]

가수 [ga-su] singer 나비 [na-bi] butterfly

다리 [da-ri] leg, bridge 아기 [a-gi] baby

야구 [ya-gu] baseball 야자수 [ya-ja-su] palm tree

야만 [ya-man] savage 대야 [dae-ya] washbowl

거리 [geo-ri] street 머리 [meo-ri] head

버스 [beo-seu] bus 허리 [heo-ri] waist

여자 [yeo-ja] woman 벼 [byeo] rice plant

여우 [yeo-u] fox 여름 [yeo-reum] summer


ㅏ [a]

ㅑ [ya]

ㅓ [eo]

ㅕ [yeo]

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소 [so] cow 오이 [o-i] cucumber

호수 [ho-su] lake 모자 [mo-ja] hat

표 [pyo] ticket 효 [hyo] filial piety

교수 [gyo-su] professor 요리 [yo-ri] cooking

구두 [gu-du] shoes 두부 [du-bu] tofu

부모 [bu-mo] parents 주소 [ju-so] address

뉴스 [nyu-seu] news 유리 [yu-ri] glass

유자 [yu-ja] citron 휴지 [hyu-ji] tissue

그네 [geu-ne] swing 스키 [seu-ki] ski

크다 [keu-da] to be big 흐르다 [heu-reu-da] to flow

이사 [i-sa] moving 비누 [bi-nu] soap

기차 [gi-cha] train 지구 [ji-gu] globe

배추 [bae-chu] cabbage 배 [bae] ship / pear

새우 [sae-u] shrimp 해 [hae] sun

세모 [se-mo] triangle 가게 [ga-ge] shop

나그네 [na-geu-ne] vagabond, traveler 제주도 [je-ju-do] Jeju Island

예 [ye] yes 시계 [si-gye] watch

세계 [se-gye] world 차례 [cha-rye] order

과자 [gwa-ja] cookies 화가 [hwa-ga] painter

와요 [wa-yo] come 왕 [wang] king

돼지 [dwae-ji] pig 왜 [wae] why, old name of Japan

왜요 [wae-yo] why 쾌차 [kwae-cha] complete recovery

외교 [we-gyo] diplomacy 외가 [we-ga] mother’s family

회사 [hwe-sa] company 외국 [we-guk] foreign country

추워요 [chu-weo-yo] cold 더워요 [deo-weo-yo] hot

매워요 [mae-weo-yo] spicy 원숭이 [weon-sung-i] monkey

위 [wi] up / stomach 뒤 [dwi] behind, rear

귀 [gwi] ear 쥐 [jwi] rat

의사 [eui-sa] doctor 의자 [eui-ja] chair

예의 [ye-eui] politeness 의회 [eui-hwae] congress

ㅗ [o]

ㅛ [yo]

ㅜ [u]

ㅠ [yu]

ㅡ [eu]

ㅣ [i]

ㅐ [ae](ㅏ+l)

ㅔ [e](ㅓ+l)

ㅖ [ye](ㅕ+l)

ㅘ [wa](ㅗ+ㅏ)

ㅙ [wae](ㅗ+ㅐ)

ㅚ [we](ㅗ+l)

ㅝ [weo](ㅜ+ㅓ)

ㅟ [wi](ㅜ+l)

ㅢ [eui](ㅡ+l)

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In Korean, the 2nd and 3rd consonants in a word are referred to as 받침. 받받침침 mmuusstt aallwwaayyss bbee 11 oorr 22 ccoonnssoonnaannttss and all fall into eightpronunciation groups:

Reading PracticeⅡ: continued

c. Third position consonants : 88 pronunciation groups

ㄱㄱ,, ㅋㅋ and ㄲㄲ are pronounced as [k], when the wordis not followed by another vowel.

속 [sokk] inside 한국 [han-gukk] Korea부엌 [bu-eokk] kitchen 밖 [bakk] outside

1

ㄴㄴ is pronounced as [nn]. This letter sound does notchange, whatever the position.

눈 [nnunn] eye, snow 편지 [pyeonn-ji] letter안개 [ann-gae] fog 수건 [su-geonn] towel

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

2

ㄷㄷ,, ㅅㅅ,, ㅈㅈ,, ㅊㅊ,, ㅌㅌ and ㅆㅆ are pronounced as [tt], whenthe word is not followed by another vowel.

곧 [gott] soon 숟가락 [sutt-ga-rak] spoon빗 [bitt] comb 옷 [ott] clothing낮 [natt] daytime 잊다 [it-dda] to forget빛 [bitt] light 꽃 [ggott] flower밑 [mitt] bottom 끝 [ggeutt] end있다 [itt-dda] to have

3


ㄹㄹ is pronounced as [ll], when the word ends with “ㄹ.”

And if a word ends with “ㄹ”and is followed by another“ㄹ,”you pronounce both [l].

달 [dall] moon 가을 [ga-eull] autumn얼굴 [eol-gull] face 딸기 [ddall-gi] strawberry

달라요 [dall-lla-yo] (it) is different몰라요 [moll-lla-yo] (I) do not know

4

ㅁㅁ is pronounced as [mm]. This letter sound does notchange, whatever the position.

봄 [bomm] spring 점심 [jeomm-simm] lunch밤 [bamm] night, chestnut 마음 [ma-eumm] heart

5

ㅂㅂ and ㅍㅍ are pronounced as a short [pp]at the end ofa final syllable

앞 [app] front 옆 [yeopp] side수업 [su-eopp] class 직업 [ji-geopp] occupation

6

ㅇㅇ is pronounced as [--nngg], when a word ends with“ㅇ.”

강 [ganngg] river 방 [banngg] room공 [gonngg] ball 국 [yeonngg-guk] England

7

ㅎㅎ becomes ssiilleenntt [ø], when it is at the end of asyllable and is followed by aa vvoowweell.

ㅎ ø(silent) 좋아아 [joo-a] that’s fine좋으으면 [joo-eu-myeon] If (you) like

8

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

19

But when ㅎ is at the end of a syllable that is followedby the consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, or ㅈ, the pronunciation of theconsonants changes to the aspirated consonants [ㅋ, ㅌ,ㅊ] respectively.

ㅎ+ㄱ [kk] 놓고 [no-kko] put and좋고 [jo-kko](it’s) fine and

ㅎ+ㄷ [tt] 놓다 [no-tta] to put좋다 [jo-tta] to be good

ㅎ+ㅈ [cchh] 좋지 [jo-cchhi]놓지 [no-cchhi]

속에에 [so-ggee] inside 한국에에 [han-gu-ggee] in Korea부엌에에 [bu-eo-kkee] in the kitchen 밖에에 [ba-ggggee] outside밑에에 [mi-ttee] under, on the bottom빛이이 [bi-cchhii] the light is낮에에 [na-jjee] during the day 옷이 [o-ssii] the clothes are수업이이 [su-eo-bbi] class 직업이이 [ji-geo-bbii] the job is앞으으로 [a-ppeu-ro] to the front 옆에에 [yeo-ppe] to the side

When the consonant is at the end of a syllable and is followed by a vowel, it ispronounced at the beginning of the next syllable.

Pronunciation Note : “Liaison” (연음법칙)

Reading PracticeⅢ:

안녕하세요? [an-nyeong-ha-se-yo] (안녕!) Hello, HiUsed as a greeting in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the evening.

안녕히가세요. [an-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo] Good-byeSaying good-bye in a situation when one stays at a place and the other departs.

안녕히계세요. [an-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo] Good-byeThis phrase is used by the person who departs from the place.

Ex.

Ex.

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3. How to Construct Korean WordsThere are six ways to construct Korean words using Hangeul. These 6 ways can

be sub-divided into two parts, each consisting of 3 types of word constructions, asdescribed below in part A and B.

Construction of a Korean word must always begin with a single ordouble consonant.

PPaarrtt AA (1-3)

WWhheenn tthhee ffiirrsstt vvoowweell iinn aa wwoorrdd iiss““ㅏㅏ,, ㅑㅑ,, ㅓㅓ,, ㅕㅕ,, oorr ll,,””the word is constructed by having the letters arrangedhhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy.. ((cc--ccoonnssoonnaanntt:: vv --vvoowweell))

The 1st consonant stands side by side with a vowel. The 2ndconsonant is written below the combined c+v. The 2nd consonant isreferred to as the third position (받받침침 [bat-chim]). 받침 can be 1 or2 consonants but mmuusstt aallwwaayyss bbee aa ccoonnssoonnaanntt..

1. Horizontal combination of aa ccoonnssoonnaanntt with one of these 5 vowels

c+v ㄱ+ㅏ 가가

2. Horizontal combination of 22 ccoonnssoonnaannttss and a vowel.

c+v ㄱ+ㅏ 각각c (받침) ㄱ

3. Horizontal combination of 33 ccoonnssoonnaannttss aanndd aa vvoowweell..(c+v+2 consonants)

c+v ㄱ+ㅏ 값값c c (받침) ㅂ ㅅ

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.


When the final vowel in the word is, ““ㅗㅗ,, ㅛㅛ,, ㅜㅜ,, ㅠㅠ oorr ㄱㄱㅡㅡ,,””the word is constructed by having the lettersarranged vveerrttiiccaallllyy.

4. Vertical combination of aa ccoonnssoonnaanntt with one of these 5 vowels (ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ or ㅡ).

c ㄱ+ + 고고v ㅗ

5. Vertical combination of 22 ccoonnssoonnaannttss and a vowel.

c ㄱ+ +v ㅗ 곳곳+ +c (받침) ㅅ

6. Vertical combination of 33 ccoonnssoonnaannttss and a vowel.(c+v+2 consonants).

c ㄱ+ +v ㅗ 곬곬+ +c c (받침) ㄹ ㅅ

PPaarrtt BB (4-6)

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

23

4. How to Write Korean WordsThe easiest way to learn to write hangeul is to follow the prescribed stroke order

below using squared paper.

The fourteen consonants are shown below in Korean alphabetical order withthe direction and sequence of the strokes. The romanized letters are theirsound value.

a. Consonants : 1199 letters

ㄱ g

ㄲ gg

ㄴ n

ㄷ d/t


ㄸ dd

ㄹ r/l

ㅁ m

ㅂ b/p

ㅃ bb

ㅅ s

25

ㅆ ss

ㅇ Ø

ㅈ j

ㅉ jj

ㅊ ch


ㅋ k

ㅌ t

ㅍ p

ㅎ h

27

There are a total of twenty-one different vowel-syllables. In the table below, thevowels are listed in Korean alphabetical order


ㅏ a

ㅐ ae

ㅑ ya

ㅒ yae

ㅓ eo


ㅔ e

ㅕ yeo

ㅖ ye

ㅗ o

ㅘ wa

ㅙwae

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ㅚ oe

ㅛ yo

ㅜ u

ㅝweo

ㅞ we


ㅟ ui

ㅠ yu

ㅡ eu

ㅢ eui

l i

31

1. Write the fourteen consonants in the .

ㄱ- - - - - - - - - - - - -2. Fill in the boxes alphabetically.

ㄱ- -ㄷ- -ㅁ-ㅂ- - -ㅈ-ㅊ- -ㅌ- -ㅎ3. Write the ten vowels in the .

ㅏ - - - - - - - - -4. Please fill in the gaps in alphabetical order.

ㅏ - - - ㅕ - - ㅛ - ㅠ - - ㅣ5. Write the words in alphabetical order.

가지 호수 나무 오이 라디오치마 파도 사자 마음 불고기자두 타다 크다 다리

① ⑧

② ⑨

③ ⑩

④ ⑪

⑤ ⑫

⑥ ⑬

⑦ ⑭

ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ

Exercises


Unit 2 : Introduction

In Korean, verbs are conjugated in 4 different forms depending on whom is beingaddressed. These forms are:

Polite formal,Polite informal,Plain andIntimate Speech style(See detail in Appendix, page 135)

You will learn in Unit 2

How to conjugate verbs in the present tense using the politeinformal form (Vst+-아요/어요/여요): (Vst : abbreviation ofVerb Stem) The infinitive form of every Korean verb consists of thestem and the -다 ending.

When conjugating the verb, -다 is dropped and the polite informal

form is added to the stem. All verbs fall into one of three groups,

which determines the conjugation:

가다 (to go) 공부하다 (to study)

가 다 공부하 다

stem ending stem ending

1.

Ex.

35

When the Vst ends with the vowel ㅏ or ㅗ, then the ending

changes this way ⇒ Vst+-아요

가다 (to go) 가+-아요 가요

stem

오다 (to come) 오+-아요 와요

stem

When the Vst ends with any vowel except ㅏ or ㅗ, then theending changes this way ⇒ Vst+-어요

먹다 (to eat) 먹+-어요 먹어요

stem

입다 (to wear) 입+-어요 입어요

stem

When the Vst ends with “하다”verb ending, such as 공부하다,

좋아하다, then the ending changes this way ⇒ 하+-여요 which is

contracted as Vst+-해요

공부하다 (to study) 공부하+-여요 공부해요

stem

일하다 (to work) 일하+-여요 일해요

stem

a.

b.

c.

Ex.


Note: When conjugating some verbs, certain vowel combinations occur, whichare then contracted. The following are examples of contraction rules:

Note: The verb in the Korean language never changes regardless of whetherthe subject is singular or plural, personal pronoun third person (he, she,it), or a proper noun (Georgetown University). Also, Korean never usescapital letters or cursive.

Example:contraction Verb polite informal conjugation

(Vst+-아/어/여요)

아＋아 = ㅏ [a] 가다 (to go) 가＋－아요 가요

오＋아 = ㅘ [wa] 오다 (to come) 오＋－아요 와요

우＋어 = ㅝ [weo] 주다 (to give) 주＋－어요 줘요

어＋어 = ㅓ [eo] 서다 (to stand) 서＋－어요 서요

이＋어 = ㅕ [yeo] 마시다 (to drink) 마시＋－어요 마셔요

아＋여 = ㅐ [ae] 일하다 (to work) 일하＋－여요 일해요

Ex.

How to construct a Korean Sentence : The Korean sentenceis structured in Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. The verbis always at the end of the sentence. Unlike in English, theKorean subject is followed by a subject particle (-이/가) andthe object is followed by an object particle(-을/를).

subject object

아기가 우유를 마셔요. (The baby drinks milk.)

subject particle object particle

2.

Ex.

37

For the rest of this course, verbs (in the vocabulary list) will be writtenwith the stem in a larger font than the ending:

가다 ⇒ 가 verb stem + 다 ending

먹다 ⇒ 먹 verb stem + 다 ending

공부하다 ⇒ 공부하 verb stem + 다 ending

Ex.

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs38

가다 to go 가요 (가+－아요)－present tense

어디(에) (to) where나(는) I (topic marker)학교(에) (to) school / 학교－school

Vocabulary

나는 학교에 가요.I go to school.

가다 (to go)Chapter.01

39

가요.

가요.

어디에 가요?

학교에 가요.

나는

나는

학교에 가요.

－은/는 Topic marker. When attached to a noun, it shows the subjectof the sentence, or “contrast,” (See p.132)

어디 “where”

－에 “in,”“at,”or “to.”Used after place or time nouns to showlocation or direction.

Grammar Notes

ⅰ. When the noun ends in a consonant, “－은”Ex. 수진은학교에가요. (수진－Sujin)

As for Sujin, she is going to school.ⅱ. When the noun ends in a vowel, “－는”

Ex. 나는대학교에가요. (대학교－university)As for me, I am going to the university.

Ex. 학교에 가요. I go to school.뉴욕에 가요. (뉴욕－New York) I go to New York.

Subject of the sentence

STEP BY STEP KOREAN (1) through 15 Action Verbs

1. Fill in the blanks with “은”or “는”.

ⓐ 나( ) 학교에가요.

ⓑ 앨버트( ) 학교에가요. (앨버트－Albert)

ⓒ 수진( ) 집에가요. (수진－Sujin / 집－home)

ⓓ 어머니( ) 가게에가요. (어머니－mother / 가게－store)

ⓔ 우리들( ) 학교에가요. (우리들－we)

2. Fill in the blanks with “에”.

ⓐ 나는학교( ) 가요.

ⓑ 앨버트는뉴욕( ) 가요. (뉴욕－New York)

ⓒ 수진은서울( ) 가요. (서울－Seoul)

ⓓ 우리들은한국( ) 가요. (한국－Korea)

3. Translate into Korean.

ⓐ I go to school.

ⓑ Albert goes to New York.

ⓒ We go to Florida.

ⓓ Sujin goes to Seoul.

40

가다

(to go)

Ch.01

Exercises 01

41

4. Read the sentence. Which word is the verb? Mark youranswer in each line.

ⓐ 나 ⓑ 가요. ⓒ 학교 ⓓ 에

ⓐ 가요. ⓑ 학교 ⓒ 는 ⓓ 나

ⓐ 학교 ⓑ 나 ⓒ 에 ⓓ 가요.

5. Read each sentence. Choose the sentence that is writtencorrectly. Mark your answer.

ⓐ 학교에가요나는.

ⓑ 가요나는학교에.

ⓒ 나는가요 학교에.

ⓓ 나는학교에 가요.

6. Answer the following questions, using the answers givenin parentheses.

ⓐ 어디에가요? (학교)

ⓑ 수진은어디에가요? (집－home)

ⓒ 친구는어디에가요? (뉴욕－New York / 친구－friend)

ⓓ 앨버트는어디에가요? (한국－Korea)

ⓔ 어머니는어디에가요? (가게－store)

나는 학교에 가요.Ex.

가다

(to go)

Ch.01

Vocabulary

42

공부하다 to study 공부해요 (공부하+－여요)－presenttense

나(는) I (topic marker)한국말(을) Korean language (object particle)

공부하다 (to study)

나는 한국말을 공부해요.I study Korean.


Chapter.02

Grammar Notes

43

공부해요.

공부해요.

나는 공부해요.

나는

나는 공부해요.

나는 한국말을 공부해요.

－을/를 Object particle. It comes after a noun and shows the “object”of the verb.

Personal Pronoun These forms are used when the speaker talks to asubordinate or an equal.

*－들 Plural marker

i. When a noun ends in a consonant, “－을”Ex. 친구가한국말을공부해요. (친구－friend)

ii. When a noun ends in a vowel, “－를”Ex. 친구가 어를공부해요. ( 어－English)

My friend studies English.

singular pluralI 나 we 우리(들)*

you 너 you 너희(들)he 그she 그녀 they

그들

it 그것 그것들

Ex. 학생 (student) 학생들 (students) / 아이 (child) 아이들 (children)


Exercises 02

44

공부하다

(to study)

Ch.02

1. Fill in the blanks with “을”or “를.”

ⓐ 앨버트는한국말( ) 공부해요.

ⓑ 수진은 어( ) 공부해요. ( 어－English)

ⓒ 나는독일어( ) 공부해요. (독일어－German)

ⓓ 수미는스페인어( ) 공부해요. (수미－Sumi / 스페인어－Spanish)

ⓔ 친구는중국어( ) 공부해요. (중국어－Chinese)

2. Translate into Korean.

ⓐ My friend studies Korean. (my－내)

ⓑ Sujin studies English. (Sujin－수진)

ⓒ We study Spanish. (we－우리들)

ⓓ My friend studies Chinese. (Chinese－중국어)

ⓔ I study Japanese. (Japanese－일본어)

ⓕ We study German. (we－우리들)

3. Read the sentences and choose the one that is writtencorrectly. Mark your answer.

ⓐ 한국말을수진공부해요.

ⓑ 공부해요나는 어를

ⓒ 우리들은공부해요 어

ⓓ 우리들 어를공부해요.

ⓔ 우리들은한국말을공부해요.

45

공부하다

(to study)

Ch.02

4. Form a correct sentence from each group of words givenbelow.

ⓐ 독일어, 수진, 공부하다

ⓑ 공부하다, 나, 스페인어

ⓒ 앨버트, 한국말, 공부하다

ⓓ 어, 우리들, 공부하다

5. The following sentences are scrambled. Please writethem correctly.

ⓐ 공부해요중국어를나는

ⓑ 어를수미는공부해요 (수미－Sumi)

ⓒ 앨버트는공부해요스페인어를

ⓓ 공부해요독일어를수진은

Vocabulary

46

마시다 to drink마셔요(마시+－어요)－present tense

내 my (shortened form of 나의－my)동생(이) younger sibling (subject particle)물(을) water (object particle)운동 exercise후에 after지금 now

마시다 (to drink)

동생이 물을 마셔요.My younger sibling drinks water.


Chapter.03

step by step korean excerpt

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