steam trap technologies and energy conservation 2-8-2012 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
ASPE Cleveland Chapter . ,
Steam Trap Technologies
and
Energy Conservation
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Dave Starr
Flowserve –Gestra Northeast Regional Sales Manager
Contact Information:
Cell Phone 973-896-8529
Fax 973-764-0545
Email – dstarr flowserve.com
Mailing Address:
301 Hemlock DriveHighland Lakes, NJ 07422
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Steam is used as a carrier of heat and pressure.
Why do we use steam?
It is produced by the evaporation of water.
a relatively inexpensive and plentiful commodity
which is environmentally friendly.
Its temperature can be adjusted very accurately
by the control of its pressure.
It carries a large amount of energy in a small
mass.
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
From ice to water and steam
At atmospheric pressure, watercannot exist as a liquid above 212°F,so any additional heat energy added
Saturat ion po int 212 F
cause some of the liquid to boil off assteam.
Water
If heat energy is added to water, itstemperature rises again to a point atwhich it can no longer exist as water.
If heat energy is added to ice, its
Melt ing poin t 32°F
empera ure r ses o a po n a w ccan no longer exist as ice.
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Evaporation of Water at p= 0 psig
empera ureSensible
heatof
Latent heatof
vaporization
Sensibleheatof
212 °F
32 °F
a ura eSteam
BoilingWater
Enthalpy
Ice Water Wet steam Super-
179 BTU / lb 1150.5 BTU/lb
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Saturated steam curve
Superheated steam area
443°F
Hot w ater area
380 psi
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Superheated versus Saturated Steam
Superheated
Steam which is found above the saturation curve in temperature and pressure
Used for power generation
Used for long distance main distribution
Condensation found only during startup and shutdown conditions
Steam at the saturation curve
Highest potential heat transfer versus hot water and superheated steam
Quality of steam is extremely important (more energy in dry versus wet steam) Condenses during transmission and the transfer of heat to a process
Condensate must be removed throughout the steam system
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Steam Trap Definition and Requirements
Addi t ional Requ irements
• Must not affect the heating process
•(no backing up of condensate)
Steam Trap Defini t ion
A steam trap is an automatic
• Make full use of the condensate heat
•(through backing up of condensate)
• Not affected by back pressure
discharges the air, non-condensable
gases, and condensate from the
steam system, while preventing thepassage (loss) of live steam
Basic Requirements
• Suitable for pressure and flow rate fluctuations
• Easy to install
• Corrosion resistant
• Discharge of condensate
without loss of live steam
• Automatic air-venting
• Unaffected by dirt
• Ease of maintenance
• Frost proof
• Unaffected by water hammer
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
AIR IN STEAMAIR IN STEAM
Effective
Effective
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
WHERE STEAM TRAPS ARE FOUNDWHERE STEAM TRAPS ARE FOUND
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Application - Drip Pockets
Appl ication Notes: 300 linear ft maximum or at any low po int
for 4” and smaller use same diameter as distr ibution main
for > 4” use ½ diameter of distribution main
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Application - Steam Tracing
• ax mum racer eng ~ near
feet
• Expansion loops must be taken
into account.
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Criteria for the Selection of Steam Traps
Failure Mode Air Handling Ability
Resistance to Superheat Resistance to Water Hammer
Operation Near SteamTemperature
Ease of Installation
Ease of Checking and
Self Draining Ease of Maintenance
Cost of ownership
n a nves men + energy consump on
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Basic Trap Technologies
• Thermodynamic
• Thermostatic
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Inverted Bucket Trap
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Summary of Inverted Bucket Steam Traps
Advantages
Effective on low pressure systems
-
Disadvantages
Posit ion Sensitive
Orifice on top of trap prevents dirt
clogging
Freezing Issues
Consumes live steam in operationeep o e sens ve o ema e u up
Not suitable for use in superheat
Multiple and narrow orifice ranges for
each model Oversize trap for startup loads
Large in size and weight
Water hammer sensitive
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Multiple Orif ices available for various loads.
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Float & Thermostatic TrapDuring
StartupDuring
Operation
Float Ball
Thermostatic
Element
Seat
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Summary of Float & Thermostatic Steam Traps
Advantages
Automatic Start-Up
Disadvantages
( Posit ion Sensit ive )
Effective at Low Pressures
Effective for Vacuum Service
(if bellows thermostatic element is used)
Multiple and narrow orif ice ranges for
each modelec ve as eve on ro
Energy efficient due to water-seal
Loss of water-seal does not lead to
Freezing Issues
Oversize trap for startup loads
malfunction ( compared to invertedbucket for example )
Water hammer sensitive
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Thermodynamic Disc Trap
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Summary of Thermodynamic Steam Traps
Advantages
Economical initial investment
–
Disadvantages
Back Pressure Sensit ive
Easy to diagnose failures without
special equipment due to posit ive
Ambient Condition Sensitive
Consumes live steam in operation
Suitable for superheat
Fail open failure mode
oor a r ven ng
Rapid destruction of sealing ability with
dirty steam
Large Steam Losses / trap wear Not repairable
Small startup-to-hot load ratio
Potential safety issue with open discharge
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
One Sizing curve per Line Size
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Bimetallic Thermostatic Trap Operation
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Summary of Bimetallic Thermostatic Steam Traps
Advantages
Automatic startup - large cold-to-hotstartup and running load ratios
Disadvantages
Not suitable for low differentialpressure applications
Fail open failure mode
Sub-cooled discharge allows for water
seal resulting in no loss of l ive steam
Sub-Cooled discharge causes backing-up concern in the design of some
manufacturers ot a ecte y water ammer
Not affected by ambient conditions
Excellent for superheat applications
different discharge temperatures
Modulating discharge requires
Not posi tion sensitive Effective for very high pressure
applications (4,000 psi)
knowledge to diagnose trap failures
epa ra e v a new regu a or assem y
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
2 sizing Curves for each l ine size – Cold (start-up) and Hot
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Potential Problem of Bi-metalic – Linear response
443°F
380 psi
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Engineering Fix
443°F
380 psi
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Membrane Thermostatic Trap Operation
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Summary of Membrane Thermostatic Steam Traps
Advantages
Not position sensitive
Parallels saturated steam curve over entire
Disadvantages
Not suitable for vacuum service Not suitable for very low differential
range of the trap without orif ice change-out
Sub-cooled discharge allows for water seal
resulting in no loss of l ive steam
.differential)
Not suitable for superheated steam service
Maximum differential pressure limited to utomat c startup - arge co -to- ot startup
and running load ratios
Not affected by ambient condit ions
465 psi
membrane
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Steam Trap Selection
Not all Steam Trap types are equally suitable
for a given application. Depending on the
question, one or more technologies will be
particulary well suited.
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Trap Selection Criteria
Size ¼” – 4”
Upstream Pressure Maximum: 5,040 psig @ 100 oF
Downstream Pressure Minimum: slight vacuum
Flow: Maximum: 140,000 lb/h @ 100 psi Δp
,
Connection Type: Butt-weld, Socket-weld, Flanged, NPT
o
Design Temperature: Maximum: 1,090 oF Application: Drip, Tracer, Process Equipment (Which piece)
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Cost of Ownership
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Steam Loss Testing
Formal testing program initiated at the Gestra factory in Bremen, Germany
Test apparatus and procedure in accordance with the following standards
ASME PTC 39-2005
DIN EN 27 841 Extensive series of tests for each trap tested
Multiple pressures
Various condensate loads
Horizontal versus vertical pipeline orientation Multiple manufacturers, technologies, and product models tested
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Cost of Ownership by TechnologyCost of Ownership by Technology
Thermodynamic and Inverted Bucket technologies consume live steam in normal operation
versus zero consumption of a thermostatic type Under normal operations a loss of 2 lbs per hour costs $175.20 per year to operate
Based on steam cost of $10.00/1,000 lbs (2 lbs/hr x 8,760 hours / 1,000 lbs) x $10.00 = $175.20
With the typical life cycle of 5 years, this would equal $876 during normal operation Price Comparison between technologies
Thermodynamic $170
Inverted Bucket $225
Thermostatic $190 - $269 5 Year Cost of Ownership Including Initial Cost of Trap
Thermodynamic $1,046
Inverted Bucket $1,101
Thermostatic $190 - $269
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Low and High Pressure Inverted Bucket Results
Tested in Accordance with ASME PTC 39-2005 Test Procedure
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
i n
l b s / h r
58 psi HP
145 psi HP
1.5
2
2.5
t e a m L
o s s
261 psi HP
58 psig LP
145 psi LP
0
0.51
S
10 20 30 40 50 60
Condensate Load in lbs/hr
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Thermodynamic Disc Results
Tested in Accordance with ASME PTC 39-2005 Test Procedure
12.00
8.00
.
i n
l b s / h r
58 psi
4.00
6.00
t e a m L
o s 145 psi
261 psi
0.00
2.00
10 20 30 40 50 60
Condensate Load in lbs/hr
GESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Gestra Bimetallic Thermostatic Results
Tested in Accordance with ASME PTC 39-2005 Test Procedure
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
i n
l b s / h r
58 psi BK
1.5
2
2.5
t e a m L
o s s
145 psi BK
261 psi BK
0
0.51
S
10 20 30 40 50 60
Condensate Load in lbs/hr
GESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Gestra Membrane Thermostatic Results
Tested in Accordance with ASME PTC 39-2005 Test Procedure
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
i n
l b s / h r
58 psi MK
1.5
2
2.5
t e a m L
o s s
145 psi MK
261 psi MK
0
0.51
S
10 20 30 40 50 60
Condensate Load in lbs/hr
GESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Cost of OwnershipCost of Steam Fuel Boiler Chemicals Water Maintenance etc.
Loss of 2 lb/hr $7.50 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00
100 Traps $13,140 $43,800 $65,700 $87,600 $109,500
250 Traps $32,850 $43,800 $65,700 $87,600 $109,500
500 Traps $65,700 $87,600 $131,400 $175,200 $219,000
1,000 Traps $131,400 $175,200 $262,800 $350,400 $438,000
2 500 Tra s 328 500 438 000 657 000 876 000 1 095 000
5,000 Traps $657,000 $876,000 $1,314,000 $1,752,000 $2,190,000
Example: (1,000 traps x 2 lbs/hr x 8,760 hours / 1,000 lbs) x $15.00 = $262,800
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GESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
Justifying a Change in Technologyconsider a facili ty with a mixed population of 1,000 traps
with dif ferent technolo ies and dif ferent dif ferential ressures
Trap Population 50 psi 150 psi 250 psi Total
Thermodynamic 100 200 200 500
Total 300 400 300 1000
Thermodynamic 2.0 5.8 8.0
Inverted Bucket 1.0 1.2 4.0
Steam Loss by Hour 50 psi 150 psi 250 psi Total
Thermodynamic 200 1,160 1,600 2,960
Inverted Bucket 200 240 400 840
Total 400 1,400 2,000 3,800
Example: (3,800 lbs/hr x 8,760 hours / 1,000 lbs) x $15.00 = $499,320 of wasted steam
G S S SGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
What Does It Cost to Change Steam Trap Technologies?
Consider a 5 Year Plan
Traps fail and must be replaced - Assume 5 year trap life equating to 20% failure rate Minor pipe work required - typical installations have a coupling on one or both sides of the
Thermostatic purchase price could be $0 - $100 more per trap depending upon make, model,size, etc.
All Gestra tra s are desi ned to be field re airable at a fraction of the cost of a new tra All Gestra traps carry a two or three year warranty depending upon model
Let’s assume an average price premium of $50 per trap
Based on a tra o ulation of 1 000 tra s each ear we re lace 200 tra s
200 traps at a $50 price premium = thermostatic investment of $10,000 Based on our previous example, with every 200 traps replaced with thermostatic technology,
we see a savings of 760 lbs/hr (3,800 lbs/hr x 20%)
760 lbs/hr x 8,760 hours / 1,000 lbs x $15.00 = $99,864 in steam savings
$99,864 in steam savings - $10,000 possible price premium = net savings of $88,864 per year
GESTRA St S tGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
Importance of Trap ManagementImportance of Trap Management
On average 20% of steam traps within a facility are failed
Failure mode can be leaking/blowing, plugged, or incorrectly sized Typically of the failed traps, a minimum of 50% are leaking or blowing live steam equating to 30-80 lbs/hour
Plugged or cold traps can affect the operation or efficiency of the process equating to off spec product, lowerproduction rates, and frozen lines
Failed Open $5.00 $7.50 $10.00 $12.50 $15.00
1,000 Traps 100 $131,400 $197,100 $262,800 $328,500 $394,200
2,000 Traps 200 $262,800 $394,200 $525,600 $657,000 $788,400
3,000 Traps 300 $394,200 $591,300 $788,400 $985,500 $1,182,6004,000 Traps 400 $525,600 $788,400 $1,051,200 $1,314,000 $1,576,800
5,000 Traps 500 $657,000 $985,500 $1,314,000 $1,642,500 $1,971,000
Example: 200 failed traps x 30 lbs/hr x 8,760 hours / 1,000 lbs x $7.50 = $394,200
GESTRA Steam S stemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
Gestra Steam Trap ManagementGestra Steam Trap Management
o u onso u ons
Database creation in Excel® format
Ultrasonic testing with Gestra VKP-40EX management system Recommendations for failed traps
Identify and recommend process improvements
Incorrect i in undersized steam tra s condensate recover etc.
Estimate steam and monetary loss Prioritize failed trap replacement utilizing VKP-40EX ultrasonic signature graph
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
In ConclusionIn Conclusion
There are multiple trap technologies available in the market place for a
very wide range of applications Thermostatic steam traps are the most energy efficient technology
Consider the total cost of ownership when selecting trap technologies(initial investment plus annual energy consumption)
With the ever increasin cost of ener , thermostatic technolo ies offerquantifiable cost savings equating to increased bottom line profits for theend user
Gestra is the world leader in thermostatic steam trap development and
Gestra trap management solutions offer a platform for reduced energycosts and improved plant efficiency Gestra products offer the lowest cost of ownership for steam traps and
o er ow own equ pmen
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam Systems
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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y
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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y
GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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GESTRA Steam SystemsGESTRA
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