steam engineering tutorials

7/29/2019 Steam Engineering Tutorials

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Steam Engineering Tutorials

http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp

These tutorials explain the principles of steam engineering and heat transfer. They also provide acomprehensive engineering best practice guide covering all aspects of steam and condensate systems;from the boiler house and steam distribution system up to the point of use; through the condensate recoverysystem and returning to the boiler. Virtually all major applications and products are discussed.

1. Introduction

2. Steam Engineering Principles and Heat Transfer

3. The Boiler House

4. Flowmetering

5. Basic Control Theory

6. Control Hardware: Electric/Pneumatic Actuation

7. Control Hardware: Self-acting Actuation

8. Control Applications

9. Safety Valves

10. Steam Distribution

11. Steam Traps and Steam Trapping

12. Pipeline Ancillaries

13. Condensate Removal

14. Condensate Recovery

15. Desuperheating

16. Equations

1. IntroductionThe introduction of steam as a useful and powerful purveyor of energy. It discusses the versatile uses andbenefits of this ubiquitous vapour; and the ways in which it is produced and distributed to achieve maximumperformance and economy for the end user.

1. Steam - The Energy Fluid

2. Steam and the Organisation

3. The Steam and Condensate Loop

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2. Steam Engineering Principles and Heat Transfer
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Properties of various types of steam are considered, along with basic heat transfer principles and how tocalculate consumption rates for process applications. Entropy is tackled in simple terms, removingunnecessary fears often associated with the subject.

1. Engineering Units

2. What is Steam?

3. Superheated Steam

4. Steam Quality

5. Heat Transfer

6. Methods of Estimating Steam Consumption

7. Measurement of Steam Consumption

8. Thermal Rating

9. Energy Consumption of Tanks and Vats

10. Heating with Coils and Jackets

11. Heating Vats and Tanks by Steam Injection

12. Steam Consumption of Pipes and Air Heaters

13. Steam Consumption of Heat Exchangers

14. Steam Consumption of Plant Items

15. Entropy - A Basic Understanding

16. Entropy - Its Practical Use

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3. The Boiler HouseVarious types of boilers and fuels are discussed, alongside the best ways in which to get the best out of thisimportant part of the steam plant. All necessary associated boiler equipment is considered, including basicdeaerator and accumulator theory.

1. Introduction

2. Shell Boilers

3. Water-tube Boilers

4. Miscellaneous Boiler Types, Economisers and Superheaters

5. Boiler Ratings

6.Boiler Efficiency and Combustion

7. Boiler Fittings and Mountings

8. Steam Headers and Off-takes

9. Water Treatment, Storage and Blowdown for Steam Boilers

10. Water for the Boiler

11. The Feedtank and Feedwater Conditioning

12. Controlling TDS in the Boiler Water
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13. Heat Recovery from Boiler Blowdown (TDS control only)

14. Bottom Blowdown

15. Water Levels in Steam Boilers

16. Methods of Detecting Water Level in Steam Boilers

17.Automatic Level Control Systems

18. Water Level Alarms

19. Installation of Level Controls

20. Testing Requirements in the Boiler House

21. Pressurised Deaerators

22. Steam Accumulators

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4. FlowmeteringFluid characteristics and flow theory (including Bernoulli's theorem and Reynolds' numbers) are introducedand developed to provide basic metering theory and techniques. Different meter types, instrumentation andinstallation practice are also discussed.

1. Fluids and Flow

2. Principles of Flowmetering

3. Types of Steam Flowmeter

4. Instrumentation

5. Installation

Top

5. Basic Control TheoryControl theory is discussed from fundamental proportional action to PID control. The dynamic of the simplecontrol loop is discussed, alongside practical issues of choosing the best system for the application, andinstallation and commissioning issues.

1. An Introduction to Controls

2. Basic Control Theory

3. Control Loops and Dynamics

4. Choice and Selection of Controls

5. Installation and Commissioning of Controls

6. Computers in Control

Top
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6. Control Hardware: Electric/Pneumatic ActuationControl valve capacities and characteristics are investigated, along with theory and practical advice on howto size them for water and steam systems. Actuators, positioners, and controllers are introduced plus theiroverall effect on the control loop.

1. Control Valves

2. Control Valve Capacity

3. Control Valve Sizing for Water Systems

4. Control Valve Sizing for Steam Systems

5. Control Valve Characteristics

6. Control Valve Actuators and Positioners

7. Controllers and Sensors

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7. Control Hardware: Self-acting ActuationBasic self-acting control theory is discussed, alongside the different types of direct-acting and pilot-operatedvalves, controllers, and applications for the proper selection of temperature and pressure control of steamand water systems.

1. Self-acting Temperature Controls

2. Typical Self-acting Temperature Control Valves and Systems

3. Self-acting Pressure Controls and Applications

Top

8. Control ApplicationsA brief summary of, and advice on, temperature, pressure, flow and level control methods to suit varioustypes of steam applications, with consideration to surplussing control, differential pressure control, andcascade control and installation thereof.

1. Pressure Control Applications

2. Temperature Control for Steam Applications

3. Level and Flow Control Applications

4. Control Installations

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9. Safety Valves
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Arguably, the most important subject in the generation, distribution and use of steam. Why are safety valvesrequired? What different types are available and how are they selected, sized and installed? Otherprotection devices are also shown in some detail.

1. Introduction to Safety Valves

2. Types of Safety Valve

3. Safety Valve Selection

4. Safety Valve Sizing

5. Safety Valve Installation

6. Alternative Plant Protection Devices and Terminology

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10. Steam Distribution

Efficient distribution gets clean dry steam to apparatus at the right pressure. Pipe sizing, essential drainagetechniques, pipe support and expansion, air venting, and heat transfer calculations are included to help thesystem designer and practitioner.

1. Introduction to Steam Distribution

2. Pipes and Pipe Sizing

3. Steam Mains and Drainage

4. Pipe Expansion and Support

5. Air Venting, Heat Losses and a Summary of Various Pipe Related Standards

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11. Steam Traps and Steam TrappingHow steam traps work and why steam traps are necessary. All is explained in this block, along with thedifferent types, where they are used, and how they are selected. Air venting theory and applications aretouched upon, along with steam trap maintenance.

1. Introduction - Why Steam Traps?

2. Thermostatic Steam Traps

3. Mechanical Steam Traps

4. Thermodynamic Steam Traps

5. Considerations for Selecting Steam Traps

6. Selecting Steam Traps - Canteen Equipment; Oil Transfer/Storage; Hospital Equipment

7. Selecting Steam Traps - Industrial Dryers

8. Selecting Steam Traps - Laundries, Presses

9. Selecting Steam Traps - Process Equipment

10. Selecting Steam Traps - Space Heating Equipment
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11. Selecting Steam Traps - Steam Mains; Tanks and Vats; Pressure Reducing Valves

12.Air Venting Theory

13.Air Venting Applications

14. Testing and Maintenance of Steam Traps

15. Energy Losses in Steam Traps

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12. Pipeline AncillariesThese are often neglected to save costs; but strainers, stop valves, check valves, separators, gauge glassesand vacuum breakers all have their part to play in an efficient steam system. This block explains why, andexplores the different types available.

1. Isolation Valves - Linear Movement

2. Isolation Valves - Rotary Movement

3. Check Valves

4. Strainers

5. Separators

6. Gauges, Sight Glasses, Vacuum Breakers

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13. Condensate RemovalProper condensate removal is essential to heat exchanger efficiency and long service life. An explanation ofhow heat exchangers operate. It introduces the subject of stall, and why and how the best trapping device isselected to maximise system efficiency.

1. Heat Exchangers and Stall

2. The Heat Load, Heat Exchanger and Steam Load Relationship

3. Oversized Heat Exchangers

4. Example: Selecting the Trap

5. The Stall Chart - Constant Flow Secondary - Varying Inlet Temperature - Constant Outlet

Temperature

6. The Stall Chart - Varying Flow Secondary - Constant Inlet Temperature - Constant OutletTemperature

7. The Stall Chart - Constant Flow Secondary - Constant Inlet Temperature - Varying Outlet

Temperature

8. Practical Methods of Preventing Stall

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14. Condensate RecoveryRelaying condensate back to the boiler house reduces costs. Pipe sizing and layout is discussed for drainlines, discharge lines, and pumped lines. The effects of lift and backpressure are explained; and how toreduce overall costs by utilising flash steam.

1. Introduction to Condensate Recovery

2. Layout of Condensate Return Lines

3. Sizing Condensate Return Lines

4. Pumping Condensate from Vented Receivers

5. Lifting Condensate and Contaminated Condensate

6. Flash Steam

Top

15. DesuperheatingWhy is it necessary to desuperheat steam? What types of desuperheater exist, where are they used, andhow are they installed? Basic types and more sophisticated types of desuperheater and their applicationsare discussed in some detail.

1. Basic Desuperheating Theory

2. Basic Desuperheater Types

3. Other Types of Desuperheater

4. Typical Installations

Top

16. EquationsA list of all the equations used in the complete set of Steam Engineering Tutorials relating to the subject ofhow to get the best out of the steam and condensate loop.

1. Equations
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/introduction-to-condensate-recovery.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/layout-of-condensate-return-lines.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/sizing-condensate-return-lines.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/pumping-condensate-from-vented-receivers.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/lifting-condensate-and-contaminated-condensate.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/flash-steam.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/basic-desuperheating-theory.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/basic-desuperheater-types.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/other-types-of-desuperheater.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/typical-installations.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/equations.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/equations/equations.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/introduction-to-condensate-recovery.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/layout-of-condensate-return-lines.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/sizing-condensate-return-lines.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/pumping-condensate-from-vented-receivers.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/lifting-condensate-and-contaminated-condensate.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/condensate-recovery/flash-steam.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/basic-desuperheating-theory.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/basic-desuperheater-types.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/other-types-of-desuperheater.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/desuperheating/typical-installations.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials.asp#top#tophttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/equations.asphttp://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/equations/equations.asp

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