STEADY STATE UNIVERSE

by Eric Karlan

The Basics•Who: Hermann

Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle

•When: 1948

•Where: Earth

•What: Proposed the Steady State Theory

•Why: An alternative theory to the Big Bang

The TheoryThe universe is

always the same, all the time, always

static, always contracting or

expanding.

THE LOGIC•Based on theoretical mathematical

calculations

•No sudden beginning to universe

•Decrease in density caused by expansion balanced by continuous creation of matter condensing into galaxies

•Maintain forever present appearance of the universe

The Workings

•Reservoir of energy is negative: Expansion and creation work against each other

• Small number of atoms needed annually to maintain steady state

The Contributions

• Explains hydrogen and helium abundance in the universe

•Contributes to Wheeler-Feynman Theory

The Refutation •Distribution of

Radio Sources

• 1966: Discovery of Quasars

•Cosmic Background Radiation

The Meaning

•Radio galaxies and quasars occur only at very large distances

•Implies red-shift

•Thus, evolution of universeX

The Conclusion

• The Big Bang Model prevails present day

• Steady State theory helped to prove Big Bang through its testability

The Works Cited

• The Steady State Universe. Accessed 25 March, 2006. http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/study/sci/cosmo/internal/steady.htm

• “Steady State Universe.” Wikipedia. 11 March, 2004. Accessed 25 March, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state_universe