stc 20150205 icofort nature of fortifications npk · pdf file05/02/2015 · mandu,...

Fortifications and World HeritageICOFORT

The ‘Nature’ of FortificationsConception Construction & SustenanceConception, Construction & Sustenance

Nupur Prothi KhannaCoordinator, National Scientific Committee on Cultural LandscapesMember International Scientific Committee on Cultural LandscapesMember, International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes

NSC Members: Divya Nandini, Kamalika Bose, Mayura Gadkari, Navneet Raman, Poonam Thakur,Rajesh Agrawal, Shalini Mahajan, Somya Johri , Sonal Chitnis, Subanggi Shiroley

Observer Member: Priyaleen Singh

Gwalior FortSource: www.bharataggarwal.com

I C O M O S I n d i a

Observer Member: Priyaleen Singh

Delhi5th February 2015

Typology of Cultural Landscapes

Cultural Landscapes

Paleo‐cultural Historical

Sacred Settlement

Industrial Fortification

Fortification Industrial

Ethno‐cultural Historical roads

Agricultural Spa/resort Palace and park Memorial associative

Sacred Traditional economic

Spa/resort Settlement

Agriculturalg

Source: Cultural Landscapes in the World Heritage List, Kuleshova (2007)

February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications

Vijaynagara, Hampi 1500 A.DIdentifying themes in the realm of Cultural Landscapes specific to India….

Source: www.wikipedia.org


Indian Context

Inspired by NatureEtymology & Nomenclature Inspired by Culture

Purusha Conciousness

Mehrangarh Gobindgarh

Source: www.tourmyindia.comSource: animeshray.com

Prakriti Nature

Mehrangarh Gobindgarh

Dharohar Heritage

Dhara Mother Earth

Source: www.viewphotos.org Source: jamesandthegiantearth.com

-ihara Identity through time

Raichur Jaisalmer

DurgGarh

Source: www.rediff.com Source: www.jaipurweddings.com

GiriQuilaMer

Hindu Samkhya philosphy Suvarnadurga Venkatgiri


Giri Durg (Hill Fort)

Vana Durg (Forest Fort)

Jal Durg (Water fort)

Maru Durg (Desert Fort)

Mishra Durg (Mixed Fort)

Mahi Durg (Earth fort)

Shilp Shastras (10th/11th Cen.)

Golconda Fort Jaisalmer Fort Ranthambore Fort Murud‐Janjira Fort Chittorgarh Fort Rajgad Fortj g jgSource: www.ramaskinclinic.com Source:

www.timesofindiatravel.comSource: www.fortofmaharashtra.com

Source: www.fortofmaharashtra.comSource: www.abhgupta.comSource: www.panoramio.com


TopographyThe extensive fortifications .....optimized various kinds of hilly terrain, specifically the river at Gagron, dense forests at Ranthambore and the desert at Jaisalmer

Source: www.makemytrip.com

forests at Ranthambore, and the desert at Jaisalmer...

Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur

Jaigarh‐Amer Fort

Ranthambore

Jaisalmer FortFort

Gagron FortSource: indiaheritagesites.wordpress.com

Chittorgarh Fort

Source: silentlydrawn.wordpress.com

Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India

Kumbalgarh Fort


Water for Victory

Source: www.suvratk.blogspot.com


Ingeniously captured the runoff fromthe rocky plateau and seepageth h ll d t ll

Water Conservation in Forts

throughwells and stepwells.

Rewa Kund is a reservoir at Mandu,equipped with an aqueduct to supplyRoopmati's palace with water.

Rewa Kund, Mandu Fort, 1555‐60 A.D.

Source: www.thinkingparticle.com

Source: www.mojostreet.com

Ranisar Lake, Mehrangarh Fort, 1460 A.D.

Source: www.flickr.com

Nahargarh Baoli, Nahargarh Fort, 1734 A.D.

Sketches by Sanjay Ghosh, Dying Wisdom


Mandu, Madhya Pradesh (10th Century A.D.)

Tentative ListNatural defence for the fort capital was achieved by the rugged topography of the Vindhya Range with the Narmada River valley to the south.

Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org


Jaisalmer, Rajasthan (1156 A.D.)

• Use the natural defenses offered by the landscape: hills deserts rivers and dense forestsUse the natural defenses offered by the landscape: hills, deserts, rivers, and dense forests• Contain extensive water harvesting structures, many of which are still in use

•Criterion (ii): “..Rajput ideologies in fort planning, art and architecture within the varied physiographic and cultural zones of Rajasthan.”•Criterion (iii): “..manifestations of Rajput valour, bravery, feudalism and cultural traditions..”


Materials

Source: Landscape Architecture in India‐ A Reader


Mehrangarh (1459 A.D)

Criteria (ii), (iii)The multi coloured igneous suite marks the last phase of igneous activity of Precambrian age in the

S CSource: www.thousandwonders.net


Indian Subcontinent. Contrasts when in contact with light coloured Jodhpur sandstone..

Soil Groups of India

Mountain Alluvial

Desert Laterite

PeatyAlkaline

Black

Red

Sources: Landscape Architecture in India‐ A Reader; www.yourarticlelibrary.com


Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Source: www.maartenvis.com


Punjab Forts

Shahpur Kandi

Gobindgarh Fort, AmritsarSource: www.cuttingloose.inPhilaur

Anandpur Sahib

Bahadurgarh Fort, PatialaSource: www.panoramio.com

Bahadurgarh Fort, Patiala

Source: www en wikipedia org

Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India

Qila Mubarak, BhatindaSource: www.en.wikipedia.org


Malwa and Deccan Forts

Dh

Gwalior

Dhar

Mandu

Source: Dr Laxmikant Ramakrishna

Raichur Fort

Golconda

Kondaveedu

Murud‐Janjira

Source: www.indiantravels.com

d ll

Srirangapatnam

ChandragiriKondapalli Fort

Gingee

UdaygiriSource: www.travelevening.com

P k d F

The ‘Nature’ of FortificationsSource: Imperial Gazetteer of India

Udaygiri Penukonda Fort


Colonial Forts

F t G

Fort Aguada, GoaSource: www.commons.wikimedia.org

Fort George

S G dSource: www.commons.wikimedia.orgFort ChaporaFort St. George, Madras

Fort St. Angelo

Source: www. svocelot.com

The ‘Nature’ of FortificationsSource: Imperial Gazetteer of India

Fort Louis, Puducherry


Golconda, Hyderabad (945‐970 A.D.)

Criteria (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv)Surrounds a rocky hill Huge granite boulders form a formidable landscape, appearing like natural cannons poised to tumble down

h fi i dSource: www.commons.wikimedia.org


on the first invader

Natural Vegetation

Source: Landscape architecture in India: A Reader


• An “Ecological Restoration” project. • Aims to restore the landscape as far as possible to a natural state.

Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, (1459 A.D.)

natural state.

City Wall, Rao Jodha ParkSource: www.thehindu.com

Aqueduct asWalking Trail: Rao Jodha ParkSource: www.raojodhapark.com

Aerial ViewSource: www.raojodhapark.com


Nature Culture Continuum

ThemesFortification landscapes Cultural

Nomenclature

Function

Nature in Nomenclature Nomenclature

Function

Junagarh

Source: www.tourmyindia.com

LocationUsing topography to advantage

Junagarh

Water system

W t h ti W t f Vi t

Source: jamesandthegiantearth.com

Water harvesting

Water conservation

Water for Victory

Tiruchirapalli

Material

Geology and soils

Source: www.jaipurweddings.com

Building Technology

Vegetation

Geology and soils

Eco‐ Restoration

Nahargarh


Fortifications as World Heritage

Source: www.fishandfeather.nl


Gulbarg, Karnataka (1327 A.D.)

• Massive rectangular keep, citadel within a citadel: tradition of military architecture inspired by the Crusades in the holy land.•An engineering feat of its time, with a 50 foot‐thick double wall, the inner one higher than the outer. • Displays an almost impregnable defense system with a 90 foot‐wide moat with drawbridges completely.• Inside are remains of large buildings, temples, and several beautiful courtyards.

Source: www.wordpress.com


Thembang Fortified Village, Arunachal Pradesh (18th century A.D.)

• “.. living cultural traditions of the Monpa tribe: their social structure and practices, rites, rituals and their vernacular building knowledge systems.”• “..traditional human settlement depicting vernacular architecture, ingrained sense of responsibility to their environment and their efforts to maintain their natural and cultural heritage resources for posterity.”

Source: Google Earth


Shahjahanabad (1858 A.D.)

Source: www.aspiringbackpacker.com


Red Fort, Delhi (1638 A.D.)

Criterion (iii): “The innovative planning arrangements and architectural style of building components and garden design,… strongly influenced later buildings and gardens in Rajasthan, Delhi, Agra and further afield. “Criterion (vi): “…setting of events critical to the shaping of regional identity, and which have had a wide impact on the geo‐cultural region.”The most dramatic impacts on the integrity: change of the river into a major road alters the relationship of the property to its intended

Source: www.aspiringbackpacker.comsetting.”


Agra Fort (11th century A.D.)

“The Red Fort of Agra, located on the right bank of the Yamuna, with walls of red sandstone rising above a moat,…the buildings are made from pure marble with beautiful carvings.““all of these monuments mark the apogee of an Indo‐Muslim art strongly marked by influences from Persia which already manifested itself

Source: www.tajmahaltripindia.comSource: www.xillas.comin Timurid art.”


Bam Cultural Landscape, Iran (6‐4th Century B.C.)

Criterion (ii): “..developed at the crossroads of important trade interaction of the various influences…outstanding example of the interaction of the various influences. ”Criterion (iii): ” represent trading settlement in the desert environment of the Central Asian region ”

Source: www wihc unesco org

Criterion (iii): ..represent..trading settlement in the desert environment of the Central Asian region.Criterion (iv): ”..outstanding example of a fortified settlement and citadel..based on the use mud layer technique combined with mud bricks.”Criterion (v): “..outstanding representation of the interaction of man and nature in a desert environment.”

Source: www.wihc.unesco.org


Bam, Iran

FEB 2015, DELHI


The ‘Nature’ of fortifications

Erbil Citadel, Iraq

FEB 2015, DELHI



Erbil Citadel, Iraq

FEB 2015, DELHI

Source: www.lafarge.com


San‐Lorenzo, Panama

FEB 2015, DELHI

Source: www.guerillaexplorer.com


San‐Lorenzo, Panama

FEB 2015, DELHI

Source: www.kingstonimages.photoshelter.com


Hwaseong, Republic of Korea

FEB 2015, DELHI



Thembang Village, Arunachal Pradesh

The ‘Nature’ of FortificationsFEB 2015, DELHI

Source: www.greatscapesindia.wordpress.com

Dhar, Madhya Pradesh

The natural context has a pivotal role to play in Military heritage includingThe natural context has a pivotal role to play in Military heritage, including fortifications, battlefields etc.

Fortifications should be recognised for their own functional relevance but also for their innovative interaction with topography, water, geology, soils, vegetationg

Constant attacks especially in the north western part of country have t ib t d t hi t i l d i d i f tcontributed to historic landscape perceived as a mosaic of encampments,

fortifications, battle routes, battle grounds , burial grounds, cremation ghatsadding newer layers of new reigns, new aspirations and new ideas

The management and protection mechanism will require to expand their scope to safeguard landscape values in recognition of their significance toscope to safeguard landscape values in recognition of their significance to military heritage

Source: Khushboo Rani


Thank you

Thanks to research team: Shivani Bhatnagar, Matthew C Cool, Rhimjhim Chauhan


ICOFORT: Objectives and Mission

Objectives of ICOFORT: Article 2 of the ICOFORT Statutes:

The subject of study of the committee is historic fortifications and military heritage, and includes: • Structures, including fortifications, (including fortified towns), works of military engineering, arsenals, harbours and naval battlefields, barracks, military bases, testing fields, and other enclaves and constructions built or used for ilit d d f imilitary and defensive purposes.

• Landscapes, including battlefields, territorial or coastal defence installations and earth works, ancient or recent.• Commemorative monuments, including war memorials, trophies, cemeteries, cenotaphs, and others plaques or marks.

Mission of ICOFORT: Article 3 of the ICOFORT Statutes:

•To promote the knowledge of the structures, landscapes and monuments , including their historical, h l d f l d h d f f farchitectural, artistic and scientific values, and to encourage the preservation and maintenance of fortifications,

military structures, fortress landscapes and other objects and sites connected with the military heritage. •To carry out specialized studies and promote the application of professional expertise in regard to the preservation problems of historic fortifications and military heritage.

i l i i l i f h id ifi i i d i f hi i•To pursue actively international cooperation for the identification, protection and preservation of historic fortifications, military structures, military landscapes and sites, other military heritage monuments, alone or with cooperation with:

National and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS, especially with respect to ICOMOS’ work with SCO’ C l l i i i i d ld i CUNESCO’s Cultural Heritage Division and World Heritage Center.

Other cooperative partners of ICOMOS, for example ICCROM, ICOM, DOCOMOMO, TICCIH and Blue Shield. Other international and national bodies, such as NATO, Ministries of Defence of different countries, Ministries of Culture of different countries.



Aims and Activities of ICOFORT: Article 4 of the ICOFORT Statutes:

•Establish close cooperation with the other National Committees and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS.

• Establish contacts with and between the relevant institutions, universities, nongovernmental organizations and government organizations that specialize in the research preservation conservation and management of historicgovernment organizations that specialize in the research, preservation, conservation and management of historic fortifications, defensive structures and fortress landscapes and sites.

• Organize and encourage the promotion and exchange of ideas, knowledge, experience and the results of research in regard to fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscape resources, their values, the possibilities of their g y g p ppreservation, appropriate conservation methods, and principles of proper maintenance.

• Gather pertinent information, to include the creation of a database for the historic fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and sites which takes into consideration the specific needs of the various geographical regions, types

d di i d b f f ifi i i dand conditions. Create a database for fortification monuments in danger.

•Provide scientific expertise for specific projects and for solving difficult or complicated preservation and conservation problems that relate to the military heritage.

• Define and adopt an ICOMOS Scientific Program for the preservation of historic fortifications and military heritage, which reflect worldwide and regional needs in the field and in UNESCO.

• Organize campaigns; initiate the processes for the protection of the most valuable fortifications, military heritage and g p g ; p p , y gfortress landscapes and try to initiate the procedures for those monuments to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the mother countries.

• Closely cooperate with experts and groups of specialists and help ICOMOS in its work and programs to fulfil its obligations to UNESCO and the World Heritage Convention as related to military heritage.


sb1

sb1 Omit unnecessary statutes?BB-05, 04-02-2015


Article 4 of the ICOFORT Statutes:

•Establish close cooperation with the other National Committees and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS.

• Establish contacts with and between the relevant institutions, universities, nongovernmental organizations and government organizations that specialize in the research preservation conservation and management of historicgovernment organizations that specialize in the research, preservation, conservation and management of historic fortifications, defensive structures and fortress landscapes and sites.

• Organize and encourage the promotion and exchange of ideas, knowledge, experience and the results of research in regard to fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscape resources, their values, the possibilities of their g y g p ppreservation, appropriate conservation methods, and principles of proper maintenance.

• Gather pertinent information, to include the creation of a database for the historic fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and sites which takes into consideration the specific needs of the various geographical regions, types

d di i d b f f ifi i i dand conditions. Create a database for fortification monuments in danger.

•Provide scientific expertise for specific projects and for solving difficult or complicated preservation and conservation problems that relate to the military heritage.

• Define and adopt an ICOMOS Scientific Program for the preservation of historic fortifications and military heritage, which reflect worldwide and regional needs in the field and in UNESCO.

• Organize campaigns; initiate the processes for the protection of the most valuable fortifications, military heritage and g p g ; p p , y gfortress landscapes and try to initiate the procedures for those monuments to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the mother countries.

• Closely cooperate with experts and groups of specialists and help ICOMOS in its work and programs to fulfil its obligations to UNESCO and the World Heritage Convention as related to military heritage.


sb8

sb8 Omit unnecessary statutes?BB-05, 04-02-2015

Historic Battlefield Landscapes

Battlefield terrains – a reflection of people, culture and history in the landscape:


sb3

sb3 Shivani WorkingBB-05, 04-02-2015

stc 20150205 icofort nature of fortifications npk · pdf file05/02/2015 · mandu,...

Documents