step 1 mnemonics i_ behavioral, biochem, embryo, micro flashcards _ quizlet
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7/23/2019 Step 1 Mnemonics I_ Behavioral, Biochem, Embryo, Micro Flashcards _ Quizlet
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Step 1 Mnemonics I: Behavioral, Biochem,
Embryo, Micro 112 terms by liam_osullivan
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SpIN, SnOUT Specificity - used to rule dz IN (good for
diagnostic tests)
Sensitivity - used to rule dz OUT (good
for screening tests)
Mr. T is mean t-test checks difference btwn the
means of 2 grps
ANOVA ANalysis Of VAriance - btwn means of 3
or more groups
PDR Disease prevention:
P - prevent - primary (HPV vaccination)
D - detect - secondary (Pap smear)
R - reduce disability - tertiary
(chemotherapy)
APGAR 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute
and 5 minutes of life in newborn:
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
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Death Arrives Bringing Grave
Acceptance
Kubler Ross grief stages:
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Grieving
(depression), Acceptance
BATS Drink Blood Sleep Stages:
Beta (Awake; highest frequency, lowest
amplitude)
Alpha (Awake, eyes closed)Theta (light sleep)
Sleep spindles and K complexes
(bruxism)
Delta (Deepest; slowest frequency,
highest amplitude; enuresis)
Beta (REM; same frequency as awake!)
He's Got Purine Recovery Trouble HGPRT - the defective E in Lesch-Nyhan
syndromeXR; excess urate, retardation, self-
mutilation (lip-biting), gout.
Tx - allopurinol
Rampant, Massive, Tiny RNA types:
Rampant - rRNA - most abundant - RNA
pol I
Massive - mRNA - longest - RNA pol II
Tiny - tRNA - smallest - RNA poll IIIU Go Away, U Are Away, U Are Gone mRNA stop codons:
UGA
UAA
UAG
going APE Ribosome sites, in order:
A site - incoming Aminoacyl tRNA
P site - accommodates growing Peptide
E site - holds Empty tRNA as it Exits
PMAT Mitosis phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Be So Totally Cool, Read Books Collagen types:
I - Bone, Skin, Tendon (cornea, late
wound repair)
II - Cartilage (including hyaline)
III - Reticulin (skin, blood vessels,
uterus, granulation)
IV - Basement MembraneType IV: under the floor Type IV collagen - basement membrane
strong, slippery, bloody BM Collagen types:
I - strong
II - slippery
III - bloody
IV - basement membrane
SNoW DRoP Blotting: procedures, sample, (probe)
S - southern, DNA (DNA)
N - northern, RNA (DNA)
W - western, Protein (Ab)
Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds Silly Hope X-linked recessive disorders:
B - Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
W - Wiskott-Aldrich
F - Fabry's
G - G6PD deficiency
O - ocular albinismL - Lesch-Nyhan
D - Duchenne's MD (and Becker's)
HS - Hunter's Syndrome
H - Hemophilia A & B
WBC X-linked immunodeficiencies:
W - Wiskott-Aldrich
B - Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
C - Chronic Granulomatous disease(and some types of Hyper-IgM)
Try hunting for my fried eggs Trinucleotide repeat diseases:
Huntington's (CAG)
MyoTonic dystrophy (CTG)
Fragile X (CGG)
Friedreich's AtAxia (GAA)
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Drink, Elect, Puberty Autosomal trisomies:
Drink at 21 - Down's (epichantal folds,
simian crease)
Elect at 18 - Edward's (micrognathia,
clenched hands)
Puberty at 13 - Patau's (cleft lip/Palate,
holoProsencephaly, Polydactyly)CATCH-22 Symptoms of 22q11 deletion
syndromes:
C - Cleft palate
A - Abnormal facies
T - Thymic aplasia --> T cell deficiency
C - Cardiac defects
H - Hypocalcemia - 2'ary to parathyroid
aplasia
DiGeorge Syndrome - thymic,
parathyroid, cardiac
Velocardiofacial - palate, facial, cardiac
BOTH - d/t aberrant dev of 3rd & 4th
branchial pouches
The Rich Never Pan Pyrite Filled Creeks Water soluble vitamins:
B1 - Thiamine (TPP)
B2 - Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)
B3 - Niacin (NAD)
B5 - Pantothenate (CoA)
B6 - Pyridoxine (PLP)
(B7 - biotin)
B9 - Folate (THF)
B12 - Cobalamin
(Vitamin C (ascorbic acid))
Tender Loving Care For No one Cofactors for PDH, alpha-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase:
T - thiamine/TPP
L - lipoic acid
C - CoA
F - FAD
N - NAD
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3 D's 3 D's of Pellagra (niacin deficiency):
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
NAD from niacin (3 ATP)
2 C's 2 C's of riboflavin deficiency:
Cheilosis (inflamm of lips, angular
stomatosis)Corneal vascularization
FAD and FMN are derived from
riboFlavin - 2 ATPs
SAM the methyl donor man S-adenosyl-methionine:
Transfers methyl units
Regenerates methionine, in a B12 and
folate-dependent process usingHomocysteine Methyltransferase
Required for conversion of NE --> Epi
Buy-a-tin of CO2 Biotin (B7) - cofactor for carboxylation
reactions:
Pyruvate carboxylase (glycolysis)
ACC (rds of FA synthesis)Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
AVIDin in egg whites AVIDly binds biotin Rare deficiency of biotin, can be caused
by excessive ingestion of raw eggs
E for Erythrocytes Vitamin E - antioxidant that protects rbc
membranes from free radical damage
Aka - alpha-tocopherol (sp)
Deficiency --> hemolytic anemia
ADEK Fat-soluble vitamins.
Toxicity more common b/c they
accumulate in fat
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MEAL Kwashiorkor results from a protein-
deficient MEAL:
M - Malnutrition
E - Edema (swollen belly)
A - anemia
L - Liver (fatty - can't make apoproteins
-> can't export VLDLs)
Vs. marasmus, which is decreased
overall caloric intake --> m. wasting
HUGs take two Metabolism sites occurring in both
cytoplasm and mitochondria:
H - Heme synthesis
U - Urea cycle
G - Gluconeogenesis
Citrate Is Krebs Starting Substrate For
Making Oxaloacetate
TCA cycle:
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate (alpha)
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose Gluconeogenesis E's:
P - Pyruvate carboxylase (mitochondria,
biotin)
P - PEP carboxykinase (cytosol, GTP)
F - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
(cytosol, rds)
G - Glucose-6-phosphatase (ER)
PriVaTe TIM HALL Essential Amino Acids:
PriVaTe - Phe, Val, Trp
TIM - Thr, Ile, Met
HALL - His, Arg, Leu, Lys
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Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycogen storage diseases (type I, II, III,
V):
V - Von Gierke's (glucose-6-
phosphatase; lactic acid)
P - Pompe's (lysosomal alpha-1,4-
glucosidase)C - Cori's (debranching enzyme = alpha-
1,6-glucosidase)
M - McArdle's (skeletal m. glycogen
phosphorylase)
No man picks his nose with his
sphinger
Neimann-Pick disease.
Deficiency of sphingomyelinase -->
buildup of sphingomyelin
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood Fetal erythropoiesis:
Y - Yolk sac (3-8 wk)
L - Liver (6-30 wk)
S - Spleen (9-28 wk)
B - Bone Marrow (wk 28 -->)
Fetal Hb = 2 alpha, 2 gamma - dec
affinity for 2,3-DPG --> increased
affinity for oxygen
CAP covers out to in Branchial apparatus derivatives:
C - Clefts = ectoderm
A - Arches = mesoderm
P - Pouches = endoderm
Several Parts Build Diaphragm Diaphram embryology:
S - septum transversum --> central
tendon
P - Pleuroperitoneal folds
B - Body wall
D - dorsal mesentery of esophagus -->
crura
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Babies who can't Pee in utero develop
___
Potter's syndrome
Malformation of ureteric bud -->
bilateral renal agenesis -->
oligohydramnios --> limb & facial
deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia
Kapsules Shield SHiN Encapsulated bacteria (positive
quellung rxn):
K - Klebsiella pneumoniae
S - Salmonella
S - Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hi - Haemophilus influenzae, type B
N - Neisseria meningitidis
SHiN - produce IgA protease, cause
meningitis, and take up DNA from
environment (transformation)
anaerobes Can't Breathe Air Obligate anaerobes:
C - Clostridium
B - Bacteroides
A - Actinomyces
Lack catalase and/or superoxide
dismutase --> susceptible to oxidative
damage
Tx - Clindamycin, metronidazole
stay inside when it's Really Cold Obligate intracellular bacteria:
R - Rickettsia
C - Chlamydia
Can't make own ATP
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Some Nasty Bugs May Live
FacultativeLy
Facultative Intracellular bacteria:
S - Salmonella
N - Neisseria
B - Brucella
M - Mycobacterium
L - ListeriaF - Francisela
L - Legionella
PHUK, I have a stone Urease-positive bugs (may --> stones):
P - Proteus
H - H. pyori
U - Ureaplasma
K - Klebsiella
Dx - urea breath test?
Israel has yellow sand Actinomyces isrealii -> yellow "sulfur"
granules
Nagging Pests Must Breathe Obligate aerobes (use an oxygen-
dependent system to generate ATP):
N - NocardiaP - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
M - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B - Bacillus
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack
Color
Bugs that don't stain well on Gram
stain:
T - Treponema (too thin; use darkfield)
R - Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
M - Mycobacteria (high lipid-content of
cell wall requires acid-fast stain)
M - Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
L - Legionella pneumophila (use silver
stain)
C - Chlamydia (intracellular parasite;
lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
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PASs the sugar Periodic Acid-Shiff stain
Stains glycogen
Used to diagnose Whipple's disease
(Tropheryma whippelii)
ABCDE Genes for 5 bacterial toxins encoded in
lysogenic phage:
A - ShigA-like toxin
B - Botulinum toxin
C - Cholera toxin
D - Diphteria toxin
E - Erythrogenic toxin - S. pyogenes
MOPS Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Most OPtochinin Sensitive
Most common cause of:
M - Meningitis
O - Otitis media (children)
P - Pneumonia
S - Sinusitis
Encapsulated. IgA protease.
Transformation. Diplococcus
"rusty sputum"
ABCDEFG Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin:
A - ADP ribosylation
B - Beta prophage (encoded by)
C - Corynebacterium
D - Diphtheriae
E, F - Elongation Factor 2
G - Granules (metachromic blue andred)
ADP ribosylation of EF-2 inhibits protein
synthesis.
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Lactose is KEE MacConKEE's agar
Media used to grow lactose fermenters
(pink colonies)
Fast fermenters:
K - Klebsiella
E - EnterobacterE - E. coli
HaEMOPhilus influenzae H. influenzae causes:
E - Epiglottitis ("cherry red", "thumb
sign" on XRay)
M - Meningitis
O - Otitis Media
P - Pneumonia
Does NOT cause the flu!
PSEUDOmonas Pseudomonas a/w:
P - Pneumonia
S - Sepsis (black lesions on skin)
E - External otitis (swimmer's ear)
U - UTI
DO - Drug use and Diabetic
Osteomyelitis
+ burn victims, contact lens infection
Tx - 2 abx = gentamycin + piperacillin
4 A's Klebsiella:
Aspiration pneumonia
Abscesses in lungAlcoholics
di-A-betics
"red currant jelly sputum"
"Can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree" Reiter's syndrome
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BAKE a key Lyme pie Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi,
Ixodes tick)
B - Bell's palsy (can be bilateral)
A - Arthritis
K - Kardiac block (AV node)
E - Erythema chronicum migrans(expanding "bull's eye" red rash with
central clearing)
Tx - doxycycline, or ceftriaxone (for
chronic arthritis)
"I don't have a clue why I smell fish in
the vagina garden!"
Gardnerella vaginalis
Vaginosis with gray discharge, fishy
smell, clue cells (covered with bacteria)
Tx - Metro
Rickettsia on the wRist, Typhus on the
Trunk
Rickettsia (RMSF) - starts on hands and
feet
Typhus rash starts centrally then
spreads, without involving the palms or
soles.
Q fever is Queer Caused by Coxiella burnetii (does not
have Rickettsia in genus name)
No rash, no vector, negative Weil-Felix
You drive CARS using your palms and
soles
Palm and sole rash seen in:
CA - Coxsackievirus A (hand, foot,
mouth dz)
R - RMSF - Rickettsia rickettsii
S - Syphilis
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You'll get sick if you EAT these Nematode route of infection -
Ingestion:
E - Enterobius (anal pruritis, Scotch
tape test)
A - Ascaris (Loeffler's eosinophilic
pneumonitis)T - Trichinella (undercooked pork,
larvae encyst in muscle, periorbital
edema)
These get into your feet from the SANd Nematode route of infection -
Cutaneous
S - Strongyloides
A - Ancylostoma (iron deficiency
anemia)
N - Necator (iron deficiency anemia)
"Live small yellow chickens get
vaccinated with Sabin's and MMR!"
Live attenuated vaccines:
Smallpox, Yellow fever, Chickenpox
(VZV), Sabin's polio virus, MMR, (and
intranasal influenza)
RIP Always Killed vaccines:
R - Rabies
I - Influenza
P - Salk Polio
A - HAV
"part-of-a-virus" All DNA viruses are dsDNA (like our
DNA), except Parvovirus - ssDNA
parvus = small
"repeatovirus" All RNA viruses are ssRNA (like our
mRNA), except Reovirus - dsRNA
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Naked CPR and PAPP smear Naked (nonenveloped) viruses include:
CPR - Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus
PAPP - Parvovirus, Adenovirus,
Papilloma, Polyoma
DNA viruses are HHAPPPPy Hepadna
Herpes
Adeno
Pox
Parvo
Papilloma
Polyoma
Get Herpes in a CHEVrolet Herpesviruses:
C - CMVH - HSV (-1 -> temporal lobe
encephalitis)
E - EBV
V - VZV - remains dormant in trigeminal
and DRG
PaRaMyxovirus: Paramyxoviruses: enveloped, ss, linear,
nonsegmented RNA viruses:
Parainfluenza - (croup)
RSV - (bronchiolitis in babies)
Rubeola (Measles)
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail
Replication
Negative stranded viruses.
Must transcribe negative strand to
positive. Virion brings its own RNA-
dependent RNA pol.
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses,
Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses,
Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses
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BOAR Segmented viruses. All are RNA viruses.
B - Bunyaviruses
O - Othormyxoviruses (influenza
viruses)
A - Arenaviruses
R - Reoviruses
Influenza viruses can undergo Ag shift -
-> worldwide pandemics
PERCH on a "peak" (pico) PicoRNAviruses = small RNA viruses.
Include:
P - Poliovirus
E - Echovirus
R - Rhinovirus
C - Coxsackievirus
H - HAV
RNA is translated into one large
polypeptide that is cleaved by
proteases into functional viral proteins.
ROTA - Right Out The Anus Rotavirus - the most important global
cause of infantile gastroenteritis.
Segmental dsRNA (reovirus).
Major cause of acute diarrhea in U.S.
during winter.
Villous destruction w atrophy --> dec
absorption of Na+ and water.
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3 C's of Measles Cough
Coryza (runny nose)
Conjunctivitis
Koplik's spots (red spots with blue-
white center on buccal mucosa).
Rash spreads from head to toe.
Parotid glands and testes as big as
POM-poms
Mumps virus.
P - Parotitis
O - Orchitis (inflamm of testes)
M - aseptic Meningitis
Asymptomatic, Acute, Alone (virus) HAV - often asymptomatic, not chronic,
no carriers
Defective, Dependent (virus) HDV - defective - requires HBsAg as its
envelope
Enteric, Expectant (mothers, Epidemics
(virus)
HEV - fecal-oral; high mortality in
pregnant women
4 Fs's Stages of HIV infection.
1. Flulike (acute)2. Feeling fine (latent, few years)
3. Falling CD4 count (opportunistic
infections)
4. Final crisis
Runts May Cough Sputum Most common causes of pneumonia -
children 4 wk - 18 year:
R - RSV
M - Mycoplasma
C - Chlamydia pnemoniae
S - Strep pneumoniae
"Food poisoning from reheated rice? Be
serious!"
Bacillus cereus
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SSEEK PP UTI bugs:
Serratia marcescens
Staph saprophyticus
E. coli (#1 cause)
Enterobacter cloacae
Klebsiella pneumoniaeProteus
Pseudomonas
ToRCHHeS Congenital infections: microbes pass
from mother to fetus:
T - Toxoplasma gondii - (cat feces,
intracranial calcifications)
R - Rubella - (heart dz, cateracts,
deafness)
C - CMV - (unilateral hearing loss + toxo
S/S)
H - HIV - (prevent with Zidovudine,
HAART, C-sxn)
H - HSV - (temporal lobe encephalitis)
S - Syphilis - (stillbirth, hydrops fetalis,
rash (desquamation of hands and feet),
facial abnorm's - notched teeth, saddlenose, saber shins)
Also, parvovirus B19 --> hydrops fetalis
Wind, water, wound, walking, wein,
wonder
Causes of post-op fever:
Wind - atelectasis, penumonia
Water - UTI's
Wound - wound infection
Walking - DVT's
Wein - thrombophlebitis
Wonder - wonder drugs (antibiotics -
iatrogenic)
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Aminopenicillins HELPS kill enterocci Ampicillin/amOxicillin (Oral) kills certain
G+ bacteria and G- rods:
H- H. influenzae
E - E. coli
L - Listeria
P - ProteusS - Salmonella
Indications: UTI's, neonatal infections
TCP Takes Care of Pseudomonas Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
Same mech as penicillin; use clavulinic
acid.
"We're ECSTaTiC about bacteriostatics" Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder Bactericidals:
Vancomycin
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin
Aminoglygosides
Cephalosporins
Metronidazole
PEcK Organisms covered by 1st generation
cephalosporins:
G+ cocci, plus:
Proteus
E. coli
Klebsiella
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HEN PEcKS Organisms covered by 2nd gen
cephalosporins
G+ cocci, plus:
Haemophilus influenzae
EnterobacterNeisseria
Proteus
E. coli
Klebsiella
Serratia marcescens
the kill is LASTIN' with ciLASTATIN Add cilastatin to imipenem to inhibit
metabolism by renal dihydropeptidase
I
Meropenem does not need cilastatin.
Coverage: G-rods, G+cocci, anaerobes
"Big guns"
Has some, but NOT many toxicities Vancomycin:
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Thrombophlebitis
Red Man Syndrome - px with
pretreatment with antihistamines and
slow infusion rate.
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Buy AT 30, CCELL (sell) at 50 Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors:
30S
A - Aminoglycosides (GNATS,
bactericidal)
T - Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic; px
attachment of aminoacyl tRNA)
50S
C - Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol
(bacteriostatic)
E - Erythromycin (macrolides -
azithromycin, clarishromycin -
bacteriostatic - bind 23S rRNA of 50S,
block translocation)
L - Lincomycin (bacteriostatic)L - Linezolid (binds 23S rRNA, block
initiation complex)
GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes Aminoglycosides
G - Gentamycin
N - Neomycin
A - Amikacin
T - TobramycinS - Streptomycin
N - Nephrotoxic - esp w cephalosporins
O - Ototoxic - esp w loops
T - Teratogen
Can kill aerobes (bactericidal), but
require oxygen for uptake --> can't kill
anaerobes
MECH - bind 30S, inhibit formtion of
initiation complex and cause
misreading of mRNA
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VACUUM THe BedRoomS Clinical use of tetracylines:
V. cholera, Acne, Chlamydia,
Ureaplasma, Urealyticum, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori,
Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, SIADH
(demeclocycline)
Tetracycline, doxycycline,
demeclocycline, minocycline
MECH - bind 30S --> prevent
attachment of aminoacyle tRNA
Must not take with milk, antacids, or
iron - divalent cations inhibit GIabsorption
TOX - teratogen (bone, cartilage),
discolors teeth, inhibition of bond
growth in children, photosensitivity
PUS Clinical uses of macrolides:
P - Pneumonia - atypicals (mycoplasma,chlamydia, legionella)
U - URI's (S. pneumo, S. pyogenes)
S - STD (chlamydia, gonorrhea)
MECH - bind 23S rRNA of 5OS --> block
translocation
TOX - prolonged QT interval, GI, P-450
inhibition
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TMP Trimethoprim Treats Marrow Poorly
(TMP)
TOX - Megaloblastic anemia,
leukopenia, granulocytopenia
Alleviate with supplemental folinic acid
IND - UTI's, PCP (pneumocystis jiroveci),
SS (salmonella, shigella), TMP-SMX for
MRSA
FluoroquinolONES hurt attachment to
your ______
BONES
Contraindicated in pregnant women
and children d/t damage to cartilage.
Tendonitis and tendon rupture in
adults
MECH - I DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
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GET GAP on the Metro! Use metronidazole for anaerobic
infection below the diaphragm:
G - Giardia
E - Entamoeba histolytica
(phagocytoses rbc's)
T - Trichomonas
G - Gardnerella vaginalis (Clue cells, inc
pH)
A - Anaerobes (Bacteriodes,
Clostridium)
P - H. Pylori (part of triple therapy,
along with bismuth and amoxicillin (or
tetracycline))
MECH - forms toxic metabolites in
bacterial cell that damage DNA.
Bactericidal, antiprotozoal
TOX - disulfuram-like rxn with alcohol
'MYXins MIX up membranes Polymixin B, E
MECH - cationic, detergent-likemolecules that bind cell membranes of
bacteria and disrupt osmotic properties
IND - Pseudomonas, burns
ADMIN - topical, NOT oral
TOX -neuro, nephro (acute tubular
necrosis)
RIPE for treatment Tx for Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
R - Rifampin
I - Isoniazid
P - Pyrazinamide
E - Ethambutol
Prophylaxis - Isoniazid
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INH-SPIRE Anti-TB drugs
Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid
(INH), Rifampin, Ethambutol
Ethambutol TOX - optic neuropathy =
red-green color blindness
INH INH - Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes
MECH - decreases synthesis of mycolic
acids
IND - Px and Tx for M. tuberculosis
TOX - neuro, hepato, drug-induced
Lupus
*Use Pyridoxine (Vit B6) to prevent
neurotox
4 R's 4 R's of Rifampin:
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up P-450
Red/orange body fluid (tears, urine,
vaginal)
Rapid resistance if used alone
IND - Tx - TB, leprosy; Px -
meningococcal, H. influenza B
"A man to dine" takes of his coat Amantadine
MECH - blocks viral
penetration/uncoating (M2 protein);
Also causes release of dopamine
IND - influenza, Parkinson's
Rimantadine - does not cross BBB -->
fewer CNS s/e
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Never Ever Deliver nucleosides Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTI's):
N - Nevirapine
E - Efavirenz
D - Delavirdine
MECH - inhibit reverse transcriptase of
HIV; prevent incorporation of DNA copy
of viral genome into host DNA
SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care Antimicrobials to avoid in pregnancy:
S - Sulfonamides -> kernicterus
A - AG's -> ototoxicity
F - Fluoroquinolones -> cartilage
damage
E - Erythromycin
M - Metronidazole - mutagenesis
T - Tetracyclines -> discolored teeth,
inhibition of bone growth
R - Ribavirin - teratogenic
G - Griseofulvin - teratogenic
C - Chloramphenicol - "gray baby"
REM sleep is like sex increased pulse
penile/clitoral tumescence
decreases with age