stem cell ksu. stem cell – definition a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and...
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Stem CellKSU
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Stem Cell – Definition
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
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Stem Cell Characteristics
• ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)
• Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)
• Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)
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This cellCan form the
Embryo and placenta
This cellCan just form the
embryo
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multi-potent
Fully mature
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Kinds of Stem CellsEmbryonic stem cells • five to six-day-old embryo
Embryonic germ cells • derived from the part of a human embryo or
fetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
Adult stem cells • undifferentiated cells found among
specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth
• appear to have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.
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Pluripotent Stem Cells –more potential to become any type of cell
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Multipotent stem cells
• Multipotent stem cells – limited in what the cells can become
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Possible Uses of Stem Cell Technology
• Replaceable tissues/organs
• Repair of defective cell types
• Delivery of genetic therapies
• Delivery chemotherapeutic agents
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Stem Cell Applications
• Tissue repair- nerve, heart, muscle,
organ, skin• Cancers• Autoimmune diseases
- diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis,
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Tissue Repair
• Regenerate spinal cord, heart tissue or any other major tissue in the body.
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Heart Disease• Adult bone marrow stem cells
injected into the hearts are believed to improve cardiac function in victims of heart failure or heart attack
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Leukemia and Cancer
• Studies show leukemia patients treated with stem cells emerge free of disease.
• Injections of stem cells have also reduces pancreatic cancers in some patients.
Proliferation of white cells
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Adult Stem Cells may be helpful in jumpstarting repair of eroded cartilage.
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Type I Diabetes• Pancreatic cells do not produce
insulin• Embryonic Stems Cells might be
trained to become pancreatic islets cells needed to secrete insulin.
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Definitions
Transgenesisprocess of introducing foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal’s genome
TransgeneDNA introduced
•Mice•Cows•Fish•Birds•Sheep•Goats
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Why Transgenesis?•Improve genetic Features of domesticated Animals
• Provide animal models for study of human diseases
• Pharmingusing farm animals for production of human pharmaceuticals
-mammary glands
• Study the genes regulation, development of animals
How to Get the Transgene Inserted
•Retroviral Vectors•Microinjection•Embryonic stem cells
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Pronuclear micro injection cloning
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Embryonic stem cell method
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Retroviral Vectors
Infect early stage embryo with replication-defective retrovirus
Limitationsonly small DNA insertsno regulatory sequencessafety
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Stem CellKSU
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What is a Knockout Mouse?
• A mouse in which a very specific endogenous gene has been altered in such a way that interferes with normal expression, i.e. it has been knocked out.
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Why Produce KO Mice?
• To study effects of gene products, biochemical pathways, alternative (compensatory) pathways, and developmental pathways
• To recreate human diseases in animals to establish models to test the beneficial effects of drugs or gene therapy.
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Procedure for Generating a KO Mouse• Gene alteration in KO mice is targeted to very specific genes.
• DNA must integrate at precise positions in the genome.
• Integration of the altered gene takes place in embryonic stem cells ex vivo.
• Verification of exact location of integration occurs before the ESC is introduced into blastocysts to become part of the developing embryo.
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