stefano poni - · pdf filehaifa seminar: "from a grafted vine to a glass of wine" -...

Haifa seminar: "From a Grafted Vine to a Glass of Wine" - September 2013

S. Poni - Water nutrition in the heterogeneous Italian viticulture: strategies for water stress detection and irrigation supply

1

Water nutrition in the heterogeneous Italian viticulture:

strategies for water stress detection and irrigation supply

Head Istituto di Frutti-Viticoltura, UniversitàCattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy

Stefano Poni

‘Terroir’ ? (notenough…)

”Remunerative yield”

Costreduction

Sustainability

Total surface 2011: 651.863 ha

Average vineyard size: from 0.91 a 1,65 ha!…..

Wine consumption per head per year:

39 L/year in 2012



2

«Hot» topics between ‘tradition’ and ‘innovation’

Brand, cultivar, appellation and…vineyard efficiency.Climate change: geographical redistribution of cultivarsand/or adaptation of cultural practices?Irrigation: a still quite neglected factor of grape quality and flexibility in vineyard management.Mechanisation: clear target not reached yet; – is costreduction bound to unchanged yield/quality ratio?Genotype x environment interaction: ‘omics’ and physiologymust work together. Resistant varieties?New technologies: PV, modelling, decision support systems.

ITALY: Main cultivated cultivars(Total acreage about 651.863 Ha - ISTAT 2010)

SUP SUPSANGIOVESE 70.289 1 (1) PROSECCO 16.145 11 (17)TREBBIANO T. 38.356 2 (3) CABERNET S. 15.893 12 (18)CATARRATTO 37.841 3 (2) MOSCATO BIANCO 11.729 13 (9)MONTEPULCIANO 31.093 4 (4) GARGANEGA 11.310 14 (11)MERLOT 24.141 5 (6) PRIMITIVO (Zinfandel) 11.133 15 (19)BARBERA 21.275 6 (5) AGLIANICO 10.530 16 (13)NERO D'AVOLA 18.445 7 (12) PINOT GRIGIO 10.053 17 (24)NEGRO AMARO 16.598 8 (8) MALVASIA B. 8.637 18 (15)CHARDONNAY 16.520 9 (10) SIRAH 7.138 19 (75)TREBBIANO R. 16.285 10 (7) 330 more 266.755 266.755



3

Large variability in ‘mesoclimates’

Italy: a paradise for canopy management, with more than 40 training systems described……(Eynard and Dalmasso, 1990)



4

VSP Free-growing



5

VSP vs. Single high-wire trellis

?

Vertically shoot-positioned (VSP) spur-pruned cordon Single high-wire trellis

Hand pruning

Minimal pruning



6

Temperature medie annue in Svizzera dal 1961 al 2011 (fonte: Meteosvizzera)

Fonte: CRA

Rainfall decrease or increase (mm/year) recorded in Italy over 1995-2010



7

Severe water stress

Poor color due to excessiveheating Sunburn damage

Standard irrigation

Usually less than 400 mm of rain per year concentrated in wintermonths

Supplemental irrigation

Higher rainfall amounts per year and occasional abundantsummer precipitations

Flat vineyards Hillside vineyards(high yield and vigor,

quality to be improved)(lower yield and vigor, good

quality which aims toexcellence)



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Factors involved in water supply

Soil water holding capacity

Rooting depth

Type of soil management (grass?)

Precipitations, erosion and evaporationlosses

Coarse sand

Loamy sand

Fine sandy loam

Silt loam

Fine clay loam

Silty clay

The amount of available water (FC-PWP) for different soil types (fromShockley, 1956).

Soil texture Available water in soil profile

36

67

104

158

175

167

Range (mm/m) Average (mm/m)

33-42

62-83

83-125

125-192

146-208

133-208



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CIC = 34,6 % Vol

PA = 17,8 % Vol

AD = 160 mm/m

DA = 1,30 g/cm3



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Will you ever plant a vineyard in this soil?

60 120

- 45

0



11

Water availability

High Medium Low

High Lolium o F. arundinacea

Lolium + Poa + F. ovina o

F.arundinacea

Lolium + Poa + F. ovina o Trif. subt.

Medium Lolium o F. arundinacea

F. ovina o Trif. repens

F. ovina o Trif. subt.

Soi

l fer

tili

ty

Low F.ovina + F. r. commutata o F.ovina + T.

repens

F. ovina + Trif. repens o Trif.

subt.

F. ovina o Trif. sub.

Species 18h Σ 8h

(1 m-2 LA)

LAI

(m2 m-2)

Trasp.

(mm gg-1)

Medicago lupolina 1.94 1.28 2.48

Festuca rubra 0.60 1.18 0.71

Chenopodium album 2.93 0.76 2.21

Cirsium arvense 1.74 1.22 2.12

Malva neglecta 4.79 0.93 4.45

Taraxacum officinale 2.08 1.38 2.48

Grapevine 0.46 2.31 0.89

From Lopes et al., 2004. Geisenheim, Germania



12

From Centinari et al. 2013, AJEV, in press.

Figure 2. Vertical bars represent the daily water use (E, mm/day) for the un-mowed cover crop (UMG), mowed cover crop (MG), and bare soil (ST) measured using the mini-lysimeters (MLs). ML measurements

were taken the day before mowing (-1) and during the 28-day period following the mowing (1-28). Points (●) indicate the daily average solar radiation (W/m2). E data are mean values ±S.E. (n = 12). Arrows indicate the

occurrence of rain events.

From Centinari et al. 2013, AJEV, in press



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Figure 3. Relationship between the percentage of cover crop evapotranspiration (Ecc) reduction and dry biomass (g/m2) clipped at

the time of mowing (DOY 142; 193).

From Centinari et al. 2013, AJEV, in press

Factors involved in water demand

Climate

Vine age, leaf area development and distribution

Row orientation

Crop level



14

Evaporative demand (VPD)

Stomatal conductance

evaporation

transpiration

VPD prevails Stomata prevail

Barbera, year 2002



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Same vineyard…year 2003……

giorni dal germogliamento0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

invaiatura

rimozione stress

Um

idit

àd

el s

uol

o (g

cm

-3)

IrrigatoStressato

giorni dal germogliamento0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

0

5

10

15

20

25

IrrigatoStressato

invaiatura

a

Fot

osin

tesi

net

ta (

µm

olm

-2s-1

)

b

82 gg

Irr. Str.

0.192 0.148

1,83 1,83

20.5 6,3

91 gg

Irr. Str.

0.223 0.153

0.40 0.40

21,6 18,7From Poni et al. 1994, AJEV 45: 252-258



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Pergola( 90-100 %

of interceptedlight)

Hedgerow VSP(40-70% of

intercepted light)

Tesi dottorato Mattioli Simone, 2004



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Water us of Cabernet S. vines according to trellis and vinespacing (from Williams, 2001)

Trellis

CSP

CSP

Lira

GDC

HD

spacing(inter-in)

1,8 x 1,8

2,7 x 1,8

2,7 x 1,8

3,7 x 1,8

1 x 1

Density(vines/ha)

2984

1996

1996

1493

10000

0,81

0,54

0,83

0,75

0,91

Kc

ETc

(mm)

40,5

27,0

41,5

37,5

45,5

ETc

(m3/ha)

405

270

415

375

455

ETc

(L/vine)

136

136

208

251

45,5

California, one week balance at post-veraison

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time of day (h)

PAR - NS

TC - NSPAR - EWTC - EW

NS vs. EW

PA

R (

µm

olm

-2s-1

)

TC

(mm

ols

-1)

NS

EW



18



19

Leaf area to yield ratio (cm /g)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 202

Water stress

B

B'

A

Waterstress

A'Grape quality

How do grapevines respond to water

stress?



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Days after budbreak

Sh

oot

len

gth

(cm

)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 1400

50

100

150

200

250

300

ControlPre-veraison

veraison

Post-veraison

a

b

ab

stress stress

Transpiration

Cuticle

Xylem

Phloem

Cuticle

Xylem

Phloem

PRE POST

Transpiration



21

Var

iati

on

of

ber

ryvo

lum

e (c

m3 )

0

40

80

120

- 40

- 80

- 120

Pre - veraison

Post - veraison

XYLEM PHLOEM

4 hours after detachment from the parent vine



22

Days after flowering

Ber

ry v

olum

e (m

m3 )

Fruit set

veraison

I II III

°Bri

x

Control

Stress pre-veraison

Stress post-veraison

Berry growth

H. Ojeda (1999)

ShirazShiraz



23

Days after flowering0 20 40 60 80 100

0102030405060708090

100

A

BC D E

Yield loss(g/vine per day of stress)

From Hardie and Considine, 1976

Soluble solids (°Brix)

Soluble solids (mg/berry)

pH

Total acidity

Antocyanins (mg/cm2)

Malic acid

Proline

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

From Matthews e Anderson, 1989.

++

-- --

00

0/0/--

+/0/+/0/--

--

++

--/0/+/0/+

-- --

0/+0/+

--

++

----

00

I S-Pre-ver. S-Post-ver.



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When to start irrigating?

Standard water budget

Visual assessment of soil or vine organs

Determination of soil moisture

Determination of soil water potential

Assessment of vine water status (whole canopy or specific organs).



25

Water Balance Model

Image credits: Mariani L.

2011

Some definitions…..........

Potential evapotraspiration (ET0) - “water use per unit oftime by a uniform, non-stressed low cut grass cover”

Cultural coefficient (kc) - “fraction of water actually usedby the crop as related to ET0”

N.B. In semi-arid environments, Kc is about 80-85% of ET calculated from class A pan evaporimeter.

ETc = kc x ET0

Ove: ETc = actual crop evapotranspiration



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The cultural coefficient (kc): how to estimate it?

A) Between row spacing = 3m

B) In the row spacing = 1.2 m

C) Area per vine = A x B = 3.6 m2

D) Width of ground shaded area = 1.00 m

E) Area of ground shaded area per vine = B x D = 1,2 m2

Fraction of shaded ground per vine (PSO) = E/C = (1,2/3,6*100) = 33 %

Kc = 33 x 0.017* = 0,56

Assuming a weekly ETp of a 45 mm, ETe will be: 45 x 0.56 = 25,2 mm



27

From Williams and Ayars, 2005

Diurnal pattern of light interception in VSP canopies



28

Diurnal light interception patterns depending upon row orientation

DH

S

βD

H

S

β



29

Oyarzun R. A, Stöckle C. O., Whiting M., D., 2007. A simple approach to modeling radiation interception by fruit-tree orchards, Agr. For. Met., 142: 12–24

Titl

e

Seasonal canopy light interception



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0 800 1600 2400 32000

300

600

900

1200

1500

R2 = 0,902

luce intercettata (µmol/s)

Acq

ua

tras

pir

ata

(ml/

ora

)

500 1000 1500 2000200

250

300

350

400

R2 = 0,742

luce intercettata (µmol/s)

Acq

ua

tras

pir

ata

(ml/

ora

)

From Mattii et al., 2004

Water stress simpthoms



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No stress –normal leaf angle

Stressed – verticalleaves

Very stressed –“escaping” leaves

Scouting for water stress

Active shoot growth

No shoot growth

Sensors for measuring soil water content or potential

Image Credits: Decagon.com

Moisture (g/cm3) or.. Water potential (bar)



32



33

GrowGrow Point Point SensorsSensors installedinstalled at at differentdifferent depthsdepths

60 cm

40 cm

20 cm

.0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Stressed

Well watered

Soil water potential (MPa)

Net photosynthesis (µmol m-2 s-1)



34

llll

P

Lens

Plastic bag

Leaf Water Potential

Image credits : Bernizzoni F. 2012Image credits : Soilmoisture.com



35

In California (San Joaquim, Napa and Sonoma Valley) the most common method for identifying the timing of first

irrigation is based on mid-day leaf water potential

On white cultivars, the threshold is around -10 bars (-1.0 MPa)

On red cultivars, the threshold is around -12 bars (-1.2 MPa)

Warm TC

Cold TC

Data logger

10 cm

Granier

200 mV

Daytime flow(high flow)

ΔT

time

Night time(no flow)

Datalogger records voltage proportional to ΔT (0.040 μvolts per °C)

stem



36

A B

C D



37

Assessment of vine water stress

stressed

non-stressed



38

Management of water supply: how much water to deliver?

Vineyard water based on ETe calculations implying irrigation at 50% ofPAW.

Day Soil water (mm/m)

ETe

(mm)

Variation

(mm)

Supply

(mm)

0

3

6

11

12

23

24

26

127

117.7

107.2

102.7

104

64.2

124.3

117.3

-

2.6

4.1

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.5

-

- 2.6

- 4.1

+ 9.5

+ 1.3

- 2.8

+ 60.1

- 3.5

0

0

3

12

4

0

63

0



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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Increasing water stress

Moderate water stress

Severe stress

Shoot growth

Photosynthesis

Midday leaf water potential

Per

cen

tag

e(%

)



40

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700gs (mmol m-2 s-1)

Pn (µmol m-2 s-1) Luxury water loss



41

Treatment

+ H O

+ H O-

2

2

ψ f(-bar)

7.9

7.5

A(µmol m s )

-2-1

9.3

6.5

gCO2

(µmol m s )-2-1

0.111

0.056

WUE(A/g)

83.8

116.1

Split-root study. Effects 4 days after treatment establishment

Da During, 1985

gs (mmol m-2 s-1)

Pn (µmol m-2 s-1)

0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1.050 1.2000

5

10

15

20

0.2 ET 0.6 ET 1.0 ET 1.4 ET

cv. SultanaWilliams, 1994



42

From Poni et al. (2009). Agr. Ecos.Environ. 129: 97-106

cv. SANGIOVESE cv. MONTEPULCIANO

Cultivar response to water stress

Which one is doing best?



43

Strategy of irrigationStrategy of irrigation

bu

db

reak

blo

om

-fr

uit

se

t

vera

iso

n

Rip

enin

g

Pre

daw

nle

afw

ater

po

ten

tia

l(M

Pa)

0

-0,2

-0,4

-0,6

-0,8

-1

Annual growth

Excessive vigor and dilution of metabolites

Stress level

none

light

moderate

severe



44

Annual growth

Strategia irrigua

Control of vigor, positive effects from solutes concentration.

Strategy of irrigationStrategy of irrigationb

ud

bre

ak

blo

om

-fr

uit

se

t

vera

iso

n

Rip

enin

g

Pre

daw

nle

afw

ater

po

ten

tia

l(M

Pa)

0

-0,2

-0,4

-0,6

-0,8

-1

Stress level

none

light

moderate

severe

Strategie irrigue

Control of vigor, smaller berries, strong solute concentration

Annual growth

Strategy of irrigationStrategy of irrigation

bu

db

reak

blo

om

-fr

uit

se

t

vera

iso

n

Rip

enin

g

Pre

daw

nle

afw

ater

po

ten

tia

l(M

Pa)

0

-0,2

-0,4

-0,6

-0,8

-1

Stress level

none

light

moderate

severe



45



46

switch irrigationafter certain period

of time

Wet roots Dry rootsDry roots Wet roots

giorni giorni

Con

tenu

toid

rico

del s

uolo

giorni giorni11 13 15 17 19

CIC

startPA

1 3 5 7 9

Partial root-zone drying (PRD)

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19



47

Open

Close

Stato idrico pianta

Stato idrico suolo



48

Training Systems

Guyot-trained CS-trained

Image credits : Bernizzoni F. 2012

June 20

July 20

Aug 10

Aug 24Guyot: 20/07; CS: 09/07

Guyot: 20/07; CS: 09/07

Guyot: 12/08; CS: 31/07

Guyot: 12/08; CS: 31/07

Vite.netTM – Tool for irrigation management



49

GCS G

CS

GCS

GCS

GCS

GCS

GCS

GCS

DSS Dashboard

Image credits : Horta SRL 2012



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