STEEL DESIGNERS’ MANUAL

STEEL DESIGNERS’ MANUALSEVENTH EDITION

The Steel Construction Institute

Edited by

Buick DavisonDepartment of Civil & Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield

Graham W. OwensConsultant, The Steel Construction Institute

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by Steel Construction Institute

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Steel designers’ manual / the Steel Construction Institute ; edited by Buick Davison, Graham W. Owens.. – 7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-8940-8 (hardback) ISBN-10: 1-4051-8940-1 () I. Davison, Buick. II. Owens, Graham W. (Graham Wynford) III. Steel Construction Institute (Great Britain) TA685.G67 2011 624.1'821–dc23 2011028324

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444344844; ePub 9781444344851; Mobi 9781444344868

Set in 10/12 pt Times Ten by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

1 2012

Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, the Steel Construction Institute assumes no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use.

Extracts from the British Standards are reproduced with the permission of BSI. Complete copies of the standards quoted can be obtained by post from BSI Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6LE.

Contents

v

Introduction to the seventh edition xvContributors xix

INTRODUCTION

  1  Introduction – designing to the Eurocodes 11.1  Introduction  11.2  Creation of the Eurocodes  21.3  Structure of the Eurocodes  21.4  Non-contradictory complementary information – NCCI  51.5  Implementation in the UK  51.6  Benefits of designing to the Eurocodes  61.7  Industry support for the introduction of the Eurocodes  71.8  Conclusions  8

  2  Integrated design for successful steel construction 102.1  Client requirements for whole building performance, value  

and impact  102.2  Design for sustainability  192.3  Design for overall economy  272.4  Conclusions  33  References to Chapter 2  34

  3  Loading to the Eurocodes 353.1  Imposed loads  353.2  Imposed loads on roofs  383.3  Snow loads  393.4  Accidental actions  523.5  Combinations of actions  54  References to Chapter 3  60  Worked example  61

DESIGN SYNTHESIS

  4  Single-storey buildings 654.1  The roles for steel in single-storey buildings  654.2  Design for long term performance  664.3  Anatomy of structure  704.4  Loading  78

vi Contents

4.5  Common types of primary frame  804.6  Preliminary design of portal frames  904.7  Bracing  1014.8  Design of portal frames to BS EN 1993-1-1  109  References to Chapter 4  127  Worked example  128

  5  Multi-storey buildings 1345.1  Introduction  1345.2  Costs and construction programme  1355.3  Understanding the design brief  1375.4  Structural arrangements to resist sway  1405.5  Stabilising systems  1505.6  Columns  1545.7  Floor systems  157  References to Chapter 5  169

  6  Industrial steelwork 1716.1  Introduction  1716.2  Anatomy of structure  1816.3  Loading  1956.4  Thermal effects  2016.5  Crane girder/lifting beam design  2026.6  Structure in its wider context  204  References to Chapter 6  205  Further reading for Chapter 6  205

  7  Special steel structures 2077.1  Introduction  2077.2  Space frame structures: 3-dimensional grids based on  

regular solids  2087.3  Lightweight tension steel cable structures  2107.4  Lightweight compression steel structures  2197.5  Steel for stadiums  2267.6  Information and process in the current  

digital age – the development of technology  228  References to Chapter 7  235  Further reading for Chapter 7  236

  8  Light steel structures and modular construction 2388.1  Introduction  2388.2  Building applications  2428.3  Benefits of light steel construction  2458.4  Light steel building elements  2488.5  Modular construction  2528.6  Hybrid construction  2578.7  Structural design issues  260

Contents vii

8.8  Non-structural design issues  264  References to Chapter 8  270

  9  Secondary steelwork 2719.1  Introduction  2719.2  Issues for consideration  2719.3  Applications  280  References to Chapter 9  303

APPLIED METALLURGY

10  Applied metallurgy of steel 30510.1  Introduction  30510.2  Chemical composition  30610.3  Heat treatment  30910.4  Manufacture and effect on properties  31510.5  Engineering properties and mechanical tests  31910.6  Fabrication effects and service performance  32110.7  Summary  327  References to Chapter 10  329  Further reading for Chapter 10  330

11  Failure processes 33111.1  Fracture  33111.2  Linear elastic fracture mechanics  33511.3  Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics  33711.4  Materials testing for fracture properties  34011.5  Fracture-safe design  34311.6  Fatigue  34511.7  Final comments  356  References to Chapter 11  357  Further reading for Chapter 11  358

ANALYSIS

12  Analysis 35912.1  Introduction  35912.2  The basics  36012.3  Analysis and design  36412.4  Analysis by hand  36812.5  Analysis by software  37112.6  Analysis of multi-storey buildings  38112.7  Portal frame buildings  39112.8  Special structural members  40412.9  Very important issues  425  References to Chapter 12  427

viii Contents

13  Structural vibration 43013.1  Introduction  43013.2  Causes of vibration  43213.3  Perception of vibration  43313.4  Types of response  43613.5  Determining the modal properties  43713.6  Calculating vibration response  44313.7  Acceptability criteria  44913.8  Practical considerations  45013.9  Synchronised crowd activities  452  References to Chapter 13  452

ELEMENT DESIGN

14  Local buckling and cross-section classification 45414.1  Introduction  45414.2  Cross-sectional dimensions and moment-rotation behaviour  45714.3  Effect of moment-rotation behaviour on approach to design  

and analysis  46114.4  Classification table  46214.5  Economic factors  462  References to Chapter 14  463

15  Tension members 46415.1  Introduction  46415.2  Types of tension member  46415.3  Design for axial tension  46515.4  Combined bending and tension  46815.5  Eccentricity of end connections  47115.6  Other considerations  47215.7  Cables  473  Further reading for Chapter 15  476

16  Columns and struts 47716.1  Introduction  47716.2  Common types of member  47716.3  Design considerations  47816.4  Cross-sectional considerations  48016.5  Column buckling resistance  48416.6  Torsional and flexural-torsional buckling  48616.7  Effective (buckling) lengths Lcr  48716.8  Special types of strut  49316.9  Economic points  496  References to Chapter 16  497  Further reading for Chapter 16  497  Worked example  498

Contents ix

17  Beams 50317.1  Introduction  50317.2  Common types of beam  50317.3  Cross-section classification and moment resistance Mc,Rd  50617.4  Basic design  50717.5  Laterally unrestrained beams  51317.6  Beams with web openings  520  References to Chapter 17  521  Worked example  522

18  Plate girders 53318.1  Introduction  53318.2  Advantages and disadvantages  53318.3  Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders  53418.4  Design of plate girders to BS EN 1993-1-5  536  References to Chapter 18  552  Worked example  553

19  Members with compression and moments 56319.1  Occurrence of combined loading  56319.2  Types of response – interaction  56419.3  Effect of moment gradient loading  57019.4  Selection of type of cross-section  57419.5  Basic design procedure to Eurocode 3  57519.6  Special design methods for members in portal frames  577  References to Chapter 19  584  Further reading for Chapter 19  585  Worked example  586

20  Trusses 60020.1  Introduction  60020.2  Types of truss  60020.3  Guidance on overall concept  60220.4  Selection of elements and connections  60320.5  Analysis of trusses  60420.6  Detailed design considerations for elements  60720.7  Bracing  60920.8  Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders  610  References to Chapter 20  612  Worked example  613

21  Composite slabs 62321.1  Definition  62321.2  General description  623

x Contents

21.3  Design for the construction condition  62621.4  Design of composite slabs  62821.5  Design for shear and concentrated loads  63321.6  Tests on composite slabs  63521.7  Serviceability limits and crack control  63621.8  Shrinkage and creep  63821.9  Fire resistance  639  References for Chapter 21  640  Worked example  641

22  Composite beams 64722.1  Introduction  64722.2  Material properties  64922.3  Composite beams  65122.4  Plastic analysis of composite section  65422.5  Shear resistance  65822.6  Shear connection  65922.7  Full and partial shear connection  66422.8  Transverse reinforcement  66922.9  Primary beams and edge beams  67222.10  Continuous composite beams  67322.11  Serviceability limit states  67522.12  Design tables for composite beams  680  References to Chapter 22  682  Worked example  684

23  Composite columns 70123.1  Introduction  70123.2  Design of composite columns  70223.3  Simplified design method  70423.4  Illustrative examples of design of composite columns  71823.5  Longitudinal and transverse shear forces  720  References to Chapter 23  722  Worked example  723

24  Design of light gauge steel elements 73324.1  Introduction  73324.2  Section properties  73624.3  Local buckling  74124.4  Distortional buckling  74424.5  Design of compression members  74824.6  Design of members in bending  751  References to Chapter 24  756  Worked example  757

Contents xi

CONNECTION DESIGN

25  Bolting assemblies 76925.1  Types of structural bolting assembly  76925.2  Methods of tightening and their application  77125.3  Geometric considerations  77225.4  Methods of analysis of bolt groups  77425.5  Design strengths  77825.6  Tables of resistance  783  References to Chapter 25  783  Further reading for Chapter 25  784

26  Welds and design for welding 78526.1  Advantages of welding  78526.2  Ensuring weld quality and properties by the use of standards  78626.3  Recommendations for cost reduction  79226.4  Welding processes  79726.5  Geometric considerations  80326.6  Methods of analysis of weld groups  80426.7  Design strengths  80726.8  Concluding remarks  809  References to Chapter 26  810

27  Joint design and simple connections 81227.1  Introduction  81227.2  Simple connections  820  References to Chapter 27  842  Worked example  844

28  Design of moment connections 86828.1  Introduction  86828.2  Design philosophy  86928.3  Tension zone  87028.4  Compression zone  87628.5  Shear zone  87828.6  Stiffeners  87928.7  Design moment of resistance of end-plate joints  87928.8  Rotational stiffness and rotation capacity  88228.9  Summary  883  References to Chapter 28  883

FOUNDATIONS

29  Foundations and holding-down systems 88529.1  Types of foundation  88529.2  Design of foundations  88729.3  Fixed and pinned column bases  891

xii Contents

29.4  Pinned column bases – axially loaded I-section columns  89129.5  Design of fixed column bases  90229.6  Holding-down systems  906  References to Chapter 29  908  Further reading for Chapter 29  909  Worked example  910

30  Steel piles and steel basements 91630.1  Introduction  91630.2  Types of steel piles  91630.3  Geotechnical uncertainty  92030.4  Choosing a steel basement  92330.5  Detailed basement design: Introduction  92930.6  Detailed basement designs: Selection of soil parameters  93430.7  Detailed basement design: Geotechnical analysis  93730.8  Detailed basement design: Structural design  94330.9  Other design details  94930.10  Constructing a steel basement: Pile installation techniques  95030.11  Specification and site control  95330.12  Movement and monitoring  955  References to Chapter 30  956  Further reading for Chapter 30  957

CONSTRUCTION

31  Design for movement in structures 95931.1  Introduction  95931.2  Effects of temperature variation  96131.3  Spacing of expansion joints  96231.4  Design for movement in typical single-storey industrial  

steel buildings  96231.5  Design for movement in typical multi-storey buildings  96431.6  Treatment of movement joints  96531.7  Use of special bearings  967  References to Chapter 31  969

32  Tolerances 97032.1  Introduction  97032.2  Standards  97232.3  Implications of tolerances  97432.4  Fabrication tolerances  97632.5  Erection tolerances  982  References to Chapter 32  1000  Further reading for Chapter 32  1000

33  Fabrication 100233.1  Introduction  100233.2  Economy of fabrication  1002

Contents xiii

33.3  Welding  100933.4  Bolting  100933.5  Cutting  101233.6  Handling and routeing of steel  101633.7  Quality management  1020  References to Chapter 33  1023  Further reading for Chapter 33  1023

34  Erection 102434.1  Introduction  102434.2  Method statements, regulations and documentation  102534.3  Planning  102634.4  Site practices  102934.5  Site fabrication and modifications  103534.6  Steel decking and shear connectors  103734.7  Cranes and craneage  103834.8  Safety  104834.9  Accidents  1055  References to Chapter 34  1056  Further reading for Chapter 34  1056

35  Fire protection and fire engineering 105735.1  Introduction  105735.2  Building regulations  105735.3  Fire engineering design codes  105835.4  Structural performance in fire  106235.5  Fire protection materials  107235.6  Advanced fire engineering  107335.7  Selection of an appropriate approach to fire protection and fire 

engineering for specific buildings  1078  References to Chapter 35  1078  Worked example  1081

36  Corrosion and corrosion prevention 108836.1  Introduction  108836.2  General corrosion  108936.3  Other forms of corrosion  109036.4  Corrosion rates  109136.5  Effect of the environment  109136.6  Design and corrosion  109236.7  Surface preparation  109336.8  Metallic coatings  109536.9  Paint coatings  109736.10  Application of paints  110136.11  Weather-resistant steels  110236.12  The protective treatment specification  1104  Relevant standards  1107

xiv Contents

Appendix 1110

Steel technologyElastic properties  1111European standards for structural steels  1112

Design theoryBending moment, shear and deflection  1115Second moments of area  1143Geometrical properties of plane sections  1151Plastic moduli  1154Formulae for rigid frames  1157

Design of elements and connectionsExplanatory notes on section dimensions and properties  1175Tables of dimensions and gross section properties  1193Bolt and Weld Data for S275  1259Bolt and Weld Data for S355  1274

EurocodesExtracts from Concise Eurocodes  1289

FloorsFloor plates  1309

ConstructionFire resistance  1312Section factors for fire design  1332Corrosion resistance  1337

StandardsBritish and European Standards for steelwork  1340

Index  1351

Introduction to the seventh edition

xv

At the instigation of the Iron and Steel Federation, the late Bernard Godfrey began work in 1952 on the first edition of the Steel Designers’ Manual. As principal author, he worked on the manuscript almost continuously for a period of two years. On many Friday evenings he would meet with his co-authors, Charles Gray, Lewis Kent and W.E. Mitchell, to review progress and resolve outstanding technical problems. A remarkable book emerged. Within approximately 900 pages it was possible for the steel designer to find everything necessary to carry out the detailed design of most conventional steelwork. Although not intended as an analytical treatise, the book contained the best summary of methods of analysis then available. The stand-ard solutions, influence lines and formulae for frames could be used by the ingenious designer to disentangle the analysis of the most complex structure. Information on element design was intermingled with guidance on the design of both overall struc-tures and connections. It was a book to dip into rather than read from cover to cover. However well one thought one knew its contents, it was amazing how often a further reading would give some useful insight into current problems. Readers forgave its idiosyncrasies, especially in the order of presentation. How could anyone justify slipping a detailed treatment of angle struts between a very general discus-sion of space frames and an overall presentation on engineering workshop design?

The book was very popular. It ran to four editions with numerous reprints in both hard and soft covers. Special versions were also produced for overseas markets. Each edition was updated by the introduction of new material from a variety of sources. However, the book gradually lost the coherence of its original authorship and it became clear in the 1980s that a more radical revision was required.

After 36 very successful years, it was decided to rewrite and reorder the book, while retaining its special character. This decision coincided with the formation of the Steel Construction Institute and it was given the task of co-ordinating this activity.

A complete restructuring of the book was undertaken for the fifth edition, with more material on overall design and a new section on construction. The analytical material was condensed because it is now widely available elsewhere, but all the design data were retained in order to maintain the practical usefulness of the book as a day-to-day design manual. Allowable stress design concepts were replaced by limit state design encompassing BS 5950 for buildings and BS 5400 for bridges. Design examples are to the more appropriate of these two codes for each particular application.

The fifth edition was published in 1992 and proved to be a very worthy successor to its antecedents. It also ran to several printings in both hard and soft covers; an

xvi Introductiontotheseventhedition

international edition was also printed and proved to be very popular in overseas markets. The sixth edition of 2003 maintained the broad structure introduced in 1992, reflecting its target readership of designers of structural steelwork of all kinds, and included updates to accommodate changes in the principal design codes, BS5400 and BS5950.

This seventh edition, while maintaining the same overall structure, has required a more radical review of the content. The most significant changes are:

• The adoption of the Eurocodes, presenting relevant parts of their background in the chapters on element and connection design and using them for all worked examples.

• Recognition of the growing importance of light steel and secondary steelwork with separate chapters on types of light steel structure, the detailed design of light gauge elements and secondary steelwork.

• Recognition of both the greater importance of sustainability to the built environ-ment and the associated need for holistic, integrated approaches to design and construction.

• A revised approach to analysis, recognising the growing importance of computer methods.

Because all these changes introduced more material into an already very large text book, it was decided to concentrate on building structures, removing all refer-ences to bridges.

Introduction: Chapters 1–3

An introduction to both design to the Eurocodes and the need for integrated design.

• Introduction – design to the Eurocodes (Chapter 1)• Integrated design for successful steel construction (Chapter 2)• Loading to the Eurocodes (Chapter 3).

Design synthesis: Chapters 4–9

A description of the processes by which design solutions are formed for a wide range of steel structures.

• Single storey buildings (Chapter 4)• Multi-storey buildings (Chapter 5)• Industrial steelwork (Chapter 6)• Special steel structures (Chapter 7)• Light steel structures (Chapter 8)• Secondary steelwork (Chapter 9)

Introductiontotheseventhedition xvii

Applied metallurgy: Chapters 10–11

Background material sufficient to inform designers of the important issues inherent in the production and use of steel and methods of accounting for them in practical design and construction.

• Applied metallurgy of steel (Chapter 10)• Failure processes (Chapter 11)

Analysis: Chapters 12 and 13

A resumé of analytical methods for determining the forces and moments in struc-tures subject to static or dynamic loads, both manual and computer-based.

Comprehensive tables for a wide variety of beams and frames are given in the Appendix.

• Analysis (Chapter 12)• Structural vibrations (Chapter 13)

Element Design: Chapters 14–24

A comprehensive treatment of the design of steel elements, singly, in combination or acting compositely with concrete.

• Local buckling and cross-section classification (Chapter 14)• Tension members (Chapter 15)• Columns and struts (Chapter 16)• Beams (Chapter 17)• Plate girders (Chapter 18)• Members with compression and moments (Chapter 19)• Trusses (Chapter 20)• Composite slabs (Chapter 21)• Composite beams (Chapter 22)• Composite columns (Chapter 23)• Light gauge elements (Chapter 24)

Connection design: Chapters 25–28

The general basis of design of connections is surveyed and amplified by considera-tion of specific connection methods.

• Bolting assemblies (Chapter 25)• Welds and design for welding (Chapter 26)

xviii Introductiontotheseventhedition

• Joint design and simple connection (Chapter 27)• Moment connections (Chapter 28)

Foundations: Chapters 29 and 30

Relevant aspects of sub-structure design for steel construction.

• Foundations and holding down systems (Chapter 29)• Steel piles (Chapter 30)

Construction: Chapters 31–36

Important aspects of steel construction about which a designer must be informed in order to produce structures which can be economically fabricated and erected, and which will have a long and safe life.

• Design for movement (Chapter 31)• Tolerances (Chapter 32)• Fabrication (Chapter 33)• Erection (Chapter 34)• Fire protection and fire engineering (Chapter 35)• Corrosion and corrosion prevention (Chapter 36)

A comprehensive collection of data of direct use to the practising designer is compiled into a series of Appendices.

Throughout the book, Eurocode notation has been adopted.By kind permission of the British Standards Institution, references are made to

British Standards, including the Eurocodes, throughout the manual. The tables of fabrication and erection tolerances in Chapter 32 are taken from the fifth edition of the National Structural Steelwork Specification. Both these sources are used with the kind permission of the British Constructional Steelwork Association, the publishers.

Finally, we would like to thank all the contributors and acknowledge their hard work in updating the content and their co-operation in compiling this latest edition. All steelwork designers are indebted to their efforts in enabling this manual to be maintained as the most important single source of information on steel design.

Buick Davison and Graham W. Owens

Contributors

xix

David G. Brown

David Brown graduated from the University of Bradford in 1982 and worked for several years for British Rail, Eastern Region, before joining a steelwork contractor as a designer, and then technical director. He joined the Steel Construction Institute in 1994 and has been involved with connections, frame design, Eurocodes and tech-nical training.

Michael Burdekin

Michael Burdekin graduated from Cambridge University in 1961. After fifteen years of industrial research and construction experience, during which he was awarded a PhD from Cambridge University, he was appointed Professor of Civil and Structural Engineering at UMIST in 1977. He retired from this post in December 2002 and is now an Emeritus Professor of the University of Manchester. His specific expertise is the field of welded steel structures, particularly in materials behaviour and the application of fracture mechanics to fracture and fatigue failure.

Katherine Cashell

Dr Katherine Cashell is a Senior Engineer at the Steel Construction Institute and a Chartered Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Previous to this, she worked as a research assistant at Imperial College London and a Design Engineer at High Point Rendel Consultants.

Kwok-Fai Chung

Professor K F Chung obtained a bachelor degree from the University of Sheffield in 1984 and a doctoral degree from Imperial College in 1988. He joined the Steel Construction Institute in 1989 and worked as a research engineer for six years on steel, steel-concrete composite and cold-formed steel structures as well as structural fire engineering. After practising as a structural engineer in a leading consultant firm in Hong Kong for approximately a year, he joined the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1996 as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to a full Professor in 2005. He has published about 150 technical papers in journals and conferences together with five SCI design guides. Moreover, he has taught about 30 professional

xx Contributors

courses to practising engineers in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Macau. He was Chairman of the Editorial Board and Chief Editor of the Proceedings of the IStructE Centenary Conference 2008. Currently, he is the Founding President of the Hong Kong Constructional Metal Structures Association and Advisor to the Macau Society of Metal Structures.

Graham Couchman

Graham Couchman graduated from Cambridge University in 1984 and completed a PhD in composite construction from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne in 1994. He has experience of construction, design and research, specialis-ing in composite construction and light gauge construction. He first joined SCI in 1995 then, after a brief spell at BRE, became Chief Executive of SCI in 2007. He is currently chairman of the European committee responsible for Eurocode 4.

Buick Davison

Dr Buick Davison is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Sheffield. In addition to his wide experience in teaching and research of steel structures, he is a Chartered Engineer and has worked in consultancies on the design of buildings and stadia.

David Deacon

David Deacon qualified as a Coating Technologist in 1964 and after working for the British Iron and Steel Research Association and the Burma Castrol Group, he started in consultancy of coatings for iron and steel structures in 1970.

His first major consultancy was the protective coatings for London’s Thames Barrier, which is now some 28 years old and a recent major survey has extended the life of the coatings to first major maintenance from 25 to 40 years.

His consultancy and advisory activities has taken him to over 50 countries world-wide on a range of projects; he is currently working on the refurbishment of the Cutty Sark iron frame, the Forth Rail and Road Bridges and numerous other structures.

He has given many papers on his specialist coatings subjects and is a co-author of the book ‘Steelwork Corrosion Control’. He is a Past President of the Institute of Corrosion and last year was awarded a unique Lifetime Achievement Award by the Institute of Corrosion.

David Dibb-Fuller

David Dibb-Fuller started his career with the Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Company in London. His early bridge related work gave a strong emphasis to heavy

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fabrication; in later years he moved on to building structures. As technical director for Conder Southern in Winchester, his strategy was to develop close links between design for strength and design for production. He moved on to become a partner with Gifford and Partners in Southampton until his retirement; he remains a con-sultant to the partnership.

Richard Dobson

Richard Dobson graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1980. For the first eight years of his professional career, he worked for consulting engineers in areas of bridge design and off-shore steel jacket design for the North Sea and other parts of the world. Twenty-four years ago Richard joined CSC (UK) Ltd, designing and developing software solutions for structural engineers. For the last 12 years, Richard has been the technical director at CSC overseeing the global development of CSC’s range of software products – Fastrak, Orion and Tedds.

Leroy Gardner

Dr Leroy Gardner is a Reader in Structural Engineering at Imperial College London and a Chartered Civil and Structural Engineer. He leads an active research group in the area of structural steelwork, teaches at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels and carries out specialist advisory work for industry. He has co-authored two textbooks and over 100 technical papers, and is a member of the BSI committee responsible for Eurocode 3.

Jeff Garner

Jeff Garner has over 30 years industrial experience in fabrication and welding. He is a professional Welding Engineer with a Masters degree in Welding Engineering. Working in a range of key industry sectors including petrochemical, nuclear, steel making, railways and construction he has acted as a consulting welding engineer, delivered welding technology training courses and provided representation on a number of British and European welding code/standards committees. Jeff joined the British Constructional Steelwork Association in 2008 as Welding and Fabrication Manager, responsible for providing welding and fabrication technology support throughout the UK steel construction industry. In 2011 he moved to edf.

Martin Heywood

Martin Heywood has worked at the SCI since 1998. He currently holds the title ‘Associate Director Construction Technology’ and has responsibility for a portfolio

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of projects involving light gauge steel, modern methods of construction, floor vibra-tions and building envelope systems. Previously, Martin worked for several years in the SCI’s Codes and Standards division where he authored the SCI’s Guide to the amendments to BS 5950-1:2000 and BS 5950 worked examples. Prior to joining the SCI, Martin worked for 3 years in civil engineering contracting and obtained a PhD in structural dynamics from Birmingham University.

Roger Hudson

Roger Hudson studied metallurgy at Sheffield Polytechnic whilst employed by BISRA. He also has a Masters degree from the University of Sheffield. In 1968, he joined the United Steel Companies at Swinden Laboratories in Rotherham to work on the corrosion of stainless steels. The laboratories later became part of British Steel where he was responsible for the Corrosion Laboratory and several research projects. He became principal technologist for Corus . He is a member of several technical and international standards committees, has written technical publications, and has lectured widely on the corrosion and protection of steel in structures. He has had a longstanding professional relationship with the Institute of Corrosion.

Mark Lawson

Mark Lawson is part-time Professor of Construction Systems at the University of Surrey and a Specialist Consultant to the Steel Construction Institute. In 1987, he joined the newly formed SCI as Research Manager for steel in buildings, with par-ticular reference to composite construction, fire engineering and cold-formed steel. A graduate of Imperial College, and the University of Salford, where he worked in the field of cold-formed steel, Mark Lawson spent his early career at Ove Arup and Partners and the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. He is a member of the Institutions of Civil and Structural Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Ian Liddell

Ian Liddell was a Founding Partner of Buro Happold in 1976. He has been respon-sible for a wide range of projects with special innovatory structural engineering including Sydney Opera House, the Millennium Dome, Mannheim Gridshell Roof, and the concept and scheme for Phoenix Stadium Retractable Roof. He is one of the world’s leading experts in the field of lightweight tension and fabric structures. He is a Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professor at the University of Cambridge and was awarded the Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal in 1999.

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Allan Mann

Allan Mann graduated from Leeds University and gained a PhD there. Since then he has over 40 years of experience in steel structures of all kinds over the commer-cial, industrial and nuclear sectors. He also has extensive experience in roller coast-ers and large observation wheels. Allan has authored a number of papers, won a number of prizes and been closely associated with the Institution of Structural Engineers throughout his career.

Fergus McCormick

Fergus McCormick is a specialist in cable, long-span, dynamic and moving structures and wind engineering and is a sector specialist in Sports Stadia. His past projects include the BA London Eye, the City of Manchester Stadium and the Infinity Footbridge. For Buro Happold he has been Structural Leader for Astana Stadium Retractable Roof; Kirkby Stadium, Everton Football Club; Aviva Stadium and cur-rently leads the structural team for the London 2012 Olympic Stadium.

David Moore

Dr David Moore is the Director of Engineering at the British Constructional Steelwork Association. Dr Moore has over 20 years experience of research and specialist advisory work in the area of structural engineering and has published over 70 technical papers on a wide range of subjects. He has also made a significant contribution to a number of specialised design guides and best practice guides for the UK and European steel industry. Many of these publications are used daily by practising structural engineers and steelwork contractors.

David Nethercot

Since graduating from the University of Wales, Cardiff, David Nethercot has com-pleted forty years of teaching, research and specialist advisory work in the area of structural steelwork. The author of over 400 technical papers, he has lectured fre-quently on post-experience courses; he is a past Chairman of the BSI Committee responsible for BS 5950, and is a frequent contributor to technical initiatives associ-ated with the structural steelwork industry. Since 1999 he has been head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College. He is a past president of IStructE, received the 2008 Charles Massonnet prize from ECCS and was awarded a Gold Medal by the IStructE in 2009.

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Graham W. Owens

Dr Graham Owens has 45 years’ experience in designing, constructing, teaching and researching in structural steelwork. After six years’ practical experience and 16 years at Imperial College, he joined the Steel Construction Institute at its formation in 1986. He was Director from 1992 until his retirement in 2008. He was President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 2009. He continues some consultancy interests in wave energy, New Nuclear Build and Education.

Roger Pope

Dr Roger Pope is a consulting engineer who specialises in steel construction. His career in steel and steel construction began with the Steel Company of Wales in 1964. He is currently chairman of CB/203 the technical committee responsible for British Standards dealing with the design and execution of steel structures. He is also chairman of the Codes, Standards and Regulations Committee established by the Steel Construction Industry Sector under the auspices of the UK Government.

Alan Rathbone

Alan Rathbone is Chief Engineer at CSC. His previous experience includes design, research and advice on reinforced concrete and masonry, together with the design of volumetric building systems, using all main structural materials. He has worked with his co-contributor, Richard Dobson, for almost 25 years in the development of software solutions for structural engineers. He is a member of the BSI Committee CB/203 which is responsible for many of the steelwork design codes. A long-time member of the BCSA/SCI Connections Group, he has made a significant contribu-tion to their efforts in producing the ‘Green Book’ series and is currently the Chairman. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

John Roberts

John Roberts graduated from the University of Sheffield in 1969 and was awarded a PhD there in 1972 for research on the impact loading of steel structures. His pro-fessional career includes a short period of site work with Alfred McAlpine plc, following which he has worked as a consulting engineer, since 1981 with Allott & Lomax/Babtie Group/Jacobs. He is an Executive Director of Operations at Jacobs Engineering UK Limited and has designed many major steelwork structures. He was President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1999-2000 and has served as a council member of both the Steel Construction Institute and the BCSA.

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Alan Rogan

Alan Rogan, sponsored by British Steel (now TATA), obtained a PhD at the University of the West of England, Bristol, focusing on the steel sector. He then went on to be the Corus sponsored Reader at Oxford Brookes University in the school of Architecture. Alan is currently Managing Director of Metek Building Systems, a leading company involved in the design and construction of Light steel framing. The company, under Alan’s leadership, are now involved in the building of up to 7 storey high buildings. Alan has over 40 years of steel construction experience from bridge building to structures of all sizes and shapes. Alan continues to have a close relationship with TATA through a manufacturing agreement between the companies at Llanwern Steelworks, South Wales.

Michael Sansom

Michael Sansom has 19 years experience of environmental and sustainability work in consultancy, research and research management roles in the construction sector.

After completion of his PhD in nuclear waste disposal at Cardiff University in 1995, he worked for the UK Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) managing construction research projects. He then worked for a large US consultancy working on contaminated land investigation and remediation.

Michael joined the SCI in 1999 where he now leads the Sustainability Division. He is involved in a range of sustainable construction activities including life cycle assessment, carbon foot-printing, BREEAM assessments and operational carbon emissions assessment and reduction.

Ian Simms

Ian Simms is currently the manager responsible for the fire engineering and com-posite construction departments at the Steel Construction Institute. Ian joined the SCI in April 1998 to work as a specialist in Fire Engineering, after completing his PhD at the University of Ulster.

Andrew Smith

Andy Smith worked for the Steel Construction Institute for four years after graduat-ing from the University of Cambridge. He was involved in many projects relating to floor vibration and steel-concrete composite construction, and regularly pre-sented courses on both these subjects. He is the lead author of SCI P354 on the design of floors for vibration and participated in an ECSC funded European project on the subject. Andy now lives and works as a consulting structural engineer in Canada.

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Colin Taylor

Colin Taylor graduated from Cambridge in 1959. He started his professional career in steel fabrication, initially in the West Midlands and subsequently in South India. After eleven years he moved into consultancy where, besides practical design, he became involved with drafting work for British Standards and later for Eurocodes. Moving to the Steel Construction Institute on its formation, he also became involved with BS EN 1090-2 Execution of Steel Structures.

Colin contributed to all 9 parts of BS 5950, including preparing the initial drafts for Parts 1 and 2, compiled the 1989 revision of BS 449-2 and then contributed to all the 17 parts of the ENV stage of Eurocode 3, besides other Eurocodes. His last job before retiring from SCI was compiling and correcting BS 5950-1:2000.

Since then Colin has worked as a consultant for SCI and for DCLG and continued on numerous BSI committees and as convenor for EN 1993-6 Crane supporting structures. His main interest now is serving in local government as an elected member of two councils.

Richard Thackray

Richard Thackray graduated from Imperial College London with a degree and PhD in the field of Materials Science, and joined the University of Sheffield as Corus Lecturer in Steelmaking in 2003. His particular expertise is in the areas of clean steel production, continuous casting, and the processing of next generation high strength steels. He is currently the Chairman of the Iron and Steel Society, a division of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.

Mark Tiddy

Mark Tiddy is the Technical Manager of Cooper & Turner, the UK’s leading manu-facturer of fasteners used in the construction industry. He spent the first part of his career as a graduate metallurgist in the steel industry and for the past twenty five years has worked in the fastener industry. He is the UK expert on CEN/TC 185/WG6 the European committee responsible for structural bolting.

Andrew Way

After graduating from the University of Nottingham, Andrew Way has spent his career in the field of steel construction design and research. In 1996 he joined the Steel Construction Institute where he now holds the position of Manager of Light Gauge Construction. He is a Chartered Engineer and is also responsible for the management of the SCI Assessed third party verification scheme.

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Richard White

Richard White is an Associate Director of Ove Arup and Partners. He has worked in their Building Engineering office in London since graduating from Newcastle University in 1980. During that time he has both contributed to and led the struc-tural design of a wide range of building projects. His experience includes the design and construction of offices, airports, railway stations and art galleries. These projects embrace a broad range of primary structural materials and incorporate a variety of secondary steel components including architecturally expressed metalwork.

Richard was a member of the structures working party for the British Council for Offices Design Guide 2000 and 2005 and is a member of the Institutions of Civil and Structural Engineers.

Erica Wilcox

Erica Wilcox worked as a civil and geotechnical engineering designer at Arup for many years, after graduating from the University of Bristol. Her experience covers a wide range of geotechnical design, including the design of numerous embedded retaining walls. Her research MSc at the University of Bristol covered the monitor-ing and back analysis of a steel sheet pile basement.

John Yates

John Yates was appointed to a personal chair in mechanical engineering at the University of Sheffield in 2000, after five years as a reader in the department. He graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1981 in metallurgy and materials science and then undertook research degrees at Cranfield and the University of Sheffield, before several years of post-doctoral engineering and materials research. His particular interests are in developing structural integrity assessment tools based on the physical mechanisms of fatigue and fracture. He is the honorary editor of Engineering Integrity and an editor of the international journal Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. John moved to the University of Manchester in August 2010 as Professor of Computational Mechanics and Director of the Centre for Modelling and Simulation.

Ralph B.G. Yeo

Ralph Yeo graduated in metallurgy at Cardiff and Birmingham and lectured at the University of the Witwatersrand. In the USA he worked on the development of weldable high-strength and alloy steels with International Nickel and US Steel and on industrial gases and the development of welding consumables and processes at Union Carbide’s Linde Division. Commercial and general management activities in

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the UK, mainly with the Lincoln Electric Company, were followed by twelve years as a consultant and expert witness with special interest in improved designs for welding.

Commercial and general management activities in the UK, mainly with the Lincoln Electric Company, were followed by twelve years as a consultant and expert witness with special interest in improved designs for welding before retirement and occasional lectures on improvements in design for welding.

Andrew Oldham

The illustrations in this Seventh edition of the manual are the careful work of senior CAD technician Andrew Oldham. Andrew has over fifteen years experience in architectural, civil and structural drawing working with Arup, Hadfield Cawkwell and Davidson, and SKM in Sheffield. The editors gratefully acknowledge his excel-lent contribution to the much improved quality of the illustrations in this edition.