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S2016abnSteel Trusses 1
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN
ARCH 614
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SPRING 2016
lecture
seventeen
steel construction:trusses, decks & plate girders
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 2
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Iron & Steel Trusses
• cast iron
– 18th century
– chain links
• wrought-iron
• rivets
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 3
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Truss Connections
• gusset plates
• bolts
• welds
(AISC - Steel Structures of the Everyday)
http://courses.civil.ualberta.ca
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 4
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Trusses
• require lateral bracing
• consider buckling
• indeterminate trusses
– extra members
– solvable with statics
• cables can’t hold compression
– displacement methods
• elastic elongation
– too few members, unstableOne Maritime Plaza, SOM 1964
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 5
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Manufactured Trusses
• open web joists
• parallel chord
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 6
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Open Web Joists
• SJI: www.steeljoist.com
• Vulcraft: www.vulcraft.com
– K Series (Standard)
• 8-30” deep, spans 8-50 ft
– LH Series (Long span)
• 18-48” deep, spans 25-96 ft
– DLH (Deep Long Spans)
• 52-72” deep, spans 89-144 ft
– SLH (Long spans with high strength steel)
• pitched top chord
• 80-120” deep, spans 111-240 ft
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 7
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Decks
• sheet steel
• composite
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 8
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Plate Girders
• welds
• web stiffeners
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2016abn
• max loads
( 2.5 )n(max end) yw wP N k F t
( 5 )n(max interior) yw wP N k F t
Steel Trusses 9
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Web Bearing
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 10
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Space Trusses
• 3D with 2 force bodies and pins
– pyramid
– tetrahedron
• “frames”
have fixed
joints
• layers
• 40’s
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 11
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Space Trusses
• connections • supports
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 12
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Space Trusses
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 13
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Space Trusses
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 14
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Tensegrities
• 3D frame
• discontinuous struts
• continuous cables
Free Ride Home – Kenneth Snelson
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 15
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Method of Sections
• relies on internal forces being in
equilibrium on a section
• cut to expose 3 or less members
• coplanar forces M = 0 too
A B
C
P
F
E
D
P
.
A
By
AC
AB
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S2016abnSteel Trusses 16
Lecture 17
Elements of Architectural Structures
ARCH 614
Method of Sections
• joints on or off the section are good to
sum moments
• quick for few members
• not always obvious where to cut or sum
A B
C
P
F
E
D
P
. A
By
AC
AB
B
.